港航专业英语2013

专 业 英 语,主 讲 人：季小梅联系方式：,港口海岸与近海工程,the Yangtze River,the Yellow River,the Pearl River,the East China Sea,the South China Sea,the Yellow Sea,the Bohai Sea,I Rivers, stream patterns, flood plains and fluvial processesII Erosion, mechanics of sediment transport, estuarine sediment problems III Tides, tidal currents and storm surges,1. Rivers 河流 2. Stream patterns 河流类型3. Flood plains 滩地4. Fluvial processes 河床演变,I Rivers, stream patterns, flood plains and fluvial processes,1. Rivers,fresh water 淡水 characteristic 特征roar 吼叫，呼啸mountain torrent 山洪，山溪，荒溪vast expanse 广阔水域glide 滑动，滑行 integral 组成的civilization 文明，文化 undisputed 毫无疑问的,route 线路，航路 supplier 供应者deposits 沉积物 irrigation 灌溉inspite of 尽管，不管 catastrophic 灾害性的river valley 河谷 cradle 摇篮，发源地exploration 探险,renewable resource 可再生资源 commodity 商品hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物dump 倾倒 visible 可见的pollution 污染 frighten 可怕toxic 有毒的 chlorine 氯water treatment facility 污水处理厂,sewage 污水discharge 排放modify 更改sediment 沉积物，泥沙pollutant 污染物as a result of 作为的结果,irrigated farmland 灌溉农田，水田floodplain 滩地terrace 阶地alluvial fan 冲积扇indicator 指示物，指标,fertile 肥沃的 fertilizer 肥料 adjust to 适应 bar 沙洲 recession 消退 crop 庄稼，作物,2. Stream patterns,meandering 蜿蜒，蜿蜒型 braided 分汊的symmetrical loop 对称环线 bend弯道 median 中位线，中位的 sinuosity 蜿蜒度meander 曲流，河曲 amplitude 振幅 radius of curvature 曲率半径,Figure 1. Galays classification of gravel bed rivers.,Figure 2. Rivers display different reaches.,interwined channel 交织水道 anabranch 重汇支流formal正式的 geometry几何形态,Figure 3. Reach scale. Above: braided planform of the River Brahamaputra in China. Below: Hii River (Japan). In the pictures smaller scale issues, like bars and dunes, are visible.,Figure 4. Anabranched planform: the Amazon River near Iquitos, Peru (courtesy* of Erik Mosselman),courtesy 谦恭有礼，礼貌，请安，有礼貌的举止言词，承蒙,heterogeneous 非均匀的，非均质的correspondingly 相应地,flume 水槽 downcut下切,dissipation 消散，消耗,in the sense that 指的是 shift移位，移动undergo 经受 concave凹的point bar 边滩 revetment work 护岸工程,3. Flood plains,valley floor 谷底平原 incised channel 深切河槽，主槽 inundate 淹没 rework 改造 oxbow lake 牛轭湖levee 堤岸 invade 入侵,Figure 5. Corridor scale: river floodplain with meanders. Green River (Wyoming, USA).,recurrence interval 重现期 evaluation估计值，评价return period 重现期 universality 普遍性bankfull stage 漫滩水位 transverse 横向的visual inspection 目检 adequately 充分的，适当的,4. Fluvial processes,as regards 关于 classify 分类colleagues 同行 mid-stream island 江心洲everlasting 无穷无尽的 wandering 游荡whereas 而，却，反之 so (as) far as 至于，就.而言reserve 保留,formation 形成 erodibility 易蚀性precisely 精确的 mould 模制overflood 泛洪 clayey 多粘土的morphology 形态学 artificial 人工的deterioration 恶化,abundance 丰富 sum up 总结duly正式的 flood routing 洪水演算 channel storage 槽蓄量，槽蓄作用 ice-jam 冰塞threat 威胁 comprehensive 综合的manifest 证明 wash out 冲失,regulating 调节,hydraulic geometry 河相关系（水力几何形态）hypotheses 假设least mobility 最小活动性estuarine 河口湾的,non-uniform 非均匀的 unsteady非稳定的differencial equation 微分方程simutaneously 同步的 characteristics 特征线sediment carrying capacity 挟沙能力accretion堆积 in accordance with 根据gauging station 水文站 siltation淤积,II Erosion, mechanics of sediment transport, estuarine sediment problems,1. Erosion 侵蚀2. Mechanics of sediment transport 泥沙输送力学3. Estuarine sediment problems 河口湾泥沙问题,1. Erosion,detachment 分离 impact 冲击kinetic energy 动能 splash 溅击，飞溅downslope 顺坡而下 entrain 拖，带走predominantly 主要的 detach 分离sheet erosion 片蚀 degradation 剥蚀fence 篱笆 post 杆，柱 pillar 柱,terminal velocity 沉降速度 be proportional to 与.成正比conform with 与.一致 storm 风暴account for 是.的原因 augment 增大,rivulet 溪流，小河 dialodge冲走gully erosion 沟蚀 profile 纵剖面图headward 向源的，溯源的,saturation 饱和，浸透 overtop 漫顶critical 临界的，危急的,regime 情势 infultration capacity下渗容量，下渗能力,cohesive 粘性的，粘结的，内聚性的resist 抗，防 splash erosion 溅击侵蚀readily 容易的 water-stable aggregate 水稳性团粒plentiful 丰富的,mass movement 块体运动 offset 抵消,lumber 伐木 index number 指标at best 充其量，至多,2. Mechanics of sediment transport,stochastic 随机的 fluvial dynamics 河流动力学formula 公式 time-averaged velocity 时均流速intensity of turbulence 紊动强度 hold true适用,boundary layer 边界层 time of rest 休止时间single step 单步 diffussion 扩散time requried for leaving the bed 脱离床面时间,lift force 托举力 drag force 拖曳力initiate 起始 threshould 门限值，起动inception 开始,district 地区 distortion 变态convert 转换 prototype 原型sediment-rating curve 水沙曲线（输沙量-流量关系曲线）petrography 岩相学,in contradiction with 与.相矛盾reality 现实 mixing length 混合长度dispute 争端 as far as 就.而言，至于logarithmic velocity distribution 对数流速分布,sediment bearing flow 挟沙水流hyperconcentration 超高浓度,3. Estuarine sediment problems,funnel 漏斗 tidal range 潮差fame 使闻名 bore 涌潮propagation 推进 mouth bar 拦门沙,delta 三角洲 offshore zone 近岸带restriction 限制，缩小 avulsion 改道,out of 出于 low-flow 低水as a whole 基本上,muddy beach 淤泥质海滩,facilitate 便于 erection 建立barrage 挡潮闸 agitate 搅动flood tide 涨潮 ebb tide 落潮,The tide is the periodic rise and fall of ocean waters produced by the attraction* of the moon and sun. Generally, the average interval* between successive* high tides is 12 h 25 min, half the time between successive passages of the moon across a given meridian*. The moon exerts a greater influence on the tides than the sun. Tides, however, are often affected by meteorological* conditions, including propagation of storm tides from the sea into coastal waters.,III Tides, tidal currents and storm surges,attraction 吸引力,interval 间隔,successive 连续的,meridian 子午线,meteorological 气象的,潮汐是海洋水体在月亮和太阳引力的作用下周期性的升降。一般而言，连续两个高潮之间的平均间隔为12小时25分钟，也就是月亮连续两次经过特定子午线时间的一半。月亮对潮汐施加的影响比太阳大。然而，潮汐经常收到气候条件的影响，包括风暴潮汐由海洋向海岸水体的推进。,The highest tides, which occur at intervals of half a lunar month*, are called spring tides*. They occur at or near the time when the moon is new or full, i.e., when the sun, moon, and earth fall in line, and the tide-generating forces* of the moon and sun are additive*. When the lines connecting the earth with the sun and the moon form a right angle, i.e., when the moon is in its quarters, then the actions of the moon and sun are subtractive, and the lowest tides of the month, the neap tides, occur.,lunar month 农历、阴历,spring tide 大潮,tide-generating force 引潮力,additive 添加,right angle 直角,quarter 季，四分之一,subtractive 消减,neap tide 小潮,农历每半个月出现一次的最高潮被称为大潮。大潮在新月或满月前后出现，也就是当太阳、月亮和地球在一条线上的时候，此时月亮和太阳的引潮力是叠加的。当地球和太阳、地球和月亮的连线成直角时，也就是当月亮处于上下弦时，太阳和月亮的作用是消减的，发生每月的最低潮，即小潮。,Tidal waves are retarded* by frictional forces* as the earth revolves* daily around its axis, and the tide tends to follow the direction of the moon. Thus, the highest tide for each location is not coincident with* conjunction* and opposition* but occurs at some constant time after new and full moon. This interval, known as the age of the tide, may amount to as much as 2 days.,retard 减速，阻滞，延迟,frictional force 摩擦力,revolve 旋转,be coincident with 与.一致/符合,conjunction （恒星、行星等的）合、会,opposition 冲,full moon 满月,new moon 新月,地球每日绕轴自转，潮波受到摩擦力的阻滞，潮汐有沿着月亮方向的趋势。因此，各地的最高潮并不与冲合一致，而是发生在新月和满月后一段固定时间内。这个间隔被称为潮龄，时长可达两天半。,合是指行星、太阳与地球位于同一条直线，且太阳和这个行星位于地球的同一侧。冲是行星同太阳相距180度的情况。对于月球而言，合即为朔，冲为望，东方照为上弦，西方照即为下弦。,合conjunction 上合superior conjunction 下合inferior conjunction东大距Greatest Eastern Elongation西大距Greatest Western Elongation冲opposition东方照Eastern Quadrature 西方照Wastern Quadrature,Large differences in tidal range* occur at different locations along the ocean coast. They arise because of secondary tidal waves* set up by the primary tidal wave* or mass of water moving around the earth. These movements are also influenced by the depth of shoaling water and configuration* of the coast. The highest tides in the world occur in the Bay of Fundy*, where a rise of 100 ft has been recorded. Inland and landlocked* seas, such as the Mediterranean and the Baltic, have less than 1 ft of tide, and the Great Lakes are not noticeably influenced.,tidal range 潮差,secondary tidal wave 副潮波,primary tidal wave 源潮波,configuration 构造，形状，外貌，轮廓,Bay of Fundy 芬地湾,landlocked sea 内陆海,沿着海岸不同地点潮差区别很大。潮差的增加是因为源潮波引起的副潮波或者是因为水体绕地球运动。这些运动也受到浅水水深和海岸轮廓的影响。世界上最高潮发生在芬地湾，记录到的最高潮位为100英尺。内陆海如地中海和波罗的海，潮汐低于1米，五大湖没有受到显著影响。,Tides that occur twice each lunar day* are called semidiurnal tides*. Since the lunar day, or time it takes the moon to make a complete revolution* around the earth, is about 50 min longer than the solar day*, the corresponding high tide on successive days is about 50 min later. In some places, such as Pensacola, Florida, only one high tide a day occurs. These tides are called diurnal tides. If one of the two daily high tides is incomplete, i.e., if it does not reach the height of the previous tide, as at San Francisco, then the tides are referred to as mixed diurnal tides.,lunar day 太阴日,semidiurnal tide 半日潮,revolution 旋转，运行，公转,solar day 太阳日,diurnal tide日潮,mixed diurnal tide 混合潮,一个太阴日出现两次的潮汐为半日潮。由于太阴日，或者说是月亮绕地球旋转一周的时间，大约比太阳日长50分钟，相应地高潮出现的时间比前一天晚大约50分钟。有一些地方，比如佛罗里达州彭萨科拉，一天只发生一次高潮。这种潮汐被称为日潮。如果一天中的两次高潮又一次不完整，即它没有达到前一次潮汐的高度，比如在圣佛朗西斯科，这种潮汐被称为混合日潮。,There are other exceptional tidal phenomena. For instance, at Southampton, England, there are four daily high waters, occurring in pairs, separated by a short interval. At Portsmouth, there are two sets of three tidal peaks per day. Tidal bores*, a regular occurrence at certain locations are high crested waves caused by the rush of flood tide* up a river, as in the Amazon, or by the meeting of tides, as in the Bay of Fundy. The rise of the tide is referred to some established datum* of the charts*, which varies in different parts of the world. In the United States, it is mean lower low water (MLLW)*.还有一些其他例外的潮汐现象。例如，在英国南安普顿一天有四次高水位，成对出现，中间有短暂间隔。在朴茨茅斯，每天有两组三次潮峰。涌潮是特定地点经常出现的高峰波，它可能是由涨潮进涌入河流引起，如亚马逊河；也可能是由潮汐的交汇引起，如芬地湾。潮汐起伏是相对于某些海图基准面而言的，世界不同地区的基准面不一样。美国采用的是平均低低潮水位。,high water 高水位,tidal bore 潮涌,flood tide 涨潮,datum 基准tidal datum 潮高基准，潮位基准面,chart 图，图表tidal chart 潮汐图，潮流图,mean lower low water 平均低低潮,ebb tide 落潮,low water 低水位,Mean high water* is the average of the high water over a 19-year period, and mean low water* is the average of the low water over a 19-year period. Higher high water* is the higher of the two high waters of any diurnal tidal day, and lower low water* is the lower of the two low waters of any diurnal tidal day. Mean higher high water* is the average height of the higher high water over a 19-year period, and mean lower low water* is the average height of the lower low waters over a 19-year period (tidal epoch*). Highest high water* and lowest low water* are the highest and lowest, respectively*, of the spring tides of record. Mean range is the height of mean high water above mean low water. The mean of this height is generally referred to as mean sea level (MSL)*. Diurnal range is the difference in height between the mean higher high water and the mean lower low water.,mean high water 平均高水位,mean low water 平均低水位,higher high water 高高潮,lower low water 低低潮,mean higher high water 平均高高潮,mean lower low water 平均低低潮,tidal epoch 高潮间隙,highest high water 最高高水位,lowest low water 最低低水位,respectively 分别，各自，顺序为，依次为,mean sea level (MSL）平均海平面,The National Ocean Service annually publishes tide tables that give the time and elevation of the high and low tides at thousands of locations around the world and that can be used to forecast water levels at all times. The tide tables forecast the repeating, astronomical portions* of the tide for specific locations but do not directly account for the day-to-day effects of changes in local winds, pressures, and other factors. Along most coasts, the tide table forecasts are within 1 ft of the actual water level 90% of the time.国家海洋服务中心每年发布潮汐表，给出世界上成千上万个地点的高低潮潮位和出现时间，它可以用来预报每时每刻的水位。潮汐表预报，特定地点潮汐中重复出现的天文潮部分，而没有直接考虑当地风、气压及其它因素每日变化的影响。大多数海岸，90%的时间里，潮汐表预报的潮位与实际水位相差不超过1英尺。,tide table 潮汐表,astronomical tide 天文潮,Theory of Ocean Tides,Tides have been so important for commerce and science for so many thousands of years that tides have entered our everyday language: time and tide wait for no one, the ebb and flow of events, a high-water mark, and turn the tide of battle.Tides produce strong currents in many parts of the ocean. Tidal currents can have speeds of up to 5 m/s in coastal waters, impeding* navigation and mixing coastal waters.,time and tide wait for no one 时不我予high-water mark 高水位线，高潮线 （成就的）最高点，最高峰turn the tide of battle 改变战争形势tidal current 潮流impede 妨碍，阻碍，阻止,Tidal currents generate internal waves over seamounts, continental slopes, and mid-ocean ridges. The waves dissipate tidal energy. Breaking internal waves and tidal currents are a major force driving oceanic mixing.Tidal mixing helps drive the deep circulation, and it influences climate and abrupt climate change.Tidal currents can suspend bottom sediments, even in the deep ocean.,internal wave 内波seamount 海山，海峰continental slope 大陆坡mid-ocean ridge 洋中脊tidal energy 潮汐能oceanic mixing 海洋混合tidal mixing 潮汐混合deep circulation 深层环流climate change 气候变化,Earths crust is elastic. It bends under the influence of the tidal potential. It also bends under the weight of oceanic tides. As a result, the sea floor, and the continents move up and down by about 10 cm in response to the tides. The deformation of the solid earth influence almost all precise geodetic measurements.Oceanic tides lag behind the tide-generating potential. This produces forces that transfer angular momentum between earth and the tide producing body, especially the moon. As a result of tidal forces, earths rotation about its axis slows, increasing the length of day; the rotation of the moon about earth slows, causing the moon to move slowly away from earth; and moons rotation about its axis slows, causing the moon to keep the same side facing earth as the moon rotates about earth.,crust 外壳，地壳elastic 有弹力的，可伸缩的，灵活的tidal potential 潮汐势能sea floor 海底，海床in response to 对.反应deformation 变形 geodetic 测地学的，测量的lag 滞后，（两事件之间的）时间间隔tide-generating potential 引潮力angular momentum 角动量,Tides influence the orbits of satellites. Accurate knowledge of tides is needed for computing the orbit of altimetric satellites and for correcting altimeter measurements of oceanic topography.Tidal forces on other planets and stars are important for understanding many aspects of solar-system dynamics and even galactic dynamics. For example, the rotation rate of Mercury and Venus result from tidal forces.,altimetric satellite 测高卫星altimeter 高度计oceanic topography 海洋地形solar-system 太阳系galactic 银河的，星系的Mercury 水星Venus 金星,Tides are important for navigation; they influence accurate geodetic measurements; and they change the orbits and rotation of planets, moons, and stars in galaxies.Tides are produced by a combination of time-varying gravitational potential of the moon and sun and the centrifugal forces generated as earth rotates about the common center of mass of the earth-moon-sun system.,Important concepts about tides,galaxies 星系( galaxy的名词复数 )，银河系time-varying 随时间变化，时变 gravitational potential 引力势，重力势，重力位 centrifugal force 地心引力，离心力,Tides have six fundamental frequencies. The tide is the superposition of hundreds of tidal constituents, each having a frequency that is the sum and difference of five fundamental frequencies.Shallow water tides are predicted using tide measurements made in ports and other locations along the coast. Tidal records of just a few months duration can be used to predict tides many years into the future.,superposition 重叠，重合，叠合，叠加，叠置，叠覆 tidal constituent 分潮,Tides in deep water are calculated from altimetric measurements, especially Topex/Poseidon measurements. As a result, deep water tides are known almost everywhere with an accuracy approaching 2 cm.The dissipation of tidal energy in the ocean transfers angular momentum from moon to earth, causing the day to become longer.Tidal dissipation mixes water masses, and it is a major driver of the deep, meridional-overturning circulation. Tides, abyssal circulation, and climate are closely linked.,Topex/Poseidon is a joint satellite mission between NASA, the U.S. space agency, and CNES, the French space agency, to map ocean surface topography.meridional-overturning circulation 经向翻转环流abyssal circulation 深海环流,Relative sea-level rise* is gradually changing all of the epoch-based datum at any coastal site. Although, the datum that is used for design and construction throughout an upland area is not particularly important, the relation between construction and actual water levels in the coastal zone can be extremely important. The level of the oceans of the world has been gradually increasing for thousands of years. The important change is the relative sea-level change, the combined effect of water level and land-mass elevation changes due to subsidence* (typical of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts) or rebound* or emergence (Pacific coast of the U.S.).,sea level rise 海平面上升,subsidence 下沉，下陷，沉降,rebound 反弹，回升，篮板球,Sea-level rise,The impact of long-term sea-level rise has rarely been taken into account in design, except when it has already impacted the epoch-based tidal datum, such as MLLW. For some harbor and coastal design, a staff gage* is installed for recording water levels for a sustained period of time to confirm the relation between the local surveyors elevation