应用化学专业英语复习资料

1、一 单词短语1. Molecule 分 子 molecular 分子的2. chemical process 化学过程 element 元 素3. atom 原 子 attraction 吸引力4. repulsion 排 斥 力 distillation 蒸馏、n5. distill 蒸 馏v rectification 精 馏6. composition 构 成 structure 结 构7. property 性 质 mass 质 量8. atomicweight 原子量 atomic number 原子序数9. ionization energy 电离能 period 周 期 10.

2、group 族 family 族11. transition group 过渡族 main group 主族12. ion 离 子 substitution 取代反应13. elimination 消除反应 nucleophilic 亲核的14. nucleophilie 亲核试剂 electrophilie亲电试剂15. alkyl 烷基的 functional group 官能团 16. halides 卤素的 leaving group 离去基团17. transition state 过渡态 intermediate 中间体18. reactant 反应物 product 生成物19.

3、 concentration 浓 度 rate equation 速率方程20. constant 常 数 ether 醚21. endothermic 吸热的 substrate 反应底物22. mechanism 机 理 reagen 试 剂23. alkene 烯 烃 exothermic 放热的24. Anion 阴离子 nitrogen 氮气25. Hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物 carbonhydrate 碳水化合物26. Alkane 烷 烃 substituent 取代基27. Isomerism 同分异构现象 isomer 同分异构28. Vinyl 乙烯基 deriva

4、tives 衍生物29. acid halides 酰 卤 acid anhydrides 酸酐30. esters 酯 amide 酰胺31. ammonia NH3 Acetic anhydride 乙酸酐32. phenol 芬 acidbase titration 酸碱滴定33. precipitation 沉淀 analyses 化学分析员34. IR 红外 UV紫外 MS质谱 GC色相色谱 HPLC高效液相色谱 TLC薄层色谱 XrayX射线衍射 二 选词填空1、We can now easily account for many things, which were though

5、t to be mysterious by the ancients2、the acid acts on the metal and a gas is given off.3、you should adapt yourself to new ways of looking at matters4、electrolytes have more pronounced effect on colligative properties than do nonelectrolytes.5、if water in these lakes evaporated at the same rate as fre

6、sh water ,both would nearly dry up in a matter of year.6、both laks evaporated very slow compared with a fresh lake or even the ocean.7、a property that depends only on the relative amounts of solute and solvent is know as a colligative property.8、for example ,both NaCl (ionic) and HCl （polar covalent

7、） are classified as electrolytes because they form ions in aqueous solution.9、when compounds such as NaCl and HCl are dissolved in water ,the effect is obvious.10、if the wires is cut ,the light goes out because the circuit is broken.11、when wires are attached to a charged battery and then to a light

8、 bulb ,the light shines brightly.12、glass and wood as well as pure water are examples or nonconductors of electricity.13、other substances resist the flow of electricity and are known as nonconductors or insulators.14、it has long been known that the presence of a solute in water may affect its abilit

9、y to conduct electricity.15、when the collection of papers was first brought out ,it was well received by the reviewers.16、in the same way the dozen or so most common kinds of kinds of atoms can be put together in many millions of different ways to make molecules .17、elements are made up of tiny fund

10、amental particles called atoms. Fundamental, as it is used here ,means that they cannot be further divided by any chemical metheods.18、each element has atoms that is different from the atoms of other elements.19、it would not be quite round; on the contrary it would consist of three parts represented

11、 by spheres.20、it is not to be summed up in a single product or word ,but in an idea or basic concept.21、the chemical symbol of an element may stand the element for.22、the rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by several factors such as temperature , concentration of reagents , particle size ,li

12、ght ,and catalyst.23、all forms of life in earth are very dependent on chemical reactions or chemical changes.24、a chemical reaction occurs when elements and compounds react together to produce different compounds , or when compounds break down into simpler compounds or elements.三无机物的命名H Hydrogen Li

13、Lithium Na SodiumK Potassium Mg Magnesium Ca CalciumMn manganese Cu copper Zn zincFe iron Hg mercury Ag silver Au gold C Carbon Si SiliconPb Lead Al Aluminium F FluorineCl Chlorine Br Bromine I IodineO Oxygen S Sulfur N NitrogenP Phosphorus1. 直呼其名，即读其元素名称 + ion如：Na+ sodium ion K+ potassium ion2. 对于有

14、变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous 表示低价，-ic 表示高价如：Cu+ copper () ion 或 cuprous ion Cu2+ copper () ion 或 cupric ion Fe2+ iron () ion 或 ferrous ion Fe3+ iron () ion 或 ferric ion3. 含氢酸根：酸根中的读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用希腊前缀表示：mono-di -tri- tetra -penta- hexa- hepta- octa- nona- deca-举例：CO3 2- carbonate

15、 ionHCO3- hydrogen carbonate ionPO43- phosphate ion HPO42 hydrogencarbonate ionH2PO4- dihydrogenphosphate ion4. 结晶水读做hydrate ，结晶水的个数用希腊前缀表示：mono-di -tri- tetra -penta- hexa- hepta- octa- nona- deca-CuSO4 5H2O copper() sulfate pentahydrateAlCl3 6H2O aluminum chloride hexahydrate5. 测试Mg(OH)2 magnesium

16、 hydroxide AlCl3 aluminum chlorideFeBr2 iron(II) bromide CaSO4 calcium sulfateZnCO3 zinc carbonate HF hydrofluoric acidH3PO4 phosphoric acid NO2 nitrogen dioxideCuO copper(II) oxide Al2O3 aluminum oxideNaHSO3 sodium hydrogen sulfite KMnO4 potassium permanganateNaClO sodium hypochloride四 有机物的命名1) 命名正

17、烷基时，只需把烷烃的词尾“-ane换成“-yl”，加在相应的烷烃的字首后2) 字母规则：ButylEthylIsopropylMethylNeopentyltert-PentylPropyl3) 环烷烃：只需在所对应的烷烃前加上cyclo-即可4) 有些结构较复杂的烷基，需添加词头5) 烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷” (ane)改为“烯”(ene)或“炔”(yne)，后缀前加上不饱和键的编号即可。当所带的双键或叁键 不止一个时，可在前边加上di-，tri-，tetra-等希腊前缀来表示6) 烃类分子中同时含有双键和叁键时成为烯炔，命名时烯在前炔在后，双键的编号写在前面，叁键的定位号写

18、在表示炔烃词尾之前。例如：7）顺式 cis- ，反式 trans-二 汉译英Unit1The early beginnings of chemistry were clearly motivated by practical needs of people . 早期的化学显然是出于实际的需要。火的发现为远古人提供了第一个机会去实现控制化学反应过程。他们学会制备铜制物品，铜和其它材料是现成的。.由于化学过程的使用早于人们的书写，因而没有书面记录有关它们的化学技巧。可以判断他们的化学能力只有从考古的发现的各个手工艺品。正如早期的数学发展，清楚的预示着实际需求影响着化学的发展。但化学和数学在这个阶段

19、可能没有互相影响。如果它们影响了，但是没有记录证明这个。Now ,most dictionaries define chemistry as the science that deals with the composition ,structure ,and properties of substances and the reactions by which one substance is converted into another . 现在，很多词典把化学定义为涉及物质的组成、结构、性质以及一种物质转为另一种反应的科学。知道化学的定义，然而，并不与知道它的具体涵义相同。本质上，化学是

20、一门实验科学。实验提供两个重要角色。它形成了明确理论必须解释的问题是观察的基础以及提供了一中检查新理论的有效性的方式。本文强调了化学科学的实验性。尽可能经常地，在观察的理论解释之前，提供实验的化学理论。Chemical is one of three fundamental natural science， the other two being physics and biology. 化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三步是

21、：（I）物理进化（化学元素的产生），（II）化学进化（分子和生物分子的形成）；和（III）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。Unit 5Not long after Dalton presented his model for the atom 不久之后道尔顿提出他的原子模型（一个不可分割的粒子的质量决定其特性）科学家开始准备按他们的原子的重量安排元素表。当规划出这些元素的表，这些科学家观察这些元素的模型。例如，越来越清晰的表明某些特定间隔的元素共享某些相似的性质。在那个时候大约60个已知元素中,第四和第十一,第五和第十二（拥有相似性质）,等等。Mendeleev left a number o

22、f gaps in his table. 门捷列夫在他的元素周期表中留下了许多空格。他非但没有将那些空格看作缺憾，而且他甚至预言一些这些未发现的元素的特性。 在以后的许多年中，许多空格被发现的新元素填入。性质经常十分接近于门捷列夫已经预言的那些性质。这个伟大革新的预言价值是门捷列夫的元素周期表被广泛接受。So far ,our main emphasis concerning the periodic table has been on the vertical columns ,which contain the families of elements . 到目前为止，我们关于周期表的主要重点是垂直列，包含的元素的族。事实上，以及水平行中有共同的特点。事实上，以及水平行中有共同的特点。表中的元素的水平行被称为周期。每个周期间结束的元素称为惰性气体的族。这些元素