2019年高中英语Unit15LearningSectionⅥLesson4教案（含解析）北师大版.docx

Section Lesson 4原文呈现“Who questions much, shall learn much, and remember much.”Francis Bacon(15611626)It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding. To start with， you need questions. Then, to find answers, you observe the world around you and study the facts. After that you consider possible answers and test each to find the right ones. Although today we are more accustomed to typing a few key words into a search engine and waiting for the Internet to spit the answer out for us, modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the worlds problems with this type of analysis luckily for us.acquire kwaI vt.获得，得到it作形式主语，how引导的从句为真正的主语。to start withto begin with首先observe v观察；遵守although 引导让步状语从句，可与still, yet连用，不与but连用。be/get accustomed to习惯于(to为介词)be/get used to 习惯于spit out 吐出破折号表示解释说明。“勤于提问的人学到的更多，并且记住的更多。”弗兰西斯培根(15611626)第1段译文我们如何获取知识及如何理解现在似乎显而易见。首先，你需要提出问题。然后，为了找到答案，你观察自己周围的世界，并研究事实。之后，你考虑可能的答案，并且一一加以测试来找出正确的答案。尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎里敲进几个关键词，等待互联网为我们吐出答案；然而对我们来说幸运的是，当代的科学家和思想家还是用这种分析的方法来解决世界上的问题。However, in the 17th century when Francis Bacon suggested that this type of thinking was the way to gain knowledge, he was going against the views of the day. Bacon held an important rank under King James (15661625) of England but his true interest was not the day to day bureaucratic details of the government, but the worthy search for knowledge. This was certainly not the interest of most people in his day. At that time, people believed more in religion than in facts and people like Galileo Galilei (15641642), who proved scientific ideas such as “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”， were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence. The church and many people tended to ignore the facts and were unwilling to challenge what they had always comfortably believed. They preferred to make assumptions about the world based on the experience of others. In fact, when Galilei proved that the Earth was not the centre of the universe, instead of believing him, people chose to believe views that were almost 2,000 years old！thinking IkI n思考，考虑go against 违背，反对when引导定语从句，修饰先行词the 17th century; that引导宾语从句。rank rk n职衔bureaucratic bjrkrtIk adj.官僚的worthy wi adj.值得的be worthy 值得做某事religion rIlIdn n宗教defence dIfens n保卫，保护in defence of 保卫；为辩护tend to往往会，倾向于ignore In vt.忽视，不顾unwilling nwIlI adj.不情愿的what引导的从句作challenge的宾语。assumption smpn n假定，假设on the assumption that .假定，假设(be) based on以为基础based on .是过去分词短语作后置定语。第2段译文然而，在17世纪，当弗兰西斯培根提出这种思考方式是获取知识的途径时，他背离了当时的观念。在英国詹姆士国王(15661625)统治时期，培根是一位身居要职的官员，但是他真正的兴趣不是政府每日的繁文缛节，而是对知识的崇高追求。这当然不是他那个时代大多数人的兴趣。那时，人们更多地相信宗教，而不是事实。像伽利略伽利莱(15641642)这样证明了例如“地球不是宇宙的中心”等科学观点的人常常被教会惩罚而无人为他们辩护。教会和许多人往往会忽视事实，不愿意去挑战他们一直习惯于相信的一切。他们宁愿以其他人的经验为依据对世界作出假设。事实上，当伽利莱证实地球不是宇宙的中心时，人们不相信他的话，而是宁愿去相信存在了将近两千年的观点！It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these ancient views as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle (384322 BC). He said that the Earth must be the centre of the universe because it felt like the Earth was standing still. Galilei disagreed. At first, people approved of his studies and urged him to continue, but later when he proved Aristotle wrong, they grew angry and put him in prison. They didnt want to challengewhat theyd always thought was true.This also shows how people didnt want to search for their own understanding or educate themselves. And this is still often true today. People feel that if someone important and respected says that something is right, then it must be so. But even though Aristotle was a great man who inspired many great scientists and philosophers after him， he was wrong at times. And Galilei too made mistakes. He is now known as the father of astronomy but he believed that the earth moved round the sun in a perfect circle. He was wrong. Therefore our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing. In other words， we learn more every day and none of us can ever sit back and say, “We know it all.”put forward 提出It is not surprising that .中，it是形式主语，that 从句是真正的主语；本句中又包含一个as引导的原因状语从句。approve of 赞成，赞许approve pruv v赞成；认可；满意urge d vt.力劝，强烈要求urge sb.to do sth.强烈要求某人做某事put sb.in prison 把某人投入监狱challenge v向挑战search for 搜寻(look for)in search of寻找，搜寻in ones search for某人寻找respected adj.受尊敬的，受敬重的inspire InspaI v启发；鼓舞inspire sb.to do sth.鼓励某人做某事inspiring adj.令人鼓舞的who 引导定语从句，修饰a great man。in other words 换句话说in a word 总而言之sit back 坐下休息；袖手旁观第34段译文人们愿意相信这些古老的观点并不奇怪，因为这些观点是伟大的哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384公元前322)提出来的。他说地球一定是宇宙的中心，因为从感觉上讲地球是静止不动的。伽利莱不同意这种说法。起初，人们赞同他的研究并敦促他继续进行，但是后来当他证明亚里士多德错了的时候，他们就生气了，把他关进了监狱。他们不愿意挑战他们一直认为正确的东西。这也表明人们是多么不愿意去探索自己对事物的理解或教育自己。在今天，这仍然是事实。人们认为，如果某个重要的和受尊敬的人说某事是正确的，那它一定是正确的。但即使是亚里士多德这样一位启发了他以后许多杰出的科学家和哲学家的伟大人物，有时也会出错。伽利莱也犯过错误。虽然他现在以天文学之父而闻名，但是他认为地球围绕太阳转动的轨迹是一个精确的圆圈。他是错误的。因此，我们对周围世界的理解是不断发展和变化的。换句话说，我们每天都在学习更多东西，谁也不能悠然自得地说：“我们什么都知道。”We need to thank the great men of the past for the wisdom to know that we dont know it all and probably never will, for that would mean a world without questions. So much of our knowledge and understanding of the world today is due to people like Bacon and Galilei, who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that todays civilisation is built upon. These men knew that knowledge and understanding are things to fight for； more vital to a man, and more beneficial to mankind, some might say, than all the money in the world.“All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them.”Galileo Galilei (15641642)for 为并列连词，表示原因。shadow d n阴影，影子从本质上讲，shadow指一个平面；shade“阴凉处”，指一个立体空间。conventional knvennl adj.传统的，保守的kingdom kIdm n王国civilisation sIvlaIzeIn n文明civilise vt.使文明fight for 为而战fight against 同进行斗争vital vaItl adj.极其重要的be vital to 对极为重要beneficial benIfIl adj.有用的，有益的be beneficial to 对有益第56段译文我们要感谢历史上伟人的才智，它让我们懂得，我们不是什么都懂，或许永远不会什么都懂，如果我们什么都懂，那将意味着世界上没有问题了。因此，我们今天对世界拥有这么多的知识和理解，是因为有培根和伽利莱这样的人，为了发现建造今天文明的知识王国，他们勇敢地从传统思想的阴影中走出来。这些人懂得知识和理解是要奋斗的东西；有人或许会说，对一个人来说，它们比世界上所有的金钱更重要；对人类来说，更有益。“所有的真理一旦被发现都很容易被人理解，问题是要有人去发现真理。”伽利略伽利莱(15641642)FastreadingSkim the text and finish the following questions.1What is the main idea of the text?The main idea of the text is that people_should_question_more_because_great_men,_even_Aristotle_and_Galilei,_might_make_mistakes.2Match the paragraphs with their main ideas.Para.1APeople believed in what someone important and respected said.Para.2 BPeople try to solve the worlds problems with analysis.Paras.3&4 CPeople thanked the great men who studied in a scientific way.Para.5 DPeople believed in religion in ancient time.答案：Para.1B; Para.2D; Paras.3&4A；Para.5CCarefulreadingRead the text carefully and choose the best answer.1Whats the very first step of Francis Bacons type of thinking?ARaising questions.BObserving the world.CThinking over the possible answers.DTesting for a right answer.2What do we know from the passage?ABoth Bacon and Galilei were punished for their scientific ideas.BAt that time, people believed more in religion than in facts.CBefore Galilei, Aristotles theory had influenced people for 1,000 years.DThe church was against the great philosopher Aristotle for his theory of the universe.3Whats the main idea of the passage?AFrancis Bacon was going against the views of his day.BGalileo Galilei was great to prove the Earth is not the centre of the universe.CThe Earth is not the centre of the universe and it doesnt move round the sun in a perfect circle, either.DPeople should question more because great men, even Aristotle and Galilei, might make mistakes.4What is the correct order to acquire knowledge and understanding according to the article?Aquestions, observe and study, consider and test, find the right answersBacquire the knowledge, understanding, find the right answers, consider and testCobserve, study, consider, find the right answersDquestions, find the right answers, observe, test5Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?APeople tend to believe everything that the person they respect says.BGalileo proved “the Earth is not the center of the universe” and he never made mistakes.CKnowledge is got by learning not by believing.DCivilisation is built on the kingdom of knowledge.答案：15ABDABStudyreadingAnalyze the following difficult sentences in the text.1At that time, people believed more in religion than in facts and people like Galileo Galilei (15641642), who proved scientific ideas such as “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”， were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence.句式分析尝试翻译那时，人们更多地相信宗教，而不是事实。像伽利略伽利莱(15641642)这样证明了例如“地球不是宇宙的中心”等科学观点的人常常被教会惩罚而无人为他们辩护。2It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these ancient views as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle (384322 BC)句式分析it是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语；as引导原因状语从句。尝试翻译人们愿意相信这些古老的观点并不奇怪，因为这些观点是伟大的哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384公元前322)提出来的。3So much of our knowledge and understanding of the world today is due to people like Bacon and Galilei, who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that todays civilisation is built upon.句式分析尝试翻译因此，我们今天对世界拥有这么多的知识和理解，是因为有培根和伽利莱这样的人，为了发现建造今天文明的知识王国，他们勇敢地从传统思想的阴影中走出来。4These men knew that knowledge and understanding are things to fight for; more vital to a man, and more beneficial to mankind, some might say, than all the money in the world.句式分析本句为主从复合句，these men knew为主句，that引导宾语从句；some might say为插入语。尝试翻译这些人懂得知识和理解是要奋斗的东西；有人或许会说，对一个人来说，它们比世界上所有的金钱更重要；对人类来说，更有益。一、这样记单词记得准写得对记得快记得多.基础词汇1acquire vt.获得，得到2thinking n. 思考，考虑3rank n. 职衔4worthy adj. 值得的5approve v. 赞成；认可；满意6urge vt. 力劝，强烈要求7inspire v. 启发；鼓舞8conventional adj. 传统的，保守的9civilisation n. 文明10vital adj. 极其重要的11image n. 景象，形象；比喻.拓展词汇1religion n宗教religious adj.宗教的2defence n保卫，保护defend v保卫，保护3ignore vt.忽视，不顾ignorance n忽视4assumption n假定，假设assume vt.假定，假设5beneficial adj.有用的，有益的benefit n益处，好处 v对有益1.acquire vt.获得，得到联想require要求反义lose, give up2approve v赞成；认可；满意联想al结尾名词小结approveapproval 批准；认可；赞成removeremoval 移除；免职；搬迁survivesurvival 幸存，残存；幸存者，残存物arrivearrival 到达；到来；到达者proposeproposal 提议；建议；动议3religion n宗教联想ious结尾形容词一览religionreligious 宗教的；虔诚的ambitionambitious 有雄心的；野心勃勃的cautioncautious 小心的；谨慎的anxietyanxious 担心的；焦虑的harmonyharmonious 和谐的；和睦的4ignore vt.忽视，不顾同义neglect 忽略；忽视 overlook 忽略；未注意到二、这样记短语记牢固定短语多积常用词块1.to start with首先2be/get accustomed to 习惯于3go against 反对4come to ones defence 为某人辩护5tend to 往往会，倾向于6make assumptions about 对作出假设7(be) based on 以为基础8put forward 提出9approve of 赞成，赞许10in other words 换句话说11be vital to 对重要12be beneficial to 对有益1.acquire knowledge and understanding 获取知识和理解2a few key words 几个关键词3search engine 搜索引擎4spit the answer out 吐出答案5hold an important rank 身居要职6the worthy search for knowledge 对知识的崇高追求7stand still 静止不动8sit back 舒舒服服地坐好；袖手旁观9work for the government 为政府工作三、这样记句式先背熟再悟通后仿用1. . were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence.常常被教会惩罚而无人为他们辩护。with复合结构在句中作状语。(2016北京高考书面表达)With_all_the_work_done,_we went to the nearby neighbourhood and gave them to the people living there.做完所有的工作后，我们去了附近的社区，把它们给了住在那里的人们。2. . were unwilling to challenge what they had always comfortably believed.不愿意去挑战他们一直习惯于相信的一切。what 引导的名词性从句作challenge的宾语。He wanted to know what_the_manager_had_said at the meeting.他想知道经理在会上说了什么。3.It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these ancient views .人们愿意相信这些古老的观点并不奇怪“It isadj.that从句”，其中it作形式主语，真正的主语为that从句。It_is_obvious_that_youve_made_a_serious_mistake. Please be careful next time!很明显你犯了一个严重的错误。下次要细心点！1(教材P42)It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding.我们如何获取知识及如何理解现在似乎显而易见。acquire vt.获得，得到acquire knowledge/experience获得知识/经验acquire a good knowledge of 学会，精通acquire a taste for 开始喜欢(2015重庆高考写作)Meanwhile, they exchange ideas and feelings with each other, through which they probably acquire more knowledge.与此同时，他们彼此交流思想和感情，这样他们可能获得更多的知识。Only when you have acquired_a_good_knowledge_of grammar can you write correctly.只有当你拥有了完善的语法知识，你才能正确地写作。My father has recently acquired a taste for_ coffee. 我父亲最近开始喜欢喝咖啡了。2(教材P42)Although today we are more accustomed to typing a few key words into a search engine and waiting for the Internet to spit the answer out for us .尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎里敲进几个关键词，等待互联网为我们吐出答案be accustomed to习惯于(1)get/become/grow accustomed to (doing) sth.习惯于(做)某事be/get/become used to (doing) sth. 习惯于(做)某事(2)accustom vt. 使习惯于accustom sb./oneself to (doing) sth. 使某人/自己习惯于做某事Her eyes quickly became/got/grew accustomed to the dark.她的眼睛很快就适应了黑暗。As we all know, English people are accustomed/used to driving (drive) on the left.众所周知，英国人习惯于靠左边开车。To breathe in more fresh air, you must accustom yourself (you) to getting up early.为了呼吸更多新鲜空气，你必须使自己习惯于早起。名师点津请识记含有介词to的常见短语：stick to坚持look forward to 盼望devote oneself to 致力于get down to 着手lead to 导致；通往object to 反对pay attention to 注意3(教材P42)The church and many people tended to ignore the facts and were unwilling to challenge what they had always comfortably believed.教会和许多人往往会忽视事实，不愿意去挑战他们一直习惯于相信的一切。tend to往往会，倾向于；照顾，护理(1)tend to do sth.经常做某事；有做某事的倾向tend to/towards . 趋向，倾向于tend (to) sb. 照料，照看，护理某人(2)tendency n. 倾向，趋势(2015浙江高考满分作文)I tend to sacrifice my own interest for the group benefit.我倾向于为集体利益牺牲自己的利益。She spends her spare time tending_(to)_her_old_mother.她的业余时间都花在照顾她年迈的母亲上。Roughly speaking, the tendency (tend) of the market is still uncertain.粗略地说，这个市场的趋向仍不确定。4(教材P42)At first, people approved of his studies and urged him to continue, but later when he proved Aristotle wrong, they grew angry and put him in prison.起初，人们赞同他的研究并敦促他继续进行，但是后来当他证明亚里士多德错了的时候，他们就生气了，把他关进了监狱。approve (1)approve vt.批准，通过vi. 赞成approve of . 赞成，同意approve of (sb./sb.s) doing sth. 同意/赞成(某人)做某事(2)approval n. 批准，认可，赞同with/without approval of 经/未经的批准I approve of your trying to earn some money, but please dont neglect your studies.我同意你去挣一些钱，可是不要忽视了功课。She would never do anything that was not approved_of by her parents.她从来不会做父母不赞成的事情。The committee approved_the_plan at the meeting yesterday.昨天在会上委员会通过了该项计划。He decided to go abroad for further study with the approval (approve) of his parents.经父母同意他决定出国深造。urge(1)vt.力劝，强烈要求；极力主张urge sb.to do/into doing sth. 力劝某人做某事urge that sb. (should) do sth. 强烈要求某人应做某事urge sth.on/upon sb. 向某人力陈/强调某事I urge him to write a novel about the life we live together in the country. 我力劝他写一部关于我们一起在农村生活的小说。The report urged that all children (should)_be_taught (teach) to swim. 那份报告主张所有的孩子们都要学会游泳。He urged on/upon his pupils the importance of hard work.他向学生们强调用功学习的重要性。(2)n.C强烈的欲望，冲动have an urge to do sth.迫切想做某事The vacation is coming and I have an urge to travel. 假期快到了，我迫切想去旅行。语境串记An urgent bell rang, which urged us to get up quickly. We all knew a matter of urgency would happen.紧急的铃声响起，催促我们快起床。我们知道紧急情况就要发生了。5(教材P43)But even though Aristotle was a great man who inspired many great scientists and philosophers after him, he was wrong at times.但即使是亚里士多德这样一位启发了他以后许多杰出的科学家和哲学家的伟大人物，有时也会出错。inspire v鼓舞，鼓励；使产生(感觉或情感)；赋予灵感，激发想法；启发；启示inspire sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事inspire sb. with sth.inspire sth. in sb. 使某人产生感觉/情感I hope this success will inspire you to make greater efforts.我希望这次成功能激励你更加努力。 The good news inspired us with pride and courage.The good news inspired pride and courage in us.这一好消息使我们产生了自豪感和勇气。Word family语境串记I was inspired with your inspiring remarks, which brought me a creative inspiration.你鼓舞人心的评论激励着我，给我带来了创作的灵感。6(教材P43)Why did Aristotle assume that the sun moved around the Earth?为什么亚里士多德认为太阳绕着地球转？assume vt.假定，假设；认为(1)assume .to be .认为是assume (that) . 认为It is (generally) assumed that . 人们(普遍)认为(2)assumption n. 假定，假设(3)assuming (that) . 假定It is reasonable to assume (that) the house prices will continue to go up.认为房价会继续上涨是有道理的。We must assume him to_be (be) innocent until he is proved guilty.尚未证实他有罪，我们就得假定他是清白的。Assuming (assume) that you are right, what should we do next?假定你是对的，我们下一步该怎么做？名师点津在英语中，有些看上去是现在分词或过去分词的词，实际上却常用作介词或连词。与assuming类似的词还有：considering prep.& conj.鉴于，考虑到given prep. 鉴于，考虑到including prep. 包括，包含supposing conj. 假设，假如provided/providing conj. 假如，如果concerning prep. 关于It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these ancient views as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle (384322 BC)人们愿意相信这些古老的观点并不奇怪，因为这些观点是伟大的哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384公元前322)提出来的。在“It isadj.that .”句型中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。用于该句型的常见形容词有：necessary, strange, clear, possible, natural, important, likely, obvious等。It is strange that nobody knows where he has gone.很奇怪没有人知道他去了哪里。it作形式主语的其他常见句型：(1)Itbe过去分词that .常见的过去分词有：said, reported, believed, supposed, ordered, (well) known, suggested等。It_is_reported_that the fall of the landslide has caused two hundred deaths.据