中考英语语法--情态动词.docx

中考英语语法-情态动词【知识清单】一、情态动词的定义：二、情态动词的用法：三、情态动词考点分析四、情态动词易混点一、情态动词的定义：情态动词有具体的词义，但也同助动词一样，需要与其他词语一起构成句子的谓语，另外情态动词没有人称和数的变化，情态动词后必须跟动词原形。二、情态动词的用法：1. can的用法：.表示能力、许可、可能性。表示能力时一般译为“能、会”，即有种能力，尤其是生来具备的能力，此时may和must均不可代替它。如：（2013北京，26）-_you sing an English song?-Yes, I can.A. Can B. May C. Must D. Need （2011北京，26）-Can you ride a horse?-No, I_. A. neednt B. may not C. cant D. mustntShe can swim fast, but I cant . 她能游得很快，但我不能。I can see with my eyes.我用眼睛看。.表示许可，常在口语中。如：You can use my dictionary. 你可以用我的字典。.表示推测，意为“可能”，常用于否定句和疑问句中，此时cant译为“不可能”。如：（2013湖北黄冈，37）-Whos the man over there? Is it Mr.Black?-It_be him. Hes much taller.A. may not B. cant C. will not D. mustnt（2010广东，37）-I saw Kevin in the supermarket this moning.-No, It_him. He moved to Canada last week.A. can be B. must be C. cant be D. needntCan the news be true?这个消息会是真的吗？Can it be our teacher?那个人有可能是我们老师吗？No, it cant be our teacher. He is on a visit to the Great Wall.不可能。咱们老师正在游览长城呢。2. could的用法：.can的过去式，意为“能、会”，表示过去的能力。如：He could write poems when he was 10. 他十岁时就会写诗。. could在疑问句中，表示委婉的语气，此时could没有过去式的意思。如:（2012内蒙呼和浩特，10）-I try on those shoes in the window?-_. They are just on show.A. Could; Yes, you can B. Can; Sorry, you couldntC. Could; Sorry, you cant D. Can; Yes, you couldCould you do me a favour?你能帮我个忙吗？Could I use your pen?我能用一下你的钢笔吗?Yes, you can.可以。（注意回答）3. may的用法：.表示请求、许可，比can正式，如：（2013河北，26）_I see your ID card, sir? We have to check you information.A. May B. Must C. Should D. Need May I borrow your bike?我可以借你的自行车吗？You may go home now.现在你可以回家了。 .表示推测，谈论可能性，意为“可能，或许”，一般用于肯定句中。如：（2012江苏南京，5）-Have you decided which senior high school to choose?-Not yet. I_go to Moonlight School.A. Must B. may C. need D. should （2013甘肃兰州，36）-Look at the boy playing basketball on the ground, Is it George?-It_be him. He told me he would play basketball after class, but hes not sure.A. mustnt B. must C. cant D. may It may rain tomorrow .明天可能会下雨。She may be at home.她可能在家呢.may的过去式为might，表示推测时。可能性低于may。如：He is away from school. He might be sick. 他离开学校了，可能是他生病了。 . 表示希望、祈求、祝愿，常可译为“祝愿”。通常是用may +主+V例如：May you have a good time.祝你过得愉快。May you be happy!祝你幸福！May you succeed！祝你成功！4must的用法：must表示主观看法，意为“必须、一定”。如：（2010上海，35）Everyone_go though the security check when entering the World Expo Park.A. Can B. may C. must D. ought（2011安徽，33）-May I go out now,Dad?-No, you_let your mother know first.A. can B. may C. need D.mustYou must stay here until I come back.在我回来之前你必须呆在这儿。Must I hand in my homework right now?我必须现在交作业吗？其否定形式mustnt表示“一定不要” “千万别” “禁止,不许”.如：（2009辽宁沈阳，11）You_jump onto a bus while it is moving. Its too dangerous.A. May not B. mustnt C. may D. mustYou mustnt play with fire. 你不许玩火。You mustnt be late.你一定不要迟到。对must引导的疑问句，肯定回答为must，否定回答为neednt 或dont have to .如：（2012北京，27）-Mum, Must I wash the dishes right now?-No, you_.A. shouldnt B. wouldnt C. mustnt D. needntMust I finish my homework?我现在必须完成作业吗？No, you neednt.不，你不必。must表示有把握的推测，用于肯定句。如: The light is on, so he must be at home now.灯亮着，他现在肯定在家。（2013山东烟台，21）-Whose book is this?-It_our geography teachers. You see, his name is on it.A. cant be B. can be C. mustnt be D. must be注意其反意问句的构成形式：当must表示肯定的判断、推测时，其反意疑问句要用实际问句的助动词来构成。如：She must have seen the film before，hasntshe?(注意反意疑问句的后半部分)You must have met uncle Wang in the shop yesterday，didnt you? (注意反意疑问句的后半部分)5. need的用法：need表示需要、必须，主要用于否定句和疑问句中，其否定形式为neednt，意为“没有必要，不必”。用need提问时，肯定回答为must，否定回答为neednt或dont have to。如：（2010浙江杭州，22）Im feeling much better now so you_call the doctor.A. Couldnt B. wouldnt C. cant D.needntNeed I stay here any longer? 我还有必要留在这儿吗？Yes, you must .是的。No. you neednt /dont have to.不，你不必。need还可以作实义动词，此时有人称、数和时态的变化，如果是人作主语后边多接动词不定式。如：I need to do it right now.我需要马上做这件事。He needs to learn more about the girl.他需要多了解那个女孩。如果是物作主语，一般用need doing与need to be done这种情况下应注意两点：主动形式的动名词doing具有被动的含义；该动名词可以改为其动词不定式的被动形式而句子的意义不变。例如：.The door needs painting. = The door needs to be painted.那扇门需要油漆一下。Your car needs mending. = Your car needs to be repaired.你的车需要维修了。6. dare的用法：dare意为“敢、敢于”,用法近似于need，有两种词性：dare作为情态动词，多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中，无第三人称单数形式，只有一般现在时和一般过去时。如：Dare he tell them what he knows?他敢告诉他们所知道的情况吗？I darent ask her will you do it for me?我可不敢问她，你能帮我问问吗？dare作为实义动词，此时有人称、数及时态的变化。如：He doesnt dare to break his promise.他不敢食言。注意：在口语中，dare的各种形式常与不带to的不定式连用。如：Do you dare tell her what I said?你敢告诉她我说的话吗？I didnt dare look at him.我不敢看他。7. shall的用法：shall表示征求对方意见（多用于第一、三人称），如：Shall we go out for a walk?我们出去散步好吗？在英语中，我们可以用其他多种方式提出我们的建议或征求对方意见。用“Lets do.”来提出建议。如：Lets go for a walk after supper.用“What/How about.?”来提出建议；about后接名词或动词ing形式。如：What about/How about a drink? What about/How about taking Tom with us?用“Why not.?”来提出建议，表示“何不”not面后接动词原形。“Why not.?”实际上是“Why dont you/we.?”的简略形式。如：Why not meet at the school gate at eight? Why dont we stay here another day?用“Would you like.?”来提出建议，意思是“你想要吗?”Would you like后可接名词或不定式。如：Would you like a cup of tea?Would you like to go and see her?因此，如果我们说：“去游泳好吗?”英语中可有这样几种表达法：Shall we go for a swim?Lets go for a swim，shall we?What about/How about going swimming?Why not go for a swim?Would you like to go for a swim?What do you think of going for a swim?8. should的用法：should意为“应该”，可表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等。如：（2013山西，21）A country has dreams. We teenagers_also have dreams. With dreams and hard work, anything amazing can be created.A. May B. must C. shouldWe should protect the environment.我们应该保护环境。Should have done表示对过去动作的责备、批评。如：You should have finished your homework.你应该已经完成作业了。（事实上你没有完成。）9. will的用法：will表示意愿、意志、打算，可用于多种人称。如：（2013湖北武汉，34）-Honey, stay at home before I return.-I_, mumA. must B. can C. will D. should I will help you if Im free this afternoon.今天下午如果我有空，我就会帮你。注意：will在there be句型中的形式及其句式变换。由于“一般将来时”的结构可以用“will+动词原形”来表示，所以there be句型的一般将来时的形式就是there will be。（一定不能说there will have）例如：There are many students in our school.There will be many students in our school. There will be a sports meeting next week.一定不能说：There will have a sports meeting next week.、will与be going to do something区别：. be going to表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情，will表示的将来时间则较远一些，如：He is going to write a letter tonight. He will write a book one day. be going to表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情，will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。He is seriously ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old. be going to含有“计划，准备”的意思，而will则没有这个意思，如：She is going to lend us her book.He will be here in half an hour.在有条件从句的主句中，一般不用be going to,而多用will,如：If any beasts comes at you, Ill stay with you and help you.10. had better的用法：had better意为“最好”，没有人称的变化，后面接不带to的不定式，其否定形式为：had better not。如：We had better go now.我们最好现在就走。You had better not give the book to him.你最好不要把这本书给他。三、情态动词考点分析考点一：含有情态动词的疑问句的回答:1. 对may引出的问句，可以有下列回答方式：Yes, you may./ Yes, of course./Yes, certainly.Sure .No, you mustnt. /No, you cant.2.对must引出的疑问句，回答方式为：Yes, must. No, neednt/ dont have to.3.could在疑问句中，表示委婉的语气，此时could没有过去式的意思。如:Could you do me a favour?你能帮我个忙吗？Could I use your pen?我能用一下你的钢笔吗?Yes, you can.可以。（注意回答）4. shall引出的疑问句用于第一人称，表示征求对方意见或客气的请求。其回答方式有以下几种：Yes, please.All right.No, thank you.5.would you的回答方式有以下几种：Yes, I will. (No, I wont.)Sure . (Im sorry , I cant.)All right/ OK/ With pleasure.Certainly. (No, thank you .)Yes, please.考点二:不同情态动词的否定意义也不同：1.cant可译为“不会”，如：I cant play basketball.我不会打篮球。.当句子表推测时，用cant表达不可能，如：He cant be ill. He is playing chess with Tom.他不可能病了，他正和Tom下棋呢。.cant还可用来回答“ May I ? ”这样的问句。如：May I come in ? 我可以进来吗？No, you mustnt. / cant.不，你不能。.cant还可用于固定习语中。cant help doing禁不住，情不自禁cant wait to do something迫不及待地要做如：She cant help crying.她不禁大哭起来。The children cant wait to open the box.孩子们迫不及待地想打开盒子。2. may的否定式为may not，译成“可能不”，如：He may not be at home.他也许不在家。3.mustnt表示不许，不可。如：He mustnt leave his room.他不许离开他的房间。You mustnt talk in class.你们不可以在课上说话。.mustnt也可用于以may表示要求时的否定回答中。如：May I stand here? 我可以站在这里吗？No, you mustnt (cant).不，不行。4.neednt意为“不必”。如：You neednt meet him unless youd like to.你不需要见他，除非你愿意。.neednt + have+动词的过去分词，表不需要完成但已完成的动作，暗含时间或精力上的浪费。如：You neednt have bought it.你没必要买它（但你却买了）。5. shouldnt表示不应该。如：You shouldnt feel so unhappy over such little things.对于这种小事，你不应该感到这么不高兴。考点三:情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为：情态动词+ be + done (动词的过去分词)。做题时要兼顾情态动词和被动语态这两个方面。如：You neednt get up so early every day.你不必每天都起这么早。She shouldnt speak to her mother in that way.她不应该用那种方式和妈妈说话。More and more trees must be planted in China.在中国必须种植更多的树木。Many of the stars can not be seen because they are far away from us.很多星星我们都看不到，因为它们离我们太远了。考点四:情态动词表示推测的用法:一、“情态动词+动词原形”表示对现在的推测。1、can表示推测时一般用于否定句或疑问句。如：That man cant be her husbandshe is still single.Who is knocking at the door?Can it be the postman?2、must表示肯定的推测，一般用于肯定句中。如：He must be in his office now.Mr Li must be working now，for the lights in his office are still on.3、might表示推测时不一定是may的过去时，只是表示其可能性较小。如：The man may be the headmaster.Where is Mr Li?He might be working in his office. May Mr Li come?He might not come here.4、Could表示推测时，语气can比要弱，说话者留有余地。如：Could it be an animal?It could not be，because it is not moving.5、Should表示推测的可能性比较大，仅比must的可能性小一点。如：It is already 10 oclock now they should be there.二、情态动词表示对过去可能发生的动作或存在过的动作的推测性用法。1、“must +have done/been-”表示“过去一定发生过某事或存在过某种状态”，不用于“musnt +have-”形式。如：She must have seen the film before，hasnt she?(注意反意疑问句的后半部分)You must have met uncle Wang in the shop yesterday，didnt you? (注意反意疑问句的后半部分)2、“should +have done /been-”表示“本应当做某事，而实际上并没有做”；“shouldnt+完成式”表示“本来不应当做，而实际上却做了”。以上结构常带有说话者的责备的感情色彩。如：You should have finished your homework earlier (but in fact you did not finish it on time).You shouldnt have gone to bed when you woke up at five (but in fact you went to bed again then).3、“neednt+完成式”表示“本来没有必要做某事，而实际上却做了”。如：There was plenty of time. She neednt have hurried .4、“cant /couldnt+have done /been-”表示“过去不可能发生了某事或存在过某种状态”。如：I saw him just now. He cant have gone to Japan.She said the man couldnt have stolen her car.5、“could+have done/been-”表示“过去本来能够，可以做某事或成为某种状态，而实际上没有”，说话者有些遗憾。“could sb. have done /been-？”是它的问句形式。如：You could have stayed with the Smiths while you were in New York (but in fact you stayed in a nearby hotel .) Could Mr Li have helped this girl student?6、“may/might+完成式”表示“过去可能，本来可以于某事而实际上没有干”，might的可能性较小，语气较弱。如：He may have finished reading the book. She might have given you some help，however bus she was.四、情态动词易混点易混点一: can和be able to:两者表示能力时用法相同，但can只有原形“can”和过去式“could”两种形式，在其他时态中要用be able to来表示。另外be able to常常指经过努力，花费了时间和劳力之后才能做到某事。如：Jim cant speak English.吉姆不会说英语。He could speak English at 5.他五岁时就会说英语。Well be able to see him next week.下星期我们将会见到他。He has been able to drive.他已经会开车了。Im sure youll be able to finish it quickly.我相信你能迅速地完成。We were able to reach the top of the mountain at noon.我们能在中午到达山顶。易混点二:can和may1. can和may均可用来征求意见或许可，意为“可以”，一般可互换使用。如：Can/ May I help you ? 我能帮助你吗？2. can和may表示可能性时的区别：在肯定句中用might，may，must，不用can在疑问句中表示推测用can，不用might，may，must在否定句中用cant（不可能），不用may，must。如：She may be in the classroom .她可能在教室里。Where can they be now?他们现在可能在哪儿？That cant be true.那不可能是真的。易混点三: may be和maybe 用法区别 常用位置may be may为情态动词，be为动词原形 句中，作谓语maybe 副词，大概、也许，相当于perhaps 句首，作状语例如：He may be wrong , but Im not sure.也许他错了，但我也不确定。易混点四：cant和mustnt1. cant根据其基本用法可译为：不会。如：I can