（江苏专用）2020版高考英语语法专题全辑专题一动词的时态和语态讲义牛津译林版.docx

专题一动词的时态和语态动词时态的核心考点1.一般现在时考点分析(1)表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。Time and tide wait for no man.(2)表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。They always care for each other and help each other.(3)表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，agree，believe，like，hate，want，think，belong to，seem等。Smith owns a car and a house.All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.(4)在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party，my family will be pleased.(5)少数用于表示起止或转移的动词如come，go，leave，arrive，fly，return，start，begin，open，close，end，stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的状态时，只用一般现在时。The shop closes at 11：00 p.m. every day.Tomorrow is Wednesday.2.一般过去时考点分析(1)一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。We met her in the street yesterday.When he was young，he took cold baths regularly.(2)如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去时。He told me he read an interesting novel last night. (3)表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but，and，when，as soon as，immediately，the moment，the minute等。The moment she came in，she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it.(4)常用一般过去时的句型。Why didnt you think of that?I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.I didnt recognize him.3.一般将来时考点分析(1)表示未来的动作或状态，常用will/shall动词，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow，next week等。(2)表示一种趋向或习惯动作。Well die without air or water.(3)表示趋向行为的动词如come，go，start，begin，leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。(4)be going to，will/shall，be to do，be about to do的用法及区别：be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall/will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will do则能，表意愿。If it is fine，well go fishing.If it is fine，we are going to go fishing.be to do表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3：00 oclock this afternoon.be about to do表示“即将，正要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。Autumn harvest is about to start.4.现在进行时考点分析(1)表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时正在进行的动作；表近期特定的安排或计划；go，come等表示移动的动词可用进行时代替将来时；与always，often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩。She is teaching English and learning Chinese.He is working on a paper.I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.We are leaving on Friday.The girl is always talking loud in public.(2)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。表示心理状态、情感的动词：like，love，hate，care，remember，believe，want，mind，wish，agree，mean，need等。表存在状态的动词：appear，exist，lie，remain，seem，belong to等。表示行为结果的动词：allow，accept，permit，promise，admit，complete等。表示感官的动词：see，hear，notice，feel，smell，sound，taste，look等。5.过去完成时考点分析(1)常用过去完成时的几种情况。在by，by the end，by the time，until，before，since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中。By the end of last year，we had produced 20,000 cars.The train had left before we reached the station. 表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等，常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式，即：hoped/planned.to have done。“时间名词before”在句中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时。He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.在hardly/scarcely.when.，no sooner. than.句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示“一就”。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.(2)在before或after引导的时间状语从句中可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。After he (had) left the room，the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.6.过去将来时考点分析过去将来时表示从过去的观点来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，这种时态常用于宾语从句中，主句常是一般过去时。He always said that he would study hard at that time.7.过去进行时考点分析过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻或某个时间段内正在进行的动作或存在的状态。He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.8.现在完成时考点分析(1)现在完成时除可以和for，since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during/in/over the last(past) few years(months，weeks.)，in recent years，so far，up to now等。(2)下列句型中常用现在完成时It is(has been)一段时间since从句This(That/It) is the first(second.) time that现在完成时This(That/It) is the best/finest/most interesting.that现在完成时(3)在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替将来完成时。I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.If you have done the experiment，you will realize the theory better.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.9.注意几组时态的区别(1)一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用一般过去时，不能用现在完成时，如含有ago，last year，just now，the other day等。结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。(2)过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作(“连谓”)形式则只用一般过去时即可。题组训练1用所给动词的正确时态填空1.Planning so far ahead makes(make) no senseso many things will have changed by next year.2.Experiments of this kind had been conducted(conduct) in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.3.Bob has gone to California.Oh，can you tell me when he left(leave)?4.Did you predict that many students would sign(sign) up for the dance competition?5.I hear you are working(work) in a pub. Whats it like?Well，its very hard work and Im always tired，but I dont mind.6.I didnt ask for the name list. Why has it landed(land) on my desk?I put it there just now in case you needed it.7.The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant was giving(give) in his place but，luckily，everything was going on smoothly.8.That must have been a long trip.Yeah，it took(take) us a whole week to get there.动词被动语态的核心考点动词的被动语态的构成方式：be过去分词，口语中也用“get/become过去分词”表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。1.使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。(1)主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday.(2)主动变为被动时，宾语成主语；(作补语的)不定式前需加to(位置不变)。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long (by the boss).(3)短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were taken good care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.(4)情态动词，be going to，be to，be sure to，have to等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be过去分词。(5)当句子的谓语为say，believe，expect，think，know，write，consider，report等时，被动语态有两种形式：谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。类似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that.题组训练2用所给动词的正确语态填空1.In the near future，more advances in the robot technology will be made(make) by scientists.2.In the last few years thousands of films have been produced(produce) all over the world.3.All visitors to this village are treated(treat) with kindness.4.The computer might be repaired(repair) by tomorrow.5.They cant move into the house because it is being painted(paint) now.2.不能用被动语态的几种情况。(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。(2)表示状态的谓语动词，如：last，hold，contain，fit，cost等。(3)表示归属的动词，如have，own，belong to等。(4)表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish，want，hope，like，love，hate等。(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。(6)宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。3.主动形式表被动意义。(1)当feel，look，smell，taste，sound等后面接形容词时；当cut，read，sell，wear，write等作为不及物动词表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。The fish smells good.This kind of cloth washes easily.These novels wont sell well.My pen writes smoothly.The door wont lock.(2)当break out，take place，shut off，turn off，work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。The plan worked out successfully.The lamps on the wall turn off.(3)want，require，need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。(4)be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。(5)在“be形容词to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。This kind of water isnt fit to drink.The girl isnt easy to get along with.注意：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。4.被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。be seated坐着；be hidden躲藏；be lost迷路；be drunk喝醉；be dressed穿着5.被动语态与系表结构的区别。此处的系表结构指“连系动词用作表语的过去分词”结构，它与被动语态的形式完全一样。要注意它们的区别：被动语态强调动作；系表结构表示主语的特点或状态。The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)The book is well sold.(系表结构)题组训练31.He broke the window，so he was to blame(该受责备).2.The new car belongs to(属于) his brother.3.There is something wrong with his computer and it needs repairing/needs to be repaired(需要修理).4.The new novel written by Mo Yan is worth reading(值得一读).5.This kind of cake tastes good(尝起来美味) and sells well(销路好).1.I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan in the past two years.(2018江苏，30)A.had been carried outB.would be carried outC.is being carried outD.has been carried out答案A解析句意为：上个月我被派到那个村子里去看了看在过去的两年里这个发展计划实施得怎么样了。根据in the past two years可知应用完成时，先排除B、C两项；再根据carry out发生在was sent之前，即“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时的被动语态，故选A。2.Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other，for we more convenient electronic communication tools by then.(2018江苏，31)A.have developed B.had developedC.will have developed D.developed答案C解析句意为：在2025年我们有望不用再互相发电子邮件了，因为到那时我们将已经研制出更便捷的电子交流工具了。根据句中的in 2025以及by then可知，后面应用将来完成时，故选C项。3.Hi，Im Peter.Are you new here？I havent seen you around.Hello，Peter.Im Bob.I just on Monday.(2018北京，1)A.start B.have startedC.started D.had started答案C解析句意为：你好，我是彼得。你是这儿新来的吗？我没有见过你。你好，彼得。我是鲍勃。我周一才开始(started)(上班)的。根据句意和时间状语on Monday可知，应该用一般过去时表示过去发生的动作。4.Susan had quit her well-paid job and as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.(2018北京，4)A.is working B.was workingC.has worked D.had worked答案B解析when引导的时间状语从句用的是一般过去时，由此可将A、C两项排除(它们是现在时态)。本题应该选B项，表示去年“我”去看望她时她正在进行的动作。句意为：去年我去看望苏珊的时候，她已经辞去了高薪工作，正在社区做志愿工作。5.My washing machine this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand.(2018天津，13)A.was repaired B.is repaired C.is being repaired D.has been repaired答案C解析句意为：我的洗衣机本周正在被修理，因此我只好用手洗我的衣服。根据后面的“我只好用手洗衣服”可知洗衣机正在被修理，需用现在进行时的被动语态。6.He hurried home，never once looking back to see if he .(2017江苏，27)A.was being followed B.was followingC.had been followed D.followed答案A解析句意为：他匆忙回家了，一次也不曾回头看看有没有人在跟踪他。这里if引导的宾语从句用过去进行时表示过去某一时刻(hurried home)正在进行的动作。又因he与follow之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。综合可知选A项。7.Hes been informed that he for the scholarship because of his academic background.(2017江苏，31)A.hasnt qualified B.hadnt qualifiedC.doesnt qualify D.wasnt qualifying答案C解析句意为：他被告知，因为其教育背景，他没资格获得这笔奖学金。本空的谓语动词qualify在这里用作不及物动词，表示“有资格，有权利”，此处并不表示延续性的动作，而是说明“他不合格”这一实际情况，因此用一般现在时的否定式doesnt qualify。8.People better access to health care than they used to，and theyre living longer as a result.(2017北京，33)A.will have B.haveC.had D.had had答案B解析句意为：人们有了比过去更便捷的医疗服务，结果，人们更长寿了。句子说的是现在的情况，故用一般现在时，选B项。have access to有权使用，有机会接近。9. that company to see how they think of our product yesterday?Yes.They are happy with it.(2017北京，24)A.Did you call B.Have you calledC.Will you call D.Were you calling答案A解析句意为：昨天你给那家公司打电话询问他们对我们的产品印象如何了吗？打过了，他们对我们的产品很满意。由yesterday(昨天)可知，句子用一般过去时。D项是过去进行时，与语境不符。10.In the 1950s in the USA，most families had just one phone at home，and wireless phones yet.(2017北京，29)A.havent inventedB.havent been inventedC.hadnt inventedD.hadnt been invented答案D解析句意为：在20世纪50年代的美国，大多数家庭家里仅有一部电话，无线电话还没有被发明出来。由in the 1950s可知句子说的是过去发生的事情，又由yet可知，要用完成时，故空格处用过去完成时；又因phones与invent之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态。综合可知，选D项。11.More efforts，as reported， in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.(2016江苏，22)A.are made B.will be madeC.are being made D.have been made答案B解析考查一般将来时的被动语态。句意为：正如报道的那样，要加快供给侧结构改革今后几年要付出更多的努力。根据时间状语in the years ahead可知，此处要用一般将来时，再结合主语more efforts与动词make之间为被动关系可知答案为B。12.Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for?The new Star Wars.We here for more than two hours.(2016北京，23)A.waited B.waitC.would be waiting D.have been waiting答案D解析考查时态。句意为：请问，你们在等哪场电影？最新的星际大战，我们在这儿已经等了两个小时了。由句中时间状语“for more than two hours”可知，动作从过去延续到现在，并对现在产生直接影响，且动作还可能延续，故用现在完成进行时。故选D。13.I half of the English novel，and Ill try to finish it at the weekend.(2016北京，25)A.read B.have readC.am reading D.will read答案B解析考查时态。句意为：我已经读完这本英文小说的一半了，我会争取在周末读完。前一分句表示到现在已经完成的动作，并且这个动作的结果对现在的情况仍有影响，故用现在完成时。14.When walking down the street，I came across David，whom I for years.(2016天津，3)A.didnt see B.havent seenC.hadnt seen D.wouldnt see答案C解析考查时态。句意为：沿街走路时，我偶然遇到了戴维，我们已有好几年没见了。“没见”表示的动作在came across之前，且for years是完成时的标志，所以应选表示过去完成时的hadnt seen。15.In the last few years, China great achievements in environmental protection.(2015北京，26)A.has made B.had madeC.was making D.is making答案A解析考查时态。句意为：在最近的几年里，中国在环境保护方面已经取得了巨大的成就。 由“in the last few years”可知，此处应用现在完成时。16.Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment.All right.I him later.(2015北京，30)A.will call B.have calledC.call D will be calling答案A解析考查时态。句意为：Jackson博士现在不在他的办公室里。好的。过一会儿我再给他打电话。 由句中的later可知此处要用一般将来时，故选A。17.Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she a class at that time.(2015天津，6)A.will teach B.would teach C.has taught D.will be teaching答案D解析考查将来进行时。句意为：简不能参加今天下午3点钟的会议，因为那时她将在授课。时间状语at that time指的是前面的at 3 oclock this afternoon，表示将来某个时刻正在做某事，要用将来进行时。18.Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child，few people guessed that he a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.(2015浙江，8)A.has been B.had beenC.was going to be D.was答案C解析考查动词时态。句意为：阿尔伯特爱因斯坦生于1879年。孩提时，很少有人会猜想到他能成为其理论会改变世界的著名科学家。由语境可知，此处指在爱因斯坦小时候人们所猜想的，表示“从过去看将来”，要用过去将来时态，用would/should do，was/were to do或者was/were going to do表示，故C项正确。19.More expressways in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.(2015四川，4)A.are being built B.will be builtC.have been built D.had been built答案B解析考查时态。句意为：四川将建设更多的高速公路以促进当地的经济(发展)。根据时间状语soon可知，此句为将来时，故选B。20.Did you enjoy the party?Yes.We well by our hosts.(2015北京，22)A.were treated B.would be treatedC.treated D.had treated答案A解析考查时态和语态。句意为：你们在晚会上玩得开心吗？很开心，主人把我们招待得很好。根据问句中的did可知用一般过去时；且we和treat是动宾关系，应用被动语态，因此该空应用一般过去时的被动语态，故选A。1.I havent met Mr Smith these days.Oh，I forgot to tell you.He from his post in our college.(2018南通、泰州一模，23)A.resigned B.has resignedC.had resigned D.would resign 答案B解析句意为：我这些天都没见到史密斯先生。我忘记告诉你他已经从我们学院辞职了。他辞职这件事对现在造成了影响，又无过去的时间点，用现在完成时，故选B。2.I thought tomorrow was the deadline for my confirmation.Never mind! Call me later and tell me what you then.(2018南通、泰州一模，33)A.would think B.had thoughtC.think D.thought答案C解析答语句意为：不用担心！晚点给我打电话并告诉我，你到时候是怎么想的。then暗示是到时候的想法，think用一般现在时态，故选C。3.Ladies and gentlemen，we at Changzhou Station，please get ready to get off the train.(2018常州期末统考，21)A.are to arrive B.are arrivingC.are going to arrive D.will arrive答案B解析句意为：女士们先生们，我们即将到达常州站，下车的乘客请做好准备。arrive常用现在进行时表即将发生的动作。故选B。4.People from across the world gathered in London to hear Big Bens last regular chime and some of them even cried，as if they a friends funeral.(2018苏锡常镇二调，23)A.attended B.have attendedC.were attending D.would attend答案C解析句意为：来自世界各地的人们聚集到伦敦来听大本钟的最后一次钟声，许多人甚至都哭了就好像他们正在参加某位朋友的葬礼。根据句意可知，用过去进行时，故选C。5.Free subway newspapers，which appeared at the beginning of the 21st century in China， at the subway stations in the rush hour.(2018无锡高三上期末，25)A.are usually handed outB.usually hand outC.were usually handed outD.had usually been handed out答案A解析句意为：21世纪初出现在中国的免费的地铁站报纸一般在地铁站交通高峰期被发放。首先报纸是被发放的，用被动语态，排除B，其次作为一个事实，用一般现在时。故选A。6.A former Chinese soldier，who in India for half a century，flew home to China on February 11,2017.(2017盐城三模，25)A.trapped B.had trappedC.has been trapped D.had been trapped答案D解析句意为：一位中国老兵被困印度半个多世纪，终于在2017年2月11日乘飞机回到了中国的家。由a former Chinese soldier与trap之间为被动关系可知，要用被动语态；被困的动作发生在flew所表示的动作之前，故用过去完成时的被动形式。7.As is expected，it will still be some years before all the metro lines in our city into operation.(2017无锡期末，24)A.will be put B.are putC.will have been put D.have been put答案B解析句意为：正如所预料的，我们城市所有的地铁线路还要过几年才能被启用。在before引导的时间状语从句中，要用一般现在时表将来。8.Shall we go to an Indian restaurant or an Indonesian restaurant?Neither.Lets go to an Italian restaurant.They the best specials of the year.(2018南京师大附中等四校联考，31)A.are having B.haveC.had had D.have had答案A解析句意为：我们要去一家印度餐馆还是印度尼西亚餐馆呢？都不去。我们去一家意大利餐馆吧。那里有着全年最大幅度的特价。根据句意可知，此处应用现在进行时表示说话时存在的状态。9.Li Mingyang，who as the main center on the Chinese Womens Basketball Team for two years，is now a member of a Japanese basketball club，which is considered shameful by many Chinese.(2018常熟中学段考，11)A.has served B.had servedC.served D.was serving答案C解析句意为：李明阳，她担任了两年的中国女子篮球队的主力中锋，现在是日本的一个篮球俱乐部的成员，这被很多中国人认为是可耻的。此处是定语从句的谓语动词，说的是过去的事情，所以要用一般过去时，故选C。10.I writing the paper as scheduled，but my mothers illness interfered.I hope you will excuse me.(2018泰州二模，9)A.am to have finished B.was to have finishedC.was to finish D.ought to finish答案B解析根据interfered可知应该用过去时态，因为write 这个动作发生在 my mothers illness interfered 这个时刻，而这是一个过去的时刻，就是说，我之所以“没有完成”，是由于“我母亲疾病的干扰”，要不然过去已经完成了。句意为：我本来应按计划写完这篇论文的，但是我被母亲的疾病所干扰。我希望你会原谅我。故选B。11.Im going to the Golden Coast in Australia with my family at Christmas time.Whats your plan for the holidays?Well，while you are enjoying yourself on the beach，I on my couch，watching Game of Thrones.(2018苏州学业质量阳光指标调研，30)A.am sitting B.will be sittingC.will have sat D.would sit答案B解析答语句意为：当你在沙滩上享受的时候，我将正在我的沙发上看权力的游戏。表示将来某一时刻正在发生的事。故选B。12.You look pretty tired today!I an environmental report over the last few days，which should be submitted to the boss tomorrow.(2018南京高淳区、淮海中学等97校联考，26)A.wrote B.was writingC.had written D.have been writing答案D解析句意为：你今天看起来很累！在过去的几天里我一直在写一个环境报告，这个报告明天应交给老板。表示从几天前开始一直持续到现在并且有可能持续下去的动作，用现在完成进行时，故选D。13.The movie La La Land is awesome.Its really a pity that you didnt make it.Sorry，I .I was too busy then.(2017苏锡常镇四市二模，30)A.didnt B.did C.wouldnt D.would答案A解析句意