现在完成时知识点.doc

一、现在完成时的构成 （一）肯定式 主语助动词have has 过去分词其它 说明：这里的have has是助动词，没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has，其余人称一律用have。 has，have的缩略式分别为s或ve。规则动词过去分词的构成与过去式的构成方式一样，不规则动词可参看不规则动词表。实例： 1）Ive just copied all the new words 我刚抄写了所有的生词。 (表示不要再抄了)2）She has lost her books 她丢失了她的书。 （表示到目前为止还没有找到）(如果用过去时：She lost her books . 则强调书是过去丢的这一动作，而不知现在有没有找到)3）Weve just cleaned the classroom 我们刚好打扫了教室。（表明现在教室是干净的） （二）否定式 主语助动词have hasnot过去分词其它 说明：现在完成时构成否定句时，只需在助动词have has后面加not就行。have not，has not的缩略式分别为havent ，hasnt。另外，肯定句中有some，already时，改为否定时要分别改成any，yet。实例： 1）I havent finished my homework yet我还没有完成我的作业。 2）She hasnt travelled on a train 她没有坐火车旅行过。 3）We have never spoken to a foreigner我们从来没有和外国人说过话。 注：有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思。又如： 4）I have never seen him before以前我从来没有见过他。 （三）一般疑问式 助动词Have Has 主语过去分词其它 ？说明：把陈述句中的have或has放到句首，句末打问号，同时把句中的some ，already改为any ，ye t就构成了一般疑问句。肯定回答用“Yes ，主语havehas否定回答用“No，主语haventhasnt”有时也可以用“No，not yetNo ，neverNo，not even once”等。实例： 1）Have you ever made dumplings ？你曾经做过饺子吗？ Yes ，I have 是的，我做过。 2）Has she ever been abroad ？她曾经出过国吗？ No，never不，从来没有。 3）Have they found the lost books yet ？他们已经找到了丢失的书吗？ Yes ，they have是的，他们找到了。 注意：当句中有否定词not ，hardly（几乎不），never的时候，在改为反意疑问句时，附加部分用肯定形式。例如：You have never come to our school ，have you ？你以前从来没有来过我们学校，是吗？ 二、现在完成时的用法 （一）现在完成时的用法1：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时，常与时间副词already（已经） ，yet（还、已经） ，just(刚刚、仅仅) ，ever（曾经） ，never（从不） ，before（以前）等连用。这几个副词的用法如下： 1already意为“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。实例： 1）Ive already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。 （“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。） 2）Ive washed my clothes already我已经洗了衣服。 （洗衣服的动作已完成，其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。） 注意：在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时，already也可用于（口语）疑问句中。实例： 3）Have you met him already ？你（真的）已经见过他了？ 2yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。实例： 1）Has he found his watch yet ？他已经找到他的手表了吗？ No，not yet不，还没有。 2）The woman hasnt found her dog yet 那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。（没找到狗，心里着急，这就是对现在的影响） 3just意为“刚刚”，表示行为刚刚过去，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例： He has just come back from school 他刚从学校回来。 4ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例： 1）Have you ever been to Hong Kong ？你曾去过香港吗？ 2）I havent ever spoken to her我未曾和她说过话。 5never意为“从来没有”常与before连用（before要放在句尾，而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例： I have never travelled by plane before我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。 6before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。实例： 1）Have you been to Hainan before ？你以前去过海南吗？ 2）I havent eaten Guangdong food before我以前没吃过广东菜。二）现在完成时用法二2持续性用法（肯定句，疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词）：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。此时常与“for 一段时间或“since过去的点时间或从句（从句用一般过去时）以及so far（到目前为止）等时间状语连用。for + 段时间since +点时间实例： 1）Ive lived here since 1990自从1990年以来我就住在这里。 = Ive lived here since 13 years ago.= Ive lived here for 13 years. = It is 13 years since I began to live here.2）I havent seen him for three years 我三年没有看见他了。 = I havent seen him since three years ago = I havent seen him since 2000. = It is 3 years since I saw him last time.3）Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city 自从到这个城市以来，王先生一直在这家工厂工作。 4）Shes been at this school since five years ago 自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。 注意：在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。短暂性动词由于动作不能持续，故不能与for(达到；累计)或since（自从。到现在）引出的时间状语连用。 对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用How long1） 他入团两年了。 误：He has joined the League for two years 正：He has been a League member for two years 2）我买这辆自行车三年了。 误：I have bought this bike for three years 正：I have had this bike for three years 2） 部分短暂性动词与之对应的延续性动词：短暂性动词 延续性动词die be deadborrow keep buy/catch haveget up be up come be in finish be over leaver be away open be open close be closed begin be on become interested in be interested in 有人可能会问：一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的动作都发生在过去，那么这两种时态有什么区别呢？ 答：一般过去时与具体的表示过去时间状语如：yesterday连用；强调动作在过去发生，与现在无关。 现在完成时与自已的特征词连用，强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响或过去开始发生一直持续到现在的动作。例： He saw the film last night. (过去时，表示他昨晚看过那部电影了，现在不知还要不要再看一次)He has (ever) seen the film before.（现在完成时，表时他已看过那部电影，现在不想再看了）巩固练习： I按要求转换下列各句，每空一词。 1、He has already finished his homework（改为否定句） He _ finished his homework _ 2They have found the lost books already（改为一般疑问句，并作否定回答） _ they _ the lost books _？No，they_ 3Julia has not got home from school yet（改为肯定句） Julia _ _ _ home from school 4You have never been to Shanghai before，_ _ ？（改为反意疑问句） 5. Hes gone to Beijing, _ _?（改为反意疑问句）6Mr Wang began to teach English in this school in 1999（改为同义句） Mr Wang _ _ English in this school since 1999 7. He hasnt left home for 3 days.(同义句) He _ _ _ home for 3 days.8. They have lived here since 3 years ago. (对划线提问)II选择正确答案。 ( )1Who is Mary ？ _？I saw you talking with her at the meeting ADont you meet her yet BDidnt you met her yet CHavent you met her yet DHadnt you met her yet ( )2How do you like Beijing ，Mr Black？ Oh ，I _ such a beautiful city Adont visit Bdidnt visit Chavent visited Dhadnt visited ( )3The old people _ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week Adont feel Bhasnt felt Chavent felt D.didnt feel ( ) 4We have lived here _ five years ago Awhen Bsince Cbefore Dafter 11.11 用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题(1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。(2) -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost a month.I. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. I_never_（speak）to a foreigner 2. _Tom_（return）the library book？ Yes，he has When_he_（return）it？ Half an hour ago II. 按要求转换下列各句，每空一词。 1. He has found nothing in the room（改为一般疑问句） _he found_in the room？ 2. I have already finished the work（改为否定句） I_finished the work_. 3. She has got a notebook（对划线部分提问） _ _she got？ 4. Theyve never learned Japanese,_ _（改为反意疑问句） 1. lately, recently是完成时的时间状语；just now 有a moment ago 之意，是过去时的时间状语。如： Have you heard from your family lately/recently? Did you see Joan just now? 2. in the past few years 意思是“过去几年来”，常用于完成时中； in the past意思是“在过去”，常用于过去时中。 如： Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years. Where did you work in the past? 3. ever since then与from then on / after that 都有“打那以后”之意， 但前者常用于完成时，而后两者常用于过去时。如： Shes lived here ever since then. I didnt hear of Jim from then on/after that. 4. before 通常用于完成时；.ago通常用于过去时。如： I have never been to Japan before. She went to Japan two years ago. 5. so far“到目前为止”， these days“这些天来”也是现在完成时常见的时间状语。如： So far, no man has travelled farther than the moon. What have you done these days? 第二种形式理解 现在完成时 现在完成时常被称为“与现在有联系的过去”，因此它不能与明确的过去时间状语连用。现在完成时的用法 1） 表示结果的现在完成时 现在完成时着眼于过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。这是现在完成时的“已完成”用法，表示动作或过程发生在说话之前就已完成，并与现在有联系。这种联系实际上就是“过去的动作”对现在的影响或产生的结果。I have bought a pen. 我买了一支笔。 (结果：I have a pen now.)The temperature has increased by 10. 温度上升了10摄氏度。 (结果：It is quite hot now.)Air pollution has taken the lives of many people. 空气污染已经夺去了很多人的生命。 (结果：Air pollution is very serious now.) 与现在完成时“已完成”用法连用的时间状语 不确定的过去时间状语：already, yet, before, recently, lately等。Ive seen the film before. 我以前看过这部电影。Have you been there lately? 近来你去过那里吗？ 包含现在时间在内的时间状语：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等。I have just finished the letter now. 我现在刚写完信。You have just missed the bus. 你刚好错过公共汽车。Has he done much work today? 他今天做了很多工作吗？ 2)表示经历的现在完成时:调过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历。Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你去过长城吗？I have visited Beijing at least ten times 北京我至少访问过十次了。She has never spent a holiday at the seaside. 她从未到海滨度过假。 3)表示延续的现在完成时:这一用法就是现在完成进行时的用法是现在完成时的“未完成”用法， 表示一个动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在，可能要继续下去。He has loved fishing for a long time. 他爱好钓鱼为时已久。 (他现在仍爱好钓鱼)I have lived here for more than thirty years. 我已在这儿住了三十多年了。 (也许还会继续住下去) 与现在完成时未完成用法连用的时间状语与其连用的往往是指一段时间的状语以具体表示某一动作或状态持续了多久。since + 具体时间，表示动作或状态从何时开始。 Since then, he has developed another bad habit. 自那以后他养成了另一个坏习惯。He hasnt been home since he graduated. 他毕业后就没回过家。 for + 一段时间，表示动作或状态持续了多久。We have worked here for ages. 我们在这里工作很久了。There has been no rain here for nearly two months. 这里已经近两个月没有下雨了。until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment，到目前为止。I have not seen him so far. 到目前为止我没见过他。Up to the present, everything has been OK. 到目前为止一切正常。in/during the past/last five years, 在刚刚过去的5年里。He has been away from school during the last two weeks. 过去的两个星期里他没在学校。 In the past few years they have finished several projects. all the while, all day 一直，一整天。She has been busy all day. 她忙了一整天。 现在完成时和一般过去时的比较两者都可表示过去发生过的动作，但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响， 而后者则只是表示过去有这一动作的事实。He locked the door. 他锁过门 (但现在门是开是锁不清楚。)He has locked the door. 他把门锁上了。 (现在门是锁着的。)Who turned on the light? 谁开的灯？ (着眼开灯的动作，不管现在灯是开是关。)Who has turned on the light? 谁把灯打开了？ (着眼开灯的结果，即现在灯还亮着。) 两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作， 现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续，而一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。He has lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。 (现在仍住那儿。)He lived in Beijing for four years.他曾在北京住了四年。 (现在不住那儿了。) 现在完成进行时Present perfect continuous tense 一、基本概念 1 定义：表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。 常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的状语连用。2 构成：have/has + been + 动词的现在分词（V-ing）3基本句型： 肯定式 疑问式 简略回答 1) I have been working. Have you been working? Yes, I/we have. No, I/we havent. 2) He/She/It has been working. Has he/she/it been working? Yes, he/she/it has. No, he/she/it hasnt. 3) We/You/They have been working. Have they been working? Yes, they have. No, they havent. 注： 现在完成进行时基本上没有否定结构二、现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 在与表示一段时间的状语(for, since短语)连用时，两种时态可以互换使用 I have been studying English for over two years = I have studying English for over two years 但在口语中倾向于用现在完成进行时。在不用表示一段时间的状语的情况下，现在完成进行时和现在完成时不可以随便互换使用：（1）现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性，现在完成时往往没有。试