考点5语法考点归纳5(定语从句、名词性从句)

1、【考点五】语法考点归纳5（定语从句、名词性从句）定语从句考点归纳1 高考对定语从句的考查集中体现在关系词的选择上，包括关系代词和关系副词。关系代词只有6个，即：that，which，who，whom，whose，as，关系副词只有3个，即：when，where，why。2 选择关系代词和关系副词的方法：由于关系词既有连接作用又有替代作用和成分作用（引导定语从句并在从句中替代先行项/词而且还充当一定的成分），所以在选择关系词时有一个很简单的方法。把先行项/词还原到从句中，看看该用什么关系词来替代。例如：I visited a scientist _ name is known all over

2、the country. 把先行词a scientist还原到从句中就是：the scientists name is known all over the country 可见从句中缺定语，这里该填whose。又如：The school _ I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.把先行词the school还原到从句中就构成这样一个简单句：I studied for two years in the school.“in the school”是一个表示地点的介词短语，在从句中作状语，要用where（=in which）

3、来替代。3 注意关系代词as和which引导非限定性定语从句的区别：as引导的非限定性定语从句可以置于句首，而which引导的非限定性定语从句只能位于句中或句尾。4 注意掌握只用关系代替that、只用关系代词which的常见的几种情况，以及“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。考点精析1. 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词, 并在句中充当主语, 宾语, 定语等成分. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时, 从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致.(1) Who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词, 在从句中所起的作用如下:Is he the man w

4、ho/that wants to see you他就是你想见的人吗 (who/that在从句中作主语)Hs is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)(2) whose用来指人或物, 只用作定语, 若指物, 它还可以同of which.互换. 例如:They rushed over to help the man shoes car had broken down.那人的车坏了, 大家都跑过去帮忙Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is gree

5、n.请递给我那本绿皮的.(3) Which, that它们所代替的先行词是指代事物的名词或代词, 在从句中可作主语, 宾语等. 例如:A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣. (Which/that在句中作宾语)The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了 (which/that在句中作宾语)2. 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间

6、. 地点或理由的名词, 在从句中作状语.(1). When, there, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于 “介词 which”结构, 因此常常和 “介词 which”结构交替使用. 例如:There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候.Beijing is the where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地.Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗(2)

7、. that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间, 地点, 方式理由的名词后取代when, where, why和 “介词 which”引导的定语从句, 在口语中that常被省略, 例如:His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.他父亲在他出身那年逝世了.He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他40年前居住过的地方.3. 判断关系代词与关系副词方法一: 用关系代词, 还是关系副词完全取决

8、于从句中的谓语动词. 及物动词后面无宾语, 就必须要求用关系代词; 而不及物动词则要求用关系副词. 例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主,谓,宾,定,状), 也能正确选择出关系代词或关系副词.例如:(1) Is this museum _you visited a few days agoA. where B. that C. on which D. the

9、one(2). Is this the museum _the exhibition was held.A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案: (1) D (2) A关系词的选择依据在从句中所作的成分, 先行词在从句中作主语, 定语, 宾语时, 选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中作状语时, 应选择关系副词(where地点状语, when时间状语, why原因状语).4. 限制性和非限制性定语从句(1). 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种. 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分, 去掉它主句意思

10、往往不明确: 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明, 去掉了也不影响主句的意思, 它与主句之间通常用逗号分开, 例如:This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那栋房子 (限制性)The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这栋房子很漂亮, 是我们上个月买的 (非限制性)(2). 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时, 其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的, 例如:Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired la

11、st year.查理.史密斯去年退休了, 他曾经是我的老师.My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的那栋房子带有个漂亮的花园This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.这本小说很动人, 我已经读了三遍5. 介词 关系词(1) 介词后面的关系词不能生理.(2) that前不能有介词.(3) 某些在从句中充当时间, 地点或原因状语的 “介词 关系词”结构可以同关系副词when和where互换.This is the house in

12、which I lived two years ago.(This is the house where I lived two years ago)Do you remember the day on which you joined our club(Do you remember the day when you joined our club)6. as, which引导的非限制性定语从句由as, which引导的非限制性定语从句, as和which可代整个主句, 相当于and this或and that. as引导的从句可放在主句的前面, which引导的从句只能放在主句的后面.As

13、 we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.Tom, as we know is from England.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.7. 关系代词的that用法(1) 不用that的情况1) 在引导非限制性定语从句时:2) 介词后不能用. 例如:We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.(2) 只能用th

14、at作为定语从句的关系代词的情况1) 在there be句型中, 只用that , 不用which.2) 在不定代词, 如: anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时, 只用that, 不用which.3) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时, 只用that4) 先行词为序数词, 数词, 形容词最高级时, 只用that5) 先行词既有人, 又有物时用that.常用关系词列表:关系词先行词在从句中的作用例 句who人主语The boy who is standing there is my cous

15、in.whom人宾语(可省略)The man (whom) you met yesterday is Mr. Smith.whose人或物定语Do you know the boy whose father is an engineer.that人或物主语,宾语I dont know about the man (that) you mentioned.which物主语,宾语The pen (which) my uncle gave me is missing.when时间时间状语Ill never forget the day when I joined the Party.where地点地

16、点状语The factory where my father works is in the east of the city.whyreason原因状语None of us know the reason why Tom was absent from the meeting.名词性从句考点归纳1 在句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句（the Noun Clause）。根据它们在句中所充当的成分不同，名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四类。2 广东高考对名词性从句的考查主要体现在连词的选择及各类名词性从句的应用上，注意掌握常见的从属连词that、if、whether等

17、的用法、常见的连接代词who、what、which、whoever等的用法以及常见的连接副词when、where、why、how等的用法。3 几个要注意的问题：A 同位语从句与定语从句的用法区别：一方面从概念和功能上区别：名词性从句作同位语一般用来解释或说明这些名词的具体含义或内容，在逻辑上表现为同位关系。主体词与同位语从句之间在逻辑上构成系表关系。而定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述它的性质或特征。另一方面，从连接词的作用上区别：在同位语从句中，that是连词，只起连接作用，无具体词义，that不可省略；在定语从句中，that是关系代词，它在从句中充当一定成分（

18、作主语或宾语），有具体的词义，作宾语时可以省略。试比较：The plan that Ill stay there for another week cant come true. (同位语从句)The plan that he raised was reasonable.（定语从句）B that与what的区别：that在名词性从句中只起连接作用，不充当任何句子成分，因为关联词that之后是个完整的结构，而且that没有任何词汇意义；而名词性从句中的what集先行词与关系代词于一身，且本身有一定意义，不仅起连接作用，还要在其引导的从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。例如：We all thought

19、it a pity that he lost the good chance.We must do what the boss told us to do.C who与whoever的区别:who是“谁”的意思，表疑问，whoever相当于anyone who，意为“任何人”。Can you tell me who that gentleman isWhoever wants it may have it.D 动词后的宾语从句中表达“是否”既可以用“if”也可以用“whether”，但引导同位语从句，表达“是否、是不是”只能用“whether”。另外介词后接宾语从句，表达“是否、是不是”只能用

20、“whether”。例如：The question whether he will attend the meeting is not settled.Everything depends on whether we have enough money.考点精析一 名词性从句的关联词有三类：1 从属连词：that, whether, if2 连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever3 连接副词：when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, howe

21、ver关联词的用法可以简单地归纳为三句话：（1） 从句不缺成分用that（2） 从句缺少主语，宾语和表语， 指物用what, which, whatever， 指人用who/whom/whoever/whomever/whose.（3） 其他情况， 句子中缺什么意思就补所需的带wh-的词(whether, where, when, how, why, who, whom, whose)。下面我们逐一分析这三句话的含意。第一句话：从句不缺成分用that， 例如：1） My hope is that she will soon be well again.（表语从句：我的希望是她能很快康复。）2）

22、 Everybody hopes that she will soon be well again.（宾语从句：大家都希望她能很快康复。）2） That she will soon be well again is our hope.（主语从句：她能很快康复是我们的希望。）从上面三个句子可以看出：1） 名词性从句中的that只是起连接作用， 不.充当任何成分， 一定要与定语从句中的关系代词that相区别。2） 引导主语从句， 表语从句和同位语从句的情况，that是可以省略的， 引导是宾语从句。第二句话：从句缺少主语宾语和表语， 物用what， 人用who/whom/whoever/whomev

23、er。这是名词性从句考试的重点， 特别是what， 这里的关键是否能辨认出句子的成分。 例如：_he needs is more time.（他需要的是更多的时间）显然， 主语从句中: he是主语， 而谓语动词needs缺宾语， 因此填what。Tell us _you saw and heard during your visit to that university.同样， 宾语从句中谓语动词saw和heard缺宾语， 应填what。This is not _I want, 同样，表语从句中动词缺宾语，应填what_some people are against is _other peo

24、ple are for.这是一个主语从句 表语从句的结构， 介词against和for后面都没有宾语， 无疑都应填what： 一些人反对的就是其它人赞成的。第三句话： 其他情况， 中文缺什么意思就补所需的带wh-的词(whether，where, when, how, why, who, whom, whose), 例如：I wonder whether he will come in such bad weather.天气这么糟糕， 不知他是否会来。Who will give us a lecture is unknown.谁给我们作报告还不知道。I have no idea how he

25、learned about it.我不知道他是怎么得知的。名词性从句引导词列表：从属连词that, whether, if主语从句That he will come is certain.（that不可省略）Whether shes coming or not doesnt matter too much.（不能用if）句首不能省略that引导主语从句只用whether宾语从句I think (that) hell be all right in a few days.I went in and asked if (whether) they had a cheap suit.（1） that

26、可以省略（2） if与whether可互换（3） 作介词宾语一般用whether表语从句The fact is that I have never been there.The question is whether it is worth doing.（1） that一般不省略（2） 用whether而不用if同位语从句The fact that she had not said anything surprised all of usThey asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.（1） that不能省略（2） 用whether而不用if连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what主语从句Who will take his place is unknown.What he said is very important.Which side will win is not clear.（1） 用陈述句语气（2） what相当于先行词 定语从句宾语从句I really dont know what he is doing