[高中英语旧教材讲解]unit 8 讲解

1. First aid is the science of giving medical care to a person before a doctor can be found. Anyone with the write knowledge can give the first aid;you dont have to be a doctor.急救是在找到医生之前对病人进行医 疗救护的科学。任何有正确的急救知识的人都可以进行急救； 不一定非得是一个医生才行。 first aid 意为“急救” ，指对危重病人进行的紧急抢救，与动 词 do,give,或 offer 相搭配，构成 do/give/offer first aid t o sb 的结构。. Mary was badly injured in the match. First aid was offered at once.玛丽在比赛中受了重伤。人们立即对她进行 急救。 Tom hurt his arm during the volleyball match, and s ome of us gave him first aid.汤姆在排球赛中上了胳膊， 我们几个人对她进行了急救。 aid 意为“帮助” 在本单元中作名词用,常和介词 to 连用，意为 “帮助 ”，“助手”。 Let me lend my aid to you.让我来帮助你。 I hope this book will be a great aid to English composition.我希望这本书对英文作文大有帮助。 【注】如果介词后为动名词，则介词应用 in 或 for I give you an aid for solving problems.我帮助你解决问题。 A dictionary is an important aid in learning a foreign language.词典是学习外语的重要工具。 aid 也可作动词用，意为帮助、援助，相当于 help，但 help 是普通用语，而 aid 则显得较为庄重，不常用。 They encouraged and aided him in his scientific studies.他们鼓励帮助他进行科学研究。 At Christmas, many organizations aid the poor.在圣诞 节期间很多组织帮助穷人。 have to 与 must 都有“必须” 之意，在肯定句中，意思相差 不大但它们的否定式（mustnt 和 dont have to）在意思上 差别很大。mustnt 含有禁止的意思，表示“不得做某事” ，而 dont have to 则表示“不必作某事”，相当于 neednt do sth. You mustnt tell Mary about it.你绝不能把此事告诉玛丽。 You dont have to tell Mary about it.你不必把此事告诉玛 丽。 Must I hand in my composition before supper? No, you dont have to.我一定要在晚饭前交作文吗？不不必。 He mustnt find out whats happening.不能让他知道发生 了什么事。 2. First aid,if it is quickly and correctly given ,can save a persons life.There are three important things to do if someone has had an accident.如果施救及时，并且正确， 急救是可以挽救生命的。如果某人出了事故，那么就要做以下 三件重要的事情。 to do 在这里作定语修饰 things，不定式作定语时，有时与 被修饰的名词有一种逻辑上的动宾关系。 I have a lot of work to do today.今天我有很多工作要做。 Here is a book for you to read.这儿有一本书给你读。 【注】当构成不定式的动词是不及物动词时，常需加一个词。 He needs a room to live in.它需要有一间房子住。 Is he a man to depend on?它是一个可以依靠的人吗？ 【注】有时作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词不构成这种逻辑上 的动宾关系。 The next train to arrive is from Nanjing.下一列到站的 火车来自南京。 He was always the last to leave.他总是最后一个离开。 3. Check that the person can breathe. Open the mo uth and make sure that there is no food at the bac k of the mouth.检查一下，看看这个人能不能呼吸。掰开嘴 ，看看口腔后部有没有食物堵住。 check 与 make sure 在本句中意思基本相同，意为“核查” ，“弄确实” 。 Will you check these figures?这些数字你检查一遍好吗？ The reports were still being checked.报告还在审查。 Preparing the lessons and checking the pupils home work took a great deal of time.备课和批改学生作业要花 很多时间。 Lets make sure that it has been finished.让我们搞清 楚这工作是否确实已经完成。 Have you made sure of the time of the train?火车开 车时间你搞清楚了吗？ I have made sure that he is a hard-working man.我 已经了解清楚他是一个勤奋的人。 【注】与 sure 构成的词组还有 for sure，“毫无疑问”，“ 确实 ”，sure enough， “显然”，“ 果真”。 I cant say I know it for sure.我不敢说我对此是全然知 晓。 We said things would turn out well, and sure enoug h they did.我们说情况会变好的，果然如此。 4.If the person is not breathing, you must try to sta rt his/her breathing at once.If this is not done withi n five minutes,the person will die. within 作“在。之内”解释，比 in 更为正式，如果表示在 一段时间之内，within 可用于过去时，现在时或将来时，而 后接一段时间时常作“在。之后” 解释，只用于将来时， 故放在将来时态中表示“在一段时间之内” ，美国英语里较多地 使用 inside。 Ill be back within/inside half an hour.半小时内我就回 来。 The job will be finished in a week.这工作一周后完成。 The job will be finished within a week.这工作一周内完 成。 She will be back in an hour.他一小时后回来。 She will be back within an hour.他一小时内回来。 【注】在过去时中，in 和 within 后接一段时间时，都表示“在 一段时间内”。 The best thing is to use the mouth-to-mouth way. L ay the person on his/her back, close his/her nose w ith your fingers and breathe into his /her month.Rep eat this as often as is necessary. lay 是即物动词，意为 “放”，“ 置”，注意不要和 lie 的过去式 lay 混淆，后者意为“躺” ，是不及物动词。 The girl lay on the grass,looking at the blue sky an d thinking.这女孩躺在草地上，看这蓝色的天空沉思着。 Granny laid a bag of rice on the table, panting.奶奶 把一袋米放在桌上，气喘吁吁。 Presently he laid the paper carefully folded across hi s knees and closed his eyes.不久他把这张报纸仔细对折 好，放在膝盖上，合上了眼睛。 The books have lain here ever since they were laid here.这些书放在这里之日起，一直在这里未动过。 I have lain awake all night thinking of this.我想着这 事，一夜没睡着。 Mother laid her baby gently on the bed.母亲把婴儿轻 轻的放在床上。 Please lay these planks along, not across. 请把木板顺 着放，别横着放。 He lay unconscious on the bettle ground for hours b efore we finally found him 他在战场上昏迷不行的躺了几 个钟头，最后我们才找到他。 .as often as is possible 意为“尽量多次”，这是一个比较 状语从句，第二个 as 后面的从句可以看作是省去了 it。还可以 说 as often as possible Please come as early as possible tomorrow morning. 明天早晨请尽可能早点来。 It is not so cold as it was yesterday.今天不像昨天那么 冷。He got up as late as his brother.他同他弟弟起的一 样迟。 You can explain grammar points in Chinese as much as is necessary.你可以根据需要，用汉语来解释语法点。 6.If the person is bleeding badly, you must try to st op the bleeding. If a person loses one third of his/h er blood, he/she may die.如果一个人流血不止，你必须想 法止住血，一个人如果失血占他（他）血的三分之一，他（她 ）可能会死去。 one third 意为“三分之一” 。在英语中，分数的分子用基数 词，分母用序数词表达，当分子超过 1 时，在分母的序数词后 加-s。 one fifth 五分之一，three eighths 八分之三，如果分数作主 语，则要看它代表可数名词还是不可数名词，如代表可数名词 的复数，则谓语动词用复数形式，否则谓语动词用单数形式。 Two thirds of the students in our class are League members.我们班上三分之二的学生是共青团员。 More than two thirds of the surface of the earth is covered by water.地球表面三分之二多的面积被水覆盖。 One third of the rivers in that country have been po lluted.那个县三分之一的河流被污染了。 One third of the water has been polluted.三分之一的 水被污染了。 bleed 作“流血” 解时是不及物动词。 His nose bled last night.昨晚他鼻出血。 The cut on his finger was bleeding.她手指上的伤口在出 血。 bleed 可作及物动词，意为“ 放血”。 Doctors used to bleed people when they were sick. 过去人们生病时，医生给他们放血。 bleed 可引申为“感到极其难受”。 My heart bled for the poor unhappy children.我为那些 贫苦不幸的孩子感到难过。 7.Press a handkerchief onto the bleeding point and hold it there. If it is possible, hold up the part of th e body which is bleeding.把手帕压在出血点上，并按住不 动，如有可能，就把出血的那个部位抬起来。 hold 在本句中作 “按”，“ 握着”解释。 Uncle Wang held my hand and tried to comfort me. 王大爷握住我的手，设法安慰我。 Please hold this wheel a moment so that it doesnt turn.请把住轮子别让她转。 I held him by the arm.我抓住他的胳膊。 hold up 在这里意为“把，抬起来” 或“举起”。 Hold up your arm so that the cut wont bleed.把胳膊 抬起来这样伤口就不会出血。 He held up the map so it could be seen more clearl y.他举起地图，这样我们可以看得更清楚些。 The students who wished to speak held up their ha nds.想发言的学生举起了手。 hold up 的常见意思还有“耽误”，“ 使停顿”。 The train was held up for an hour by the accident. 这个事故是火车晚点了一个钟头。 The steel strike may hold up production for several months.铸铁业罢工可能是生产停顿几个月。 Pretty soon we were held up for lack of material.不 久由于缺乏材料，我们进行不下去了。 hold up 亦可作“抢劫”，“ 拦截”。 That bank has been held up three times.那家银行已遭 劫三次。 8.Many common injuries happen every day in the h ome. All parents should know some first aid. Childre n can often get ill suddenly and they also have a lo t of accidents. Here is some advice for dealing with common injuri es.每天家里会发生一些常见的外伤事故，所有家长都应该懂得 一点急救知识。孩子们常常会突然得病，也可能出许多事故。 下面是有关处理常见外伤的建议。 advice 作“忠告（意见） ”解释时为不可数名词，常与 on 连 用。 Marx gave some good advice on how to learn a fore ign language 如何学外语马克思提出了一些很好的建议。. L et me give you a piece of good advice.我要给你一个忠 告。 Mr Brown gave me some advice on how to repair th e old car.布朗先生对如何修好这辆旧车向我提出了一些建议 。 【注】有时我们在阅读中看到 advice 的复数形式，这时 advic e 是可数名词，作“消息或报道”解释。 They receive advices from foreign countries every w eek.他们每周都从国外收到消息。 Advices were just received from our Washington cor respondent.刚刚收到本报驻华盛顿记者的最新报道。 此处作“处理“ ，” 应付“解释。 How shall we deal with this problem?这问题我们该如何 处理呢？ He wont be able to deal with all kinds of complicat ed situations.他应付不了各种复杂的情况。 The question will soon be dealt with.这问题很快就会得 到处理。 deal with 是一个常见的词组，其意思还有“相处”对待“ ， ”论述 “，”涉及“等 This book deals with life in the United States 这本书 说的是美国的生活情况。 Deal fairly with your students.对学生要公正。 That man is impossible to deal with.这人无法相处。 The subject isnt very well dealt with in his latest b ook.他在新书里没有很好的论述这个问题。 We have dealt with that firm for many years.我们和 这家公司做了多年的买卖。 I”ll get someone else to deal with them.我去找另一个 人来对付他们。 9.Animal bites. If you are bitten by an animal, wash the wound under cold running water. Then see a do ctor as soon as possible.动物咬伤。如果被动物咬伤，就 把伤口放在冷的自来水下冲洗。然后尽快看医生。 bite 作名词用时，意为 “咬伤“。 His face was covered with insect bites.她的脸上到处都 是虫咬的痕迹。 He cured 46 victims of snake bite last month alone. 他仅上个月就治愈了 46 例蛇咬伤者。 bite 也可作“吃一口”，“ 随便吃点东西 ”。 He took a bite at the apple.她咬了一口苹果。 I havent had a bite since this morning.从早晨到现在 我还没有吃过一点东西。 This is tasty.Have a bite of it.这很好吃，吃一口吧。 “Youll wait and have a bite with us,” she insisted.她 坚持说，“你等一下和我们一起吃点东西” 。 bite 作动词用时意为“咬” ，既可作及物动词，也可作不及物 动词。 A mosquito just bit me.一只蚊子刚咬了我一口。 I bit my tongue yesterday and it is painful.昨天我咬 着了舌头现在还疼。 Unless you wear boots, you may get bitten by snak es.除非你穿鞋子，否则会被蛇咬。 The dog has bitten a hole in my trousers.狗在我裤子 上咬了一个洞。 bite 可用于引伸意义，意为“对。感兴趣” 。“辛辣”，“ 冻坏” 。 I tried to sell him my old car but he wouldnt bite. 我想把我的旧车卖给他，但他不感兴趣。 She loves to make biting remarks.她喜欢发表尖刻的评 论。 The biting cold froze the sailors hand.刺骨的寒冷冻僵 了水手的手。 His fingers were bitten by the frost.她的手指被霜冻坏 了。 10.Burns.Cool the area of skin at once. Wash the ar ea of skin under the cold tap for several minutes. P ut a piece of dry clean cloth over the area of the b urn. See a doctor if a child has been burned or if m ore than 10% of the body has been burned.烧伤。立 即让烧伤的皮肤冷却，让它在冷水龙头下冲洗几分钟。在烧伤 的皮肤上放一块清洁的干布。如果小孩烧伤了，或（大人）烧 伤面积达到以上，那么就必须去看医生。 cool 在本句中作动词用，意为 “使变冷”。既可作及物动词 ，也可作不及物动词。 The rain has cooled the air.雨使空气凉爽了。Open the window to cool the room.打开窗子让屋子凉些。 Let your tea cool a little before you drink it.让茶凉一 点再喝。 cool 用作引伸意义时指“冷静下来” 。 By that time her enthusiasm had cooled.到那时，她的 热情也冷却下来了。 A heated argument can be settled better if both sid es cool down first.如果双方先冷静下来，一场激烈的争论会 解决得好些。 I tried to cool her down but she was still very angr y when she left.想使她冷静下来，但她走的时候人很愤怒。 cool 也可以作形容词用，意为“凉快”，“冷静” ，“冷淡”。 Lets sit in the shade and get cool.让我们坐到阴凉处， 凉快一下。 I knew I had to keep cool.我知道我必须保持冷静。 He seemed so cool I feared I had offended him.他看 上去非常冷淡，我恐怕在什么地方冒犯了他。 His play received a cool response from the public.公 众对她的话剧反映冷淡。 over 在此处作“（紧贴着）在上面”解释，不能看作“ 在。 。上方” 。 Spread a cloth over the table.把布铺在桌上。 And she bent forward, and her fine light hair fell ov er her cheeks.她向前探出身子，她的浅色的美丽头发遮住了 脸颊。 Ink spilled over the book.墨水泼在书上。 He spread a handkerchief over his face to keep the flies off.他把手帕遮在脸上挡开苍蝇。 11.Cuts.For a simple cut, it is only necessary to was h the area of the cut, dry it and cover it with a pie ce of dry clean cloth.刀伤。对于简单的伤口，只需要将刀 伤的部位冲洗一下，弄干，然后盖上一块清洁的干布就行了。 for 在本句中作“对于” 解释。 I have no ear for music.我对音乐一窍不通。 Dont you think Im rather young for such a task? 你是否认为我做这事太年轻了？ You are not suited for the kind of work youre doing.你 不适合做你现在做得这样工作。 I was just thinking it was a fine night for a walk.我 刚才在想这个晚上出去散步真好。 12.This passage doesnt contain enough information for you to do first aid correctly! You have to study with a teacher. However, after a few hours of study ,y oull manage to know enough to save other peoples lives.这篇短文包含的知识并不足以让你正确的进行急救！你还 必须跟老师学习。然而，经过几个小时的学习之后，你就会获 得足够的知识去抢救别人的生命。 本段中两次出现 enough 这个词，第一个 enough 是形容词 ，作定语修饰 information，第二个 enough 是名词作宾语。 作名词用 enough 可作主语，宾语。作主语时，其主谓关 系应遵循意义一致的原则，如果所代表的名词为复数意义，谓 语动词用复数形式，反之用单数形式。 Enough has been said on this subject.关于这个问题说 的已足够了。 “Do you need more chairs?”No,I think there are en ough to go round.”你们还需要椅子吗？不要了，我想够用 了。 When enough of the tree is chopped away,the tree f alls.当树身被砍得够深时，树就倒了。 He couldnt earn enough to keep a family of four.他 挣的钱不够养活一个四口之家。 作形容词用。Enough 作定语时，在不少情况下，放在被修 饰名词之前或之后都可以。 We have enough money(money enough) to buy a n ew car.我们有足够的钱买一辆新汽车。 We havent enough time(time enough) to catch the train now.我们没有足够的时间去赶火车了。 作副词用时，可修饰形容词，副词或动词，紧接在所修饰的 词之后。 I felt that I was not yet strong enough to travel.我 感到我的身体不够强壮，不适于旅游。 I didnt know him well enough.We didnt get on tog ether.我们没有共过事。Have you played enough?你玩够 了吗？ 【注】在口语中，enough 可作程度状语，用于修饰谓语动词 ，不过这个谓语动词多为否定式。 I dont like you enough.我非常喜欢你。（怎么喜欢都不够 ） I just cant thank you enough.我非常感激你。（怎么感 激都不够） manage 意为“设法（终于）完成（某件困难的事）” 。多跟 不定式。 He managed to escape to South America.他终于设法 逃到了南美。 We managed to get what we wanted,anyhow.不管怎 么样，我们终于得到了我们所需要的。 The ground was very dirty,but he managed to clean it.地上很脏，但他设法打扫干净了。 manage 也可作不及物动词，可译为“能办到，设法解决”“ 勉强维持” the box is very heavy, but I can manage.这箱子很重 ，但我能对付。 有时 manage 后面可以跟名词或代词，意为“设法做到”，“ 拿得动” ， “吃得下” I cant manage another mouthful. 我一口也吃不下。 If you are to get away, I can manage money. 如果 你要走，我可以想法筹钱。 I think we can manage that somehow. 我想我们能够 做到哪件事。 manage 后面有时跟一个介词短语引起的状语。 Can you manage on your own？ 你靠自己能对付吗？ Thats really sweet of you, but I shall manage all ri ght by myself. 你真好，但我自己能解决。 The ladder isnt quite so long as thought, but I thin k I can manage with it. 这梯子不像我原先想象的那么长 ，但我想我用它能对付。 13.If everyone in the country knew first aid,many li ves would be saved.如果每个国民都懂得急救，那么许多人 的生命是可以挽救得了的。 本句条件句中谓语动词用过去时，主句用 Would+动词原形 ，是虚拟语气的一种形式，所表示的内容与现在事实相反，即 不可能每个国民都懂急救知识，故称虚拟语气。 If I were free ,I would go to the cinema.如果我有空， 我就去看电影。（实际是我没空） If it rained now,we would not go out.如果现在下雨， 我们就不会出去。（事实上不在下雨。） If I knew the answer to the question,I would tell yo u.如果我知道问题的答案，我当然会告诉你。（实际我不知） 如果表示的内容是与过去事实相反，则条件从句中的谓语动 词用过去完成时，主句中的谓语动词用 would+have 过去 分词。 If you had got up earlier, you would have caught th e train.如果你早点起床，你就会赶上火车了。 If it had been fine last weekend, I would have gone on vacation.要使上周末天气好的话，我就会去度假了。 I wouldnt have known all the facts if I hadnt been told.如果不告诉我，我不会知道所有这些事实的。 如果表示与将来可能的情况相反，则条件从句中的谓语动词 用过去式，也可以用 should+动词原形，或 were to+动词原 形，主句中的谓语动词形式用 would+动词原形。 If I should see her,what would I say to her?如果我能 见到他，我对他说什么呢？ If he were to come,I might have time to see him.只 要他来，我可能有时间见他。 14.Read the notice”Safety in the home”.Then find pi ctures that go with the pieces of advice.读“ 家庭安全 须知” 。然后找出与这些建议相配的图画。 go with 此处作“ 与，相配”解释。 A yellow blouse goes with her blonde hair.黄色短上衣 和她的淡黄色头发很相称。 Marys blue dress goes with her eyes.玛丽的蓝色衣服 与她的眼睛相配。 Certain kinds of wine go with certain kinds of food. 某些酒与某些饭食相配。 Potatoes dont go with ice cream.土豆和冰激凌不相配。 go with 可作“伴随”，“与。持同一看法”。 The children went to Spain with their parents.孩子们 随父母到西班牙去了 Can a singular verb go with a plur al noun?单数动词能与复数名词一起用吗？ We were delighted to find that a large rock garden went with the house.我们欣喜的发现随房子一起出售的还 有一个假山庭院。 I agree with much of of what you say,but I cannot go all the way with you.你说的我很多都同意，但能全部 同意。 15.Certain things in the home can be dangerous,esp ecially if you have young children.在家庭中，特别是在 有小孩的家庭中，某些东西可能是有危险的。 certain 作定语时意为“某个”“某些”，即可修饰可数名词也可 修饰不可数名词，修饰单数可数名词时用 a certain Im prepared to make certain concessions.我已准备好 了作出一些让步。 There has been a certain amount of improvement in his health.她的健康状况有一定程度的好转。 He makes a certain profit from his business but hell never be rich.他在做生意中赚了一些钱，但他不会富起来。 certain 作表语时意为“有把握，肯定” ，后接 of，,about 引 起的短语或从句。 Are you certain of what you say?你对你说的话有把握吗 ？ Im not certain whether hell come.我没有把握他是否会 来 。 We are certain that hell get over his illness.我们肯定 他会恢复健康。 certain 后可接不定式。 You are certain to be happy with them.跟他们在一起 你肯定会感到快乐。 He is certain to return.他肯定会回来的。 especially 与状语或同位语连用时，常置于句首或句末，表 示强调，意为“特别是 ”。 I like the country,especially in spring.我喜欢乡村，特 别是春天。 Especially in Brazil,the Negroes have played a most important role in the development of the nation.特别 是在巴西，黑人在国家的发展中起了很重要的作用。 Noise is unpleasant,especially when you are going to sleep.噪音很讨厌，特别是当你要睡着的时候。 16.ELECTRICITY Make sure that electric wires are sa fe and that children cant touch them. FIRES Put guards round fires. 电：确保电线安全，不要让小孩触摸电线。 火炉：火炉周围要有防护装置。 make sure 后面接了两个宾语从句。一般说来，引导宾语从 句的连接词 that 可以省略，但如果谓语动词后有两个或两个以 上并列的宾语从句，第二个及其后并列的宾语从句的连接词不 能省略，以免引起误解。 I forgot (that )my research paper was due on Tuesd ay and that my teacher had said he would not acce pt late papers.我忘记了星期二该教研究论文，我也忘了老师 曾说过他不接受迟交的论文。 Tom told Alice(that) he would go to see her on Sun day and that she had better not go out.汤姆对艾利斯 说他要在星期日去看他，并叫他最好别外出。 guard 此处作“ 防护装置” 解释，作此解释时常和其他词构成 合成名词。 如 mudguard 挡泥板，fireguard 防火装置等。 A fireguard prevents children getting near the fire.防 火装置可阻止儿童靠近火源。 Miners wear a helmet as a guard against falling roc ks.矿工戴着头盔作为防护以抵挡下落的石块。 17.GAS FIRES If you are using one of these,check t hat a window is open. COOKING If a pan of oil catches fire,turn off the ga s and cover the pan quickly. 燃气炉火：如果你使用一种燃气炉火，注意要让一扇窗户开着 。 烹饪：如果油锅着火，要把煤气关上，并迅速盖上锅盖。 catch fire 意为 “着火“，侧重与动作，并不能和表示一段时 间的状语连用。 As the wood is wet,it wont catch fire.木头是湿的，点 不着。 Straw catches fire easily.稻草很容易着火。 The house caught fire while we were away.我们不在 的时候房子着了火。【注】be on fire 也有“ 着火”之意，但侧 重于燃烧的过程，可以和表示一段时间的状语连用，其中的 on 意为“ 在。过程中” 。 The building had been on fire for half an hour when the firemen arrived.当消防队员赶到时，大楼已烧了半个小 时。 18.POISONS Dont pour poisons into other container s,for example,empty bottles.Keep them on a high sh elf out of the reach of child. 有毒物品：不要把有毒物品倒入其他容器（空瓶），要把毒品 放在小孩够不着的高架上。 out of the reach 或 out of ones reach 意为“够不着， 拿不到” 也可以说 beyond ones reach，此处 reach 是名词 ，意为“ 手所及的范围” ，其反义词组是 within ones reach。 Put the bottle of weed-killer out of the reach of chil dren.把那瓶除草剂放在孩子们拿不到的地方。 The village is within reach of Londo