2019高考英语 基础保分篇 第一讲 名词课件 新人教版

李仕才,1不可数名词与可数名词的转化,(1)表示种类时：variousfruits(各种水果)。(2)表示“一场/段/件”时：atimelyrain(一场及时雨)。(3)表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea，coffee，beer等：twobeers(两杯啤酒)。(4)表示不同意思时：room房间(可数)；余地，空间(不可数)。注意有些不可数名词无论什么情况下也没有复数形式，即使受形容词修饰也不能加不定冠词，可称作“绝对不可数名词”。例如：fun，housework，homework，advice，information，news，progress，equipment，furniture，baggage/luggage，jewellery，machinery等。,2抽象名词具体化,表示某种特性、状态、情感、情绪的抽象名词，可以具体化为可数名词，表示这样的“人或物”。常见的有：,3.具体名词抽象化,具体名词可以部分丧失其一般意义，具有抽象名词的特征，因此无单复数形式。(1)by后跟表示交通工具一类的名词，名词抽象化表概念，名词前无限定词，也不用复数；否则要用相应的介词。如：bybus/car/train/bikeonabus/inacar/onthetrain等。(2)在gotoschool/church/hospital和atschool,inprison等短语中，名词抽象化表示概念。,4ofuse/value/help/difference/importance/benefit等某些抽象名词，其含义相当于对应的形容词useful，valuable，helpful，different，important，beneficial在句中可作定语、表语、补语等。,Thebookisofgreatuse.(Thebookisveryuseful.)这本书很有用。(表语)Thisisabookofgreatuse.这是一本非常有用的书。(定语)Ifindthebookofgreatuse.我觉得这本书非常有用。(宾补),5名词前的修饰语。,(1)several，(a)few，many，manya，agreat/goodmany，alargenumberof，scoresof，dozensof等只能修饰可数名词；除manya后接单数可数名词外，其余要接复数名词。(2)abitof，(a)little(少)，much，agreatdealof，alargeamountof等只能修饰不可数名词。(3)some，any，plentyof，alotof，lotsof，alargequantityof，quantitiesof，massesof等既可修饰可数名词的复数，也可修饰不可数名词。,读语篇，悟语法。反复朗读下列短文，领悟画线黑体之名词的类别。BornonAugust23,1988inAmerica1,JeremyShuHowLin2isaprofessionalbasketball3player4withtheHustonRocketsof5theNationalBasketballAssociation6(NBA).But,tosomedegree,manyChinesefans7andcoaches8takehimasaChineseguyoratleastarewillingtoimaginehimasaChinese9justbecausehehasatypicalChinesefaceandhisparents10wereborninChina.JeremyLinhasrecentlybecomeasuccess11andattractedtheworlds12attention,whichgivesChinesepeople13alotofimagination14andpride.Asweknow,inmostpeopleseyes15,Jeremyisamiracle16,InJune,2012,whenJeremytookhisthirdtrip17toChina,alargecrowdcametomeethim，amongwhomtherewerevariousfansincludingsomefamilies18，somechildren19andevensomewomenplayers20.Theybroughtcameras21totakephotos22withtheiridol.Jeremyhadfun23withhissupportersandexpectedtocomebackagain.,1专有名词表示地点，第一个字母要大写。2专有名词表示人名。3名词作定语，修饰另一名词。又如abookstore。4表示职业或职位的单数可数名词player作表语，前面用不定冠词，表示“一个”。5.因theHustonRockets和theNationalBasketballAssociation都是由普通名词构成的专有名词；oftheNationalBasketballAssociation是名词所有格，因无生命的东西的名词所有格一般用“of名词”表示，又如：thecoverofthebook(书的封面)。,6专有名词表示事物，这里指美国职业篮球联盟，常缩写为NBA。7fans为fan的复数形式，可数名词的复数形式一般在后面直接加-s。8coaches为coach的复数形式，以-s，-x，-sh，-ch结尾的可数名词，复数形式加-es。又如boxes，dishes，buses等。9句中aChinese是名词作补语。Chinese指中国人，这里为单数；但它的复数与单数同形，类似的单词有deer，sheep，fish，aircraft，means，works，Japanese等。10“形容词性物主代词名词”表示“某人的”。,11这里的asuccess为抽象名词具体化，指“一个成功人士”。12有生命的人或物的所有格，一般用“名词s”表示。又如theteachersname。13people为集体名词，表示复数意义。又如police，class，group等。14不可数名词imagination作宾语，在alotof，some，any等限定词后面通常接名词。15名词eyes作介词in的宾语。16在冠词(a，an，the)后通常应有名词。17在序数词后通常加名词。,18families为family的复数形式，以辅音字母加y结尾的名词复数形式是变y为i再加-es。又如countrycountries。19children为child的复数形式，属于不规则变化。又如ox-oxen。20man或woman两个词作定语时，其单、复数与所修饰的名词的单、复数一致。又如threementeachers。21个体名词，表示某类人或东西中的个体。又如computer。,22photos为photo的复数形式，以-o结尾的词一般加-s。在中学英语里，以-o结尾有生命的名词，如hero，tomato，potato，其复数是加-es。23抽象名词表示状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。又如anger。,.完成句子(填入括号内词的正确形式)1Two_(month)ago，three_(hero)caughtfour_(thief)Theymadethemplantsome_(potato)and_(bamboo)intwo_(zoo)Theyalsomadetheir_(wife)returnthefourbig_(box)withsomeprecious_(photo)and_(brush)inthem.,months,heroes,thieves,potatoes,bamboos,zoos,wives,boxes,photos,brushes,2Two_(editorinchief)，three_(manteacher)andfive_(womandoctor)，togetherwiththeir_(child)，wenttothemarket.Theydecidedtobuytwo_(sheep)，three_(deer)，four_(ox)，five_(goose)andsixwhite_(mouse)withthree_(foot)andsix_(tooth),Editors-in-chief,menteachers,womendoctors,children,sheep,deer,oxen,geese,mice,feet,teeth,.单句填空(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。)1Alwaysremembertoputsuchdangerousthingsas_(knife)outofchildrensreach.2Inmyopinion,itiswrongtocheatin_(examine)becauseitbreakstherulesofschools.3Inmyopinion,nooneagreesthata_(wealth)personwithoutgoodhealthcanbehappy.So,justdoourbestandkeepfit.4Upon_(arrive),webegantoworkimmediately.,knives,examinations,wealthy,arrival,5Therearemorevisiblechangesinourgesturesandfacial_(express)6LangLangisaworldclassyoung_(piano)whogrewupinShenyang.,.单句改错(下列每句中有一处错误，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改，请指出并改正。)1Ihaveonlybeenthereacoupleoftime._2WhenyouvisitLondon,oneofthefirstthingyouwillseeisBigBen._3Mr.WanggaveussomeadvicesonhowtorememberEnglishwords._,expressions,pianist,timetimes,thingthings,advicesadvice,4IhavenotimetotakeexercisebecauseIhavealotofhomeworkstodo._5Thishappenedfourandahalfcenturyago._6Morecarewouldinsureyouagainstmakingsomuchmistakes._7Itsaboutanhourdrivefromheretomyoffice._8LiMing,athree-years-oldboy,isverylovely._9Wearehavingdinneratmyaunttonight._10Inourschool,thereisanewlabbuildingwithlotsofteachingequipmentsinit._,homeworkshomework,centurycenturies,muchmany,hourhours,three-years-oldthree-year-old,auntaunts,equipmentsequipment,.语篇填空(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号中单词的正确形式。)Ahighschoolhistoryteacheroncetoldus,“Ifyoumakeoneclosefriendinschool,youwillbemostlucky.1._truefriendissomeonewhostayswithyouforlife.”Experienceshowsthathewasright.Good2._(friend)arejustnoteasilyformed.,Tomostofus,friendshipsarethoughtveryimportant,butweneedtohavethekindsoffriendshipswewant.Aretheytobecloseorkeptatarms3._(long)?Dowewanttoshareourselvesordowewanttowalkonthesurface?Forsomepeople，manyfriendshipsonthesurfacearequiteenoughandthatsallright.Butatsomepointweneedtomakesurethatourexpectationsarethesameasour4._(friend)expectations.Thesharingof5._(person)experienceisthesurestway6._(deepen)friendships.Butitmustbeundertakenslowlyandcarriedononlyiftherearesignsofinterestandactioninreturn.,Whataresomeofthedifficultiesinformingfriendship?Thegreatestistoexpecttoomuchtoosoon.Deeprelationshipstaketime.7._maindifficultyisthe8._(selfish)tothinkone“owns”theother,includinghistimeandattention.Similarly，friendshipsneedactionsinreturn.Inotherwords,youmustgiveasmuchasyoutake.Finallythereisaquestionoftakingcareofeachother.9._youspendreasonabletimetogether,talkingonthephone，writing10._(letter)ordoingthingstogether，friendshipswilldieaway.,【语篇导读】本文主要讲如何加深友谊(howtodeepenfriendships)。1A由语境可知，此处指类别，泛指“一个”真正的朋友，故填不定冠词A。2friendships在句中作主语，用名词形式；又根据谓语动词areformed是复数及搭配可知，作主语的复数名词应当是“友谊”，而不是“朋友”，故填friendships。3length在名词所有格后，要用名词形式。keepsbatarmslength意为“不使自己太靠近某人；与某人保持距离”。4friends根据语境，应当指“我们的朋友的”，应当用复数形式的所有格，故填friends。5personal在名词前作定语，用形容词形式。,6todeepen在way后用不定式作定语。7Another根据前面的Thegreatest和后面的Finally可知，此处是指多者中的“另一个”，故填another。8selfishness在冠词后，要用名词。9Unless根据“youspend.”和“friendshipswilldieaway”两个句子的逻辑关系可知，应填unless引导条件状语从句。10letters名词作宾语。因为是可数名词，且没有限定词，故用复数。,第二课时高考研究课,名词在语法填空中的考查点,规律方法,1由位置知词性：若所给名词处于主语或宾语的位置，则考虑使用名词的适当形式。2由语境定词形：语境中含有下面要素时，常常使用名词的复数形式：含有oneof；含有few,several,many,all,both等词；所填空后的谓语动词使用复数形式；使用名词的复数形式表示一类。,1Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible_(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.(2017全国卷)2Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe_(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.(2017全国卷),真题验证1,crowds根据空前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有不定冠词a，所以用复数形式。,introduction根据空前面的with和定冠词the可知此处需要填名词。withtheintroductionof表示“随着的引进”。,3Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(医学界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside_(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdiseasetheverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.(2017全国卷)4.Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher_(educate)(2017全国卷),effects此处根据空前面的some以及空后面列举的两个副作用可知，用effect的复数形式。,education前面有形容词性物主代词her，此处应该使用动词educate的名词形式education作宾语。,5Shehasturneddownseveral_(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.(2017全国卷)6LastOctober,whiletendinghergardeninMora,Sweden,LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmall_(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.(2017浙江卷),invitations由于前有several，故应该使用名词复数invitations，表示“邀请”。,carrots根据前面的ahandfulof可知，此处要用复数形式。,7Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew_(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottlefed,theotheriswithmumsheneversuspects.(2016全国卷)8Recent_(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.(2016全国卷),days此处表示每隔几天。,studies由空前形容词recent断定所填词性为名词；由谓语动词show确定所填名词的形式为复数。,9IdskippednearbyGuilin,adreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiverthatarepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinese_(painting)(2015全国卷),paintingspainting意为“图片，图画”，是可数名词，由于其前有somany修饰，故使用其复数形式。,名词在短文改错中的考查点,第一步：寻找名词；第二步：以该名词为中心，搜寻其辐射区域的关键信息；第三步：根据所搜寻的信息，确定名词的正确形式。其信息形式常常有以下形式：,规律方法,1使用可数名词的复数形式的相关信息,(1)可数名词前面有数词，several,many或复数意义的不定代词(some,both,these)等修饰；(2)通常以复数形式出现的单词；(3)上下文语境暗示应使用可数名词的复数形式；(4)有些名词作为可数名词和不可数名词时意义不同，如可数名词time意为“次数”，不可数名词time意为“时间”。,2使用可数名词单数形式的相关信息,(1)不定冠词a/an后用可数名词单数；(2)上下文语境暗示应使用可数名词单数。,3.两类不可数名词(记牢答对),(1)抽象名词不可数；(2)物质名词不可数。,1Besides,theyoftengetsomeusefulinformationsfromtheInternet.(2017全国卷)_2Theinstructorkeptrepeatingtheword，“Speedup！”“Slowdown！”“Turningleft！”(2017全国卷)_3Ifwegoonatripabroad,wecanbroadenourviewandgainknowledgeswecannotgetfrombooks.(2017全国卷)_,真题验证2,informationsinformationinformation是不可数名词，所以没有复数形式。,wordwords根据后面的几处话语可知，此处用word的复数形式。,knowledgesknowledgeknowledge是不可数名词，所以没有复数形式。,4Theteenageyearfrom13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.(2016全国卷)_5WhenIwasaveryyoungchildren,myfathercreatedaregularpracticeIrememberwellyearslater.(2016浙江卷)_,yearyears由“from13to19”及谓语were可知此处year应该使用复数形式。,childrenchild由children前面的冠词a可知此处应该使用单数形式。,6Theairswebreatheinisgettingdirtieranddirtier.(2015全国卷)_7Oneday,littl