2019年江苏卷、浙江卷英语高考试题含答案

绝密★启用前

2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（江苏卷）

英语

（满分：120分钟，考试时间：120分）

注意事项

考生在答题前请认真阅读本注意事项及各题答题要求。

I.本试卷共14页，包含选择题（第1题~第70题，共70题）、非选择题（第71题~第81

题，共II题）两部分。本卷满分为120分，考试时间为120分钟。考试结束后，请将

本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

2.答题前，请务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用0.5毫米黑色墨水的签字笔填写在试卷及答

题卡的规定位置上•

3.请认真核对监考员在答题卡上所粘贴的条形码上的姓名、准考证号与本人是否相符。

4.作答选择题，必须用2B铅笔将答题卡上对应选项的方框涂满、涂黑；如需改动，请用

橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。作答非选择题，必须用0.5毫米黑色墨水的签字笔

在答题卡上的指定位置作答，在其他位置作答一律无效。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分20分）

做题时.，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）

听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每

段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。

例：Howmuchistheshirt?

A.£19.15.B.£9.18.C.£9.15.

答案是Co

1.Wheredoesthisconversationtakeplace?

A.Inaclassroom.B.Inahospital.C.Inamuseum.

2.WhatdoesJackwanttodo?

A.Takefitnessclasses.B.Buyapairofgymshoes.C.Changehisworkschedule.

3.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?

A.Whattodrink.B.Wheretomeet.C.Whentoleave.

4.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthespeakers?

A.Colleges.B.Classmates.C.Strangers.

5.WhyisEmilymentionedintheconversation?

A.Shemightwantaticket.

B.Sheislookingfortheman.

C.Shehasanextraticket.

第二节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）

听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳

选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的

作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。

6.HowlongdidJamesrunhisbusiness?

A.10years.B.13years.C.15years.

7.HowdoesthewomanfeelaboutJames*situation?

A.Embarrassed.B.Concerned.C.Disappointed.

听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。

8.WhathasKate'smotherdecidedtodo?

A.Returntoschool.B.Changeherjob.C.Retirefromwork.

9.WhatdidKate'smotherstudyatcollege?

A.Oilpainting.B.Arthistory.C.Businessadministration.

10.WhatisKate'sattitudetowardhermother'sdecision?

A.Disapproving.B.Ambiguous.C.Understanding.

听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。

11.Whatisthemandoing?

A.Chairingameeting.B.Hostingaradioprogram.C.Conductingajobinterview.

12.WhatbenefitsMarymostinherjob?

A.Herwidereading.B.Herleaders*guidance.C.Herfriends1help

13.WhowillMarytalkaboutnext?

A.Herteacher.B.HerfatherC.Hermother.

听第9段材料，回答第14至17题。

14.Whydoesthemanseldomdoexercise?

A.Helacksmotivation.

B.Hehasaheartproblem.

C.Heworksallthetime.

15.WhatdoesJacobSattelmairprobablydo?

A.He*sanathlete.

B.He'saresearcher.

C.He'sajournalist.

16.Whydoesthewomanspeakofastudy?

A.Toencouragetheman.

B.Torecommendanexercise.

C.Tosupportherfindings.

17.Howmuchtimewillthemanprobablyspendexercisingweekly?

A.300minutes.

B.150minute.

C.75minutes.

听第10段材料，回答第18至20题。

18.Whatdidthescientistsdototheroad?

A.Theyrepairedit.

B.Theypaintedit.

C.Theyblockedit

19.Whyareyoungbirdsdrawntotheroadsurface?

A.It'swarm.

B.It'sbrown.

C.It'ssmooth.

20.Whatisthepurposeofthescientists'experiment?

A.Tokeepthebirdsthereforawholeyear.

B.Tohelpstudentsstudythebirdswell.

C.Topreventthebirdsfrombeingkilled.

第二部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分35分）

第一节：单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）

请认真阅读下面各题，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

例：Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachildheorshewants.

A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever

答案是B。

21.Wehaveenteredintoanagedreamshavethebestchanceofcomingtrue.

D.whichA.whatC.whenD.that

22.Themusicianalongwithhisbandmemberstenperformancesinthelastthreemonths.

A.givesBhasgivenC.havegivenD.give

23.Thedoctorshareshisphonenumberwiththepatientstheyneedmedicalassistance.

A.ifonlyB.asifC.eventhoughD.incase

24.Morewindpowerstationswilltomeetthedemandforcleanenergy.

A.takeupB.clearupC.holdupD.springup

25.Scientistshaveobtainedmoreevidenceplasticisfindingitswayintothehumanbody.

A.whatB.thatC.whichD.where

26.Nowadaysthefortravellingisshiftedfromshoppingtofoodandscenery.

A.priorityB.potentialCproportionD.pension

27.Favorablepoliciesaretoencourageemployees'professionaldevelopment.

A.ineffectB.incommandC.inturnD.inshape

28.Unliketraditionalgyms,app-backedgymsofferpeopleoptionstoexercise.

A.casualB.regularC.flexibleD.tight

29.AfewmonthsafterhehadaiTivedinChina,Mr.Smithinlovewiththepeopleandculturethere.

A.wouldfallB.hadfallenC.hasfallenD.fell

30.theconvenienceofdigitalpayment,manyseniorcitizensstartedtousesmartphones.

A.ToenjoyB.EnjoyingC.lbhaveenjoyedD.Enjoy

31.Whatapity!Youmissedthesightseeing,orweagoodtimetogether.

A.hadB.willhaveC.wouldhavehadD.hadhad

32.China'simageisimprovingsteadily,withmorecountriesitsroleininternationalaffairs.

A.recognizingB.beingrecognizedC.toberecognizedD.recognized

33.Theyaretryingtomakesurethat5Gterminalsby2022fortheBeijingWinerOlympics.

A.willinstallB.willhavebeeninstalledC.areinstalledD.havebeeninstalled

34.Acityistheproductofthehumanhandandmind,man'sintelligenceandcreativity.

A.resemblingB.reflectingC.reviewingD.restoring

35.一Lei'stakeacoffeebreak.

一We'vebeenworkingforhours.

A.Whybother?B.Whatfor?C.Yougotmethere.D.Yousaidit.

第二节：完形填空（共20小题：每小题1分，满分20分）

请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上

将该项涂黑。

Wildlifehasbeengreatlythreatenedinthemodemage.Therearespecies（月勿种）thatare36everyday.

Thewhite-napedcraneisatypicalexample.Soscientistsaretryingtheirbestto37thespeciesfromgoing

outofexistence.

ChrisandTimworkatazoo,helpingendangeredcraneswiththeir38.Emma,afemalecrane,has

beenintheir39sinceshearrivedin2004.

Bomataninternationalcranefoundation,Emmawas40byhumancaretakers.Thisledtoan

unexpected41thoughshehadawonderfultimethere.Emmahad42takenherselfasacraneand

becomedeeplyattachedtohumans.She43tolivewithmalecranes,andevenhada44forkillingsome

ofthem,whichmadeit45fbrhertobecomeamother.

46,thetwozookeepersdidn'twanttoseetheextinction（灭绝）ofthispreciousspecies.Withtheir

patienceandefforts,theysuccessfullydevelopeda47ofartificialbreeding（人工繁殖）andnatural

reproduction.This48Emmatogivebirthtofivebabycranes.

Thetwokeepersareproudoftheirproductivework.Butbeforetheycanbe49,moreeffortsmustbe

made,becausethepopulationofthecraneinthewildisonthe50,andmanyotherspeciesappearheaded

towardextinction.51noteveryonehasrealizedthatwildlifehasthoughts,feelings,andmostimportantly,

equalrightstosurvive.

Howcanwe52theever-wideninggapthatseparatesusfromotheranimals?ChrisandTimofferedus

the53:humanbeingstookitforgrantedthattheir54heldallthesolutions,butmaybetheirheartscan

beabetter55.

36.A.growingB.migratingC.competingD.disappearing

37.A.banB.saveC.splitD.remove

38.A.abortionB.recreationC.reproductionD.administration

40.A.foundB.chosenC.raisedD.seized

41.A.bonusB.consequenceC.victoryD.sacrifice

42.A.neverB.alwaysC.unluckilyD.cheerfully

43.A.likedB.refusedC.decidedD.hesitated

44.A.giftB.skillC.concernD.reputation

45.A.illegalB.inspiringC.importantD.impossible

46.A.ThereforeB.MoreoverC.HoweverD.Instead

47.A.combinationB.collectionC.strategyD.system

48.A.forcedB.forbadeC.taughtD.enabled

49.A.defeatedB.gratefulC.assuredD.tolerant

50.A.itB.riseC.agendaD.decline

51.A.IncontrastB.AfterallC.BythewayD.Onthecontrary

52.A.leaveB.bridgeC.openD.identify

53.A.courseB.excuseC.answerD.reward

54.A.brainsB.behaviorsC.servicesD.projects

55.A.guideB.treatC.exampleD.companion

第三部分：阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）

请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将

该项涂黑。

A

Whateveryourageorinterests,Buxtonhas

somethingtoseeordotomakeyourvisittruly

memorable.

Hiqhenergy

Ifyoudesirephysicalactivities,youcanchooseactivitiesfromswimmingtohorse

riding.ExploretheheightswithGoApe,thehighwireforest

adventurecourse,orjourneybeneaththeearthatPoole's

Cavern.Anddon'tforget:wearesurroundedbyanatural

playgroundjustperfectforwalking,caving,climbingand

cycling.

Highminded

Buxtonisjustifiablyproudofitsculturallifeandyou*11findmuchtosuitalltasteswith

art,music,operaandtheperformingartsatBuxtonOperaHouse&PavilionArtsCentreand

GreenManGallery.Thereareplentyofopportunitiesforthecreativepersontobecome

involved,includingworkshopsandevents.

Keepingthekidshappy

Childrenlovethesmalltrainandplaygroundsinthe

PavilionGardensandthere'splentymoretoexploreat

theBuxtonMuseum.There'sanewindoorplay

centre,plusthespecialeventsandworkshops,and

othersduringschoolholidayperiods

56.Ifyouwanttotakeanundergounldjourney,whichplaceisthebestchoice?

A.Pole'sCaven.B.PavilionGardens.

C.BuxtonMuseum.D.GreenManGallery.

57.BuxtonOpenHouse&PavilionArtsCentreisspecialbecauseitoffers.

A.ridesinsmalltrains

B.coursesinmodemarts

C.artisticandculturalactivities

D.basiccoursesinhorseriding

B

Inthe1960s,whilestudyingthevolcanichistoryofYellowstoneNationalPark,BobChristiansenbecame

puzzledaboutsomethingthat,oddly,hadnottroubledanyonebefore：hecouldn'tfindthepark'svolcano.Ithad

beenknownforalongtimethatYellowstonewasvolcanicinnature—that'swhataccountedforallitshotsprings

andothersteamyfeatures.ButChristiansencouldn'tfindtheYellowstonevolcanoanywhere.

Mostofus,whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes,thinkoftheclassiccone（圆锥体）shapesofaFujiorKilimanjaro,

whicharecreatedwheneruptingmagma（岩浆）pilesup.Thesecanformremarkablyquickly.In1943,aMexican

farmerwassurprisedtoseesmokerisingfromasmallpartofhisland.Inoneweekhewastheconfusedownerofa

conefivehundredfeethigh.Withintwoyearsithadtoppedoutatalmostfourteenhundredfeetandwasmorethan

halfamileacross.AltogethertherearesometenthousandofthesevolcanoesonEarth,allbutafewhundredof

themextinct.Thereis,however,asecondlesknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesn'tinvolvemountainbuilding.These

arevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopeninasinglebigcrack,leavingbehindavasthole,thecaldera.

Yellowstoneobviouslywasofthissecondtype,butChristiansencouldn'tfindthecalderaanywhere.

JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh-altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.

Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakea

niceblow-upforoneofthevisitors'centers.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos,herealizedwhyhehadfailed

tospotthecaldera;almostthewholepark-2.2millionacres—wascaldera.Theexplosionhadleftaholemorethan

fortymilesacross一muchtoohugetobeseenfromanywhereatgroundlevel.AtsometimeinthepastYellowstone

musthaveblownupwithaviolencefarbeyondthescaleofanythingknowntohumans.

58.WhatpuzzledChristiansenwhenhewasstudyingYellowstone?

A.Itscomplicatedgeographicalfeatures.

B.Itsever-lastinginfluenceontourism.

C.Themysterioushistoryofthepark.

D.Theexactlocationofthevolcano.

59.Whatdoesthesecond-paragraphmainlytalkabout?

A.Theshapesofvolcanoes.

B.Theimpactsofvolcanoes.

C.Theactivitiesofvolcanoes.

D.Theheightsofvolcanoes.

60.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"blow-up“inthelastparagraphmostprobablymean?

A.Hot-airballoon.B.Digitalcamera.

C.Bigphotograph.D.Bird'sview.

C

WhocaresifpeoplethinkwronglythattheInternethashadmoreimportantinfluencesthanthewashing

machine?Whydoesitmatterthatpeoplearemoreimpressedbythemostrecentchanges?

Itwouldnotmatterifthesemisjudgmentswerejustamatterofpeople'sopinions.However,theyhavereal

impacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarceresources.

ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)revolution,representedbythe

Internet,hasmadesomerichcountrieswronglyconcludethatmakingthingsissonyesterdayuthattheyshouldtry

toliveonideas.Thisbeliefin''post-industrialsociety"hasledthosecountriestoneglecttheirmanufacturing

sector(制造业)withnegativeconsequencesfortheireconomies.

Evenmoreworryingly,thefascinationwiththeInternetbypeopleinrichcountrieshasmovedthe

internationalcommunitytoworryaboutthe"digitaldivide"betweentherichcountriesandthepoorcountries.This

hasledcompaniesandindividualstodonatemoneytodevelopingcountriestobuycomputerequipmentand

Internetfacilities.Thequestion,however,iswhetherthisiswhatthedevelopingcountriesneedthemost.Perhaps

givingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuchasdiggingwells,extendingelectricitynetworksandmaking

moreaffordablewashingmachineswouldhaveimprovedpeople'slivesmorethangivingeverychildalaptop

computerorsettingupInternetcentresinruralvillages,Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymore

important,butmanydonatorshaverushedintofancyprogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelativelong-term

costsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney.

Inyetanotherexample,afascinationwiththenewhasledpeopletobelievethattherecentchangesinthe

technologiesofcommunicationsandtransportationaresorevolutionarythatnowweliveina"borderlessworld".

Asaresult,inthelasttwentyyearsorso,manypeoplehavecometobelievethatwhateverchangeishappening

todayistheresultofgreattechnologicalprogress,goingagainstwhichwillbeliketryingtoturntheclockback.

Believinginsuchaworld,manygovernmentshaveputanendtosomeoftheverynecessaryregulationson

cross-borderflowsofcapital,labourandgoods,withpoorresults.

Understandingtechnologicaltrendsisveryimportantforcorrectlydesigningeconomicpolicies,bothatthe

nationalandtheinternationallevels,andformakingtherightcareerchoicesattheindividuallevel.However,our

fascinationwiththelatest,andourundervaluationofwhathasalreadybecomecommon,can,andhas,ledusinall

sortsofwrongdirections.

61.Misjudgmentsontheinfluencesofnewtechnologycanleadto.

A.alackofconfidenceintechnology

Baslowprogressintechnology

C.aconflictofpublicopinions

D.awasteoflimitedresources

62.TheexampleinParagraph4suggeststhatdonatorsshould.

A.takepeople'sessentialneedsintoaccount

B.maketheirprogrammesattractivetopeople

C.ensurethateachchildgetsfinancialsupport

Dprovidemoreaffordableinternetfacilities

63.Whathasledmanygovernmentstoremovenecessaryregulations?

A.Neglectingtheimpactsoftechnologicaladvances.

B.Believingthattheworldhasbecomeborderless.

C.Ignoringthepowerofeconomicdevelopment.

D.Over-emphasizingtheroleofinternationalcommunication.

64.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Peopleshouldbeencouragedtomakemoredonations.

B.Traditionaltechnologystillhasaplacenowadays.

C.Makingrightcareerchoicesiscrucialtopersonalsuccess.

D.Economicpoliciesshouldfollowtechnologicaltrends.

D

The65-year-oldSteveGoodwinwasfoundsufferingfromearlyAlzheimer's（阿尔楚海默症）.Hewaslosing

hismemory.

Asoftwareengineerbyprofession,Stevewasakeenloverofthepiano,andtheonlymusicianinhisfamily.

Musicwashistruepassion,thoughhehadneverperformedoutsidethefamily.

Melissa,hisdaughter,feltitmorethanworthwhiletosavehismusic,towhichshefellasleepcatchnightwhen

shewasyoung.Shethoughtabouthiringaprofessionalpianisttoworkwithherfather.

Naomi,Melissa'sbestfriendandatalentedpianist,gottoknowaboutthisandshowedwillingnesstohelp.

“Whydothis?”Stevewondered.

“Becauseshecares.,,Melissasaid.

Stevenodded,tearsineye.

NaomidrovetotheGoodwinhome.ShetoldSteveshe'dlovetohearhimplay.Stevemovedtothepianoand

satatthebench,handstremblingashegentlyplacedhisfingersonthekeys.

Naomiputasmallrecordernearthepiano,Startsandstopsandmistakes.Longpauses,heartsinking.ButSteve

pressedon,playingforthefirsttimeinhislifeforastranger.

“Itwasbeautiful.0Naomisaidafterlisteningtotherecording."Themusicwasworthsaving.^^

Herresponsibility,herprivilege,wouldbetorescueit.ThemusicwassillinSteveGoodwin.Itwasbiddenin

roomswithdoorsabouttobelocked.

NaomiandStevemeteveryotherweekandspenthourstogether.He'dmovehisfingersclumsilyonthepiano,

andthenshe'dtakehisplace.Hestruggledtoexplainwhatheheardinhishead.Hestoodbythepiano,eyesclosed,

listeningforthefirsttimetohisownworkbeingplayedbysomeoneelse.

SteveandNaomispokeinmusicalcodelines,beats,intervals,movingfromtheroottoendasonginanewkey.

Steveheardit.Allofit.Hejustcouldn'tplayit.

WorkingwithNaomididwondersforSteve.Ithadexcitedwithinhimthebeliefhecouldwriteonelastsong.

Oneday,Naomireceivedanemail.Attachedwasarecording,arecordingoflossandlove,ofthefight.Steve

calledit“MelancholyFlower”.

Naomiheardmultiplestopsandstarts,Stevestruggling,searchingwhilehiswifeJonicalledhim“honey"and

encouragedhim.Thetaskwassohard,andSteve,angryandupset,saidhewasquitting.Jonipraisedhim,telling

herhusbandthiscouldbehissignaturepiece.

Naomimanagedtofigureout16ofSteve'sfavorite,andmostpersonalsongs.WithNaomi'shelp,theGoodwin

familyfoundasoundengineertorecordNaomiplayingSteve'ssongs.Jonithoughtthatwouldbetheend.Butit

wasn't.

Inthemonthsleadinguptothe2016OregonRepertorySingersChristmasconcert,Naomitoldthedirectorshe

hadaspecialoneinmind:"MelancholyFlower”

ShetoldthedirectoraboutherprojectwithSteve.Thedirectoragreedtoaddittotheplayinglist.ButNaomi

wouldhavetoaskSteve'spermission.Heconsidereditanhonor.

Aftertheconcert,NaomitoldthefamilythatSteve'smusicwasbeautifulandprofessional.Itneededtobe

sharedinpublic.

ThefamilyrentedaformerchurchindowntownPortlandandscheduledaconcert.Bythedayoftheshow,

morethan300peoplehadsaidtheywouldattend.

Bythen,Stevewashavingahardtimerememberingthenamesofsomeofhisfriends.Heknewthepathhislife

wasnowtaking.Hetoldhisfamilyhewasatpeace.

Stevearrivedandsatinthefrontrow,surroundedbyhisfamily.Thehouselightsfaded.Naomitookthestage.

Herfingers.Hisheart.

65.WhydidMelissawanttosaveherfather'smusic?

A.Hismusiccouldstophisdiseasefromworsening.

B.Shewantedtopleaseherdyingoldfather.

C.Hismusicdeservedtobepreservedinthefamily.

D.Shewantedtomakeherfatheraprofessional.

66.AfterhearingSteve'splaying,Naomi.

A.refusedtomakeacommentonit

B.wasdeeplyimpressedbyhismusic

C.decidedtofreeStevefromsuffering

D.regrettedofferinghelptoherfriend

67.HowcantheprocessofSteve'srecordingbedescribed?

A.Itwasslowbutproductive.

B.Itwasbeneficialtohishealth.

C.ItwastiresomeforNaomi.

D.ItwasvitalforNaomi'scareer.

68.BeforeStevefinished"MelancholyFlower/*hiswifeJoni.

A.thoughtthemusictalentofStevewasexhausted

B.didn'texpectthedamagethediseasebroughtabout

C.didn'tfullyrealizethevalueofherhusband'smusic

D.broughtherhusband'smusiccareertoperfection

69.HowdidStevefeelattheconcertheldindowntownPortland?

A.Hefeltconcernedabouthisillness.

B.Hesensedaresponsibilityformusic.

C.Heregainedhisfaithinmusic.

D.Hegotintoastateofquiet.

70.Whatcanbeasuitabletitlefbrthepassage?

A.TheKindnessofFriends

B.ThePowerofMusic

C.TheMakingofaMusician

D.TheValueofDetermination

第四部分：任务型阅读（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）

请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。

TheCostofThinking

Despitetheirmanydifferences,allhumanbeingsshareseveraldefiningcharacteristics,suchaslargebrains

andtheabilitytowalkuprightontwolegs.

Thefirstuniquehumancharacteristicisthathumanshaveextraordinarilylargebrainscomparedwithother

animals.Itseemsobviousthatevolutionshouldselectforlargerbrains.Mammals（哺孚L动物）weighingsixty

2n

kilogramshaveanaveragebrainsizeof200cm.Modernmanhasabrainaveraging1200-1400cm.Weareso

fondofourhighintelligencethatweassumethatwhenitcomestobrainpower,moremustbebetter.Unfortunately,

thatisnotthecase.

Thefactisthatahugebrainisahugedrain—consumptionofenergy-onthebody.I'snoteasytocarry

around,especiallywhenboxedinsideamassiveskull(倾骨).It'sevenhardertoprovidesenergy.Inmodernman,

thebrainaccountsforabout2-3%oftotalbodyweightbutitconsumes25%ofthebody*senergywhenthebodyis

atrest.Bycomparison,thebrainsofapes(类人猿)requireonly8%ofrest-timeenergy.Earlyhumanspadfortheir

largebrainsintwoways.Firstly,theyspentmoretimeinsearchfood.Secondly,theirmusclesgrewsmallerand

weaker.Itshardlyanobviousconclusionthatthisisagoodwaytosurvive.Achimpanzee(黑猩猩)can'twinan

argumentwithamodernman,butitcantearthemanapartlikearagdoll.

Anotheruniquehumancharacteristicisthatwewalkupright.Standingup,it'seasiertofindfoodorenemies.

Inaddition,theirarmsthatareunnecessaryformovingaroundarefreedforotherpurposes,likethrowingstonesor

signaling.Asaresult,humanscanperformverycomplextaskswiththeirhands.

Yetwalkinguprighthasitsdisadvantage.Thebonestructureofourancestorsdevelopedformillionsofyears

tosupportacreaturethatwalkedonallfoursandhasarelativelysmallhead.Adjustingtoanuprightpositionwas

quiteachallenge,especiallywhentheboneshadtosupportanextra-largeskull.Humankindpaidforitsbroad

visionandskillfulhandsbackachesandpainfulnecks.

Weassumethatalargebrainmakeshugeadvantages.Itseemsobviousthatthesehavemadehumankindthe

mostpowerfulanimalonearth.Buthumansenjoyedalloftheseadvantagesforafull2millionyearsduringwhich

theyremainedweakandmarginalcreature.Thushumanswholivedamillionyearsago,despitetheirbigbrainsand

sharpstonetools,livedinconstantfearofmeat-eatinganimals.

TheCostofThinking

Introduction•Largebrainsfortheirbodiesandtheabilitytowalkuprightaretwo