初中英语知识要点汇总(四).doc

初中英语知识要点汇总（四）41.all / each / both / none / either / neither不定代词或形容词的用法： All boys / All of the boys are from China. （all 若接可数复数， 谓语也用复数。）All of the water is polluted. （若接不可数，谓语用单数。） Each boy / Each of the boys has a different bag. each接名词单数或接of + 限定词+复数，其后谓语都用单数。 Both of the twins are clever. 后面谓语用复数。 None of the students has / have been there before. none +of +限定词+复数, 谓语用单、复数都可。另见88. -When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday? -Either day is OK. / Either of the days is OK. 谓语用单数。 -When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday? -Sorry, I have to look after my mother these two days. That is, neither time is OK. / neither of the days is OK. 谓语用单数。 【 all / each / none分别指三者或更多中的“都” / “每一个”/“没有一个”。 both / either / neither分别指两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个” 】42.计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词。 The street is two kilometers long.That boy can jump four meters away.（此处不用far, 见49） The fish is five kilos heavy.The street is forty meters wide. This baby is only six months old. 若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。 They dug an eight-meter-deep hole. /. I bought a 10-kilo-heavy fish. Its a piece of 2-meter-thick ice. / They built a 50-meter-wide street.Its a two-month holiday. She is a three-child mother. (最后两句计量中省略了形容词)43. Must I / May I / Need I ? 用法：Must I ? “我必须吗？” A: Must I finish the work? B: Yes, you must. / No, you neednt. Need I? “我有必要吗？”或“我需要吗？” A: Need I clean the house? B: Yes, you must. / No, you neednt. May I ? “我可以吗？”表示请求。A: May I go out for a walk now? B: Yes, you can. / No, you mustnt / cant.44.hundred / thousand / million / billion: 前有具体数字，这些词不加s及of. 如：nine hundred people, ten thousand students等。 这些词前若无具体数字，后加s和of. 如：thousands of trees; many millions of people; hundreds of cars; billions of stars但前若有several, 后常不加s和of：several million pounds45.反意疑问句 (此处用QT表示反意疑问句后一部分内容) 的部分用法:something, nothing, anything, everything作主语，QT主语用it. Something is wrong, isnt it? / Nothing is difficult, is it? 当主句中think的主语是第一人称时，QT要结合think后的从句而定：I think Lucy can do well in the exam, cant she? I dont think he will come here on time, will he? 祈使句的QT一般用will you?（包括let us .）, 而Lets 用shall we? Get up now, will you? Dont be noisy, will you? Be quiet, will you? Please dont talk, will you? Let us do it now, will you? Dont talk in class, will you?Lets do it now, shall we? Lets sing a song, shall we?There be句型，QT主语用there.There is a man working in the field, isnt there?There used to be a meeting on Friday, didnt there?There wont be a movie in the theatre, will there?46.put on, wear, dress, in: put on,“穿上”后接物。表行为，是短暂动词。You should put on your coat when you leave.wear,“穿，穿着”后接物，表状态，是延续性动词。He always wears the yellow sweater in winter. I like wearing beautiful clothes.dress, “给穿衣”后接人。You can dress yourself, baby.Lucy is dressing her little brother now.be dressed in后常接具有某种特征的衣物。也可直接加表示颜色的词。The lady is dressed in a white skirt. The students are all dressed in yellow. get dressed “穿好衣服”，常不接宾语: He went out as soon as he got dressed.dress up (as) .“装扮（成）.” He dressed up as a clown. 他装扮成小丑。in, “穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语。也可以直接加表示颜色的词。 The woman in a white skirt is my teacher. Do you know the girl in a red coat? （你认识那个穿着红外套的姑娘吗？）I want to talk to the boy in black. (我想找那个穿着黑衣服的男孩谈谈。)47.虚拟语气部分用法：在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气，即if 从句中用一般过去时，而主句动词用would / should + 动词原形，表示与现在相反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。（注意：虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.） If there were no air, people would die. (与现在事实相反) If I got rich, I would travel around the world. (可能性很小)48.other / others / the other / the others / another: 如果不特定指出哪一个，是泛指，“另一个”要用another, 后加可数名词单数。If you are still thirsty, you may have another cup of tea. （没特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是单数。） another也可+数字+可数复数：The meeting will last another two hours. （再持续两小时）We need another six desks. (此处两句分别相当于：two more hours; six more desks.)如果只有两个或只有两部分，就给出了范围，其中另一个或另一部分是特指 (other前有the.)， 有如下用法：第一种，所说内容只有两个：Mrs. Green has two sons, one is interested in math, the other (one / son) is good at science. 【只有两个，用the other, 不加s, 后面名词可省略。】又如：This pair of shoes is strange. One is blue, yet the other is green. “这双鞋子很怪，一只蓝色，而另一只绿色。” 第二种，只有两部分：此种情况下the other后接可数名词复数，或不接名词而只在the other后加s. Two children went there, but the other children / the others stayed.Two fifths of the students in our class are boys, the other students / the others are girls. 如果没有显示出只有两部分，未给出范围，则是泛指，不加the. Lei Feng liked helping other people / others. Do you have any other questions? Alice didnt like that dress, so she asked to see some others. other的另一用法：用比较级的形式，体现最高级的含义。 He is taller than any other boy in his class. (划线中boy常用单数) = He is taller than all ( of ) the other boys in his class. (划线中boy用复数) 他比班里任何男孩都高（他是班里男孩中最高的）。49.how long / how often / how soon / how far: how long 是对长度或时间段提问。How long is the river? -Its 5,000 kilometers long. (对长度提问) How long have you lived there? -For five months. / Since 2002. (对时间段提问) how often是对频率提问，如：never, sometimes, often, usually, always, once a week, twice a day, three times a year, every day / year / month / week等。 How often do you watch TV? -Every two days. / Twice a week. / Sometimes. 【若只有次数，则用how many times 提问： How many times do you watch TV a week? -Twice. / only once.】 how soon 是对“in + 时间段”提问： How soon will you return to Beijing? -In a week./ In two days. how far是对以下三种表达法的提问： How far is it from your home to the school? 有以下三种回答：Its five minutes walk / an hours ride / thirteen minutes drive. Its about 20 kilometers (far) away. (注意回答时不再用far,而用away, 或far away)Its 15 minutes by bus / on foot / by train / by bike. 50.分数表达：二分之一: half a / an 或a half. 如：half an hour = a half hour半小时 Its half past seven.(省略冠词)以下情况中，分子(基数词)若超过一，分母(序数词)需加s： 三分之一: a / one third 三分之二: two thirds 四分之一: a / one fourth 或a / one quarter 四分之三: three fourths或three quarters. 五分之一: a / one fifth 五分之二: two fifths 其它类推。 若分数所在of短语作主语，谓语依of后的名词而定： A third of the boys have passed the test. A third of the work has been over. Two fifths of the students are on time. Two fifths of the land is polluted. (of后是可数名词复数时，谓语用复数；of后是不可数名词时，谓语用单数。) 51.到达：get to + 地点 get to Shanghai / London / China 接地点副词时，不带to. get there / home / here. arrive in+大地点(如Beijing / Zhengzhou)，arrive at+小地点(如school / hospital)arrive只作不及物动词，所以也可单独用：Please ring me up when you arrive.reach只作及物动词，后直接加地点：reach Beijing / England 但常不说reach home / there / here. 52.感叹句：What + 名词短语+主语+谓语！此情况下主、谓常可省略。What lazy boys (they are)! What hard work (it is)! What good news (it is)! What a good idea! What bad weather (it is)! What clever girls (you are)! How +形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语！ How hard the work is! How fast he runs! How rude you are! How carefully they are listening! How bad the weather is!53.because/ instead / out等与加of的区别： because 后接句子，because of 接名词或代词。 He didnt come because he was ill. / because of his illness. instead是副词，单独在句尾。instead of 后要接名词或代词。 We didnt have rice, we had noodles instead. / instead of it. out 副词，可单独用，但若接地点，先加of.（也可作介词， “向外”，可不加of. 一般不要求掌握。) He went out early.或He went out of the house early.54.too much, too many与much too: much too“过于”，加形容词或副词原级。much too big / slowly等。 too much“太多的”，加不可数名词。too much work / rain等。 too many“太多的”，加可数复数。too many books / people等。 （以上每个短语可依第二个词来决定其后要接什么词。）55. alone / lonely: alone,“独自一人；单独”不含感情色彩。可当形容词，但只在系动词后作表语：Jack is alone. 杰克是单身。The old woman is alone in the house. 那位老妇一个人在屋里。 可当副词，修饰动词：She lives alone. 她独居。 Can you move the stone alone? 你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗？Dick is walking on the beach alone. 狄克独自在海滩漫步。（注意：不可说very alone. 但可说very much alone.）lonely, “孤独的；寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。可在系动词后作表语：The old man is lonely.这位老人是孤独的。He has many relatives, but he feels lonely. 他有很多亲戚，但感到孤独。（lonely 和心理感受有关，而alone和心理感受无关。）也可在名词前作定语：a lonely person一位孤独的人a lonely village一个偏僻的村庄 （而alone不可作定语）56.belong to与be: This suit belongs to me / Lucy / my brother. (直接加人) This suit is mine / Lucys / my sons / hers. (某物是某人的，所以用名词性物主代词。)57.by常见用法：“通过”I study English by memorizing grammar. You can know it by looking it up in a dictionary. He travels by bike.“截止到”Will you finish the task by tomorrow?The train had left by the time he got there.“被”This novel was written by Lu Xun. “经过”He passed by me without noticing me.“在旁边”Sit by me. They are playing by the river.58.部分用in的短语： in a good way（用一个好方法）, in the open air（在露天场所）in a hurry（匆忙）, in pen / ink（用钢笔 / 墨水） (见105), in style（时新的）in the day（在白天）(见92), in different sizes(以不同的大小), in red（穿着红衣服）in different shapes（以不同的形状） in a difficult situation（在困难情况下）in good health（身体健康） in a red coat（穿着红外套）(见46), in English（用英语）in the way(挡道) in a low voice(用低的声音) in order to(为了，后接动词原形)59.比较级与最高级部分要点：不规则形式或易错形式：much / manymoremost bad / badly / illworseworstfarfarther / furtherfarthest / furthest littlelessleastfewfewerfewest oldolder / elderoldest / eldest常见比较级/最高级句型：He runs faster than me. (有than, 用比较级)He did better than any other student in the school. (用比较级。另见48的other用法，)Tom is the cleverest boy in his class. (某个范围内，用最高级)He is the taller of the two (boys). (两者，用比较级。)（注意：此句型中比较级前加the。而一般情况下比较级前不加the.最高级前才加the.)He is the tallest of the three (boys) / of all. He jumped (the) farthest of the four.(以上两句都指三者或更多，用最高级。前句因the在形容词最高级前，不可省略；而后句因the在副词前， 可以省略。)Which is better, tea or milk? (两者选择，用比较级。)Which is the best, tea, milk or water? (三者或更多中选择，用最高级。)Its the second longest river in China. （序数词后的形容词或副词用最高级形式。）“越来越”结构：“比较级 + and + 比较级”He cried harder and harder. 他哭得越来越厉害了。 She is getting taller and taller.类似：bigger and bigger / happier and happier / fatter and fatter / stronger and stronger / richer and richer / worse and worse多音节词或部分双音节词：more and more beautiful / slowly / carefully / interesting“越, 越” “the+比较级”分别置于两句的开头，作为倒装成份。The more difficult English is, the harder you should study.英语越困难，你就要越努力。The younger we are, the more energy we have. 我们越年轻，我们就越有活力。The more you eat, the fatter you will get.你吃得越多，你就变得越胖。“越来越多的”more and more + 名词 (既有可数名词，也有不可数名词。)More and more people are getting richer and richer.We need more and more desks / paper / trees / water . （与所接形 / 副不同）“得多”much + 形容词 / 副词比较级This room is much bigger than that one. 类似：much taller / fatter / younger / heavier / faster / earlier / better注意多音节词或部分双音节词：much more careful / difficult / tiring / mysterious“另外的(个) ”结构：数量 + more + 名词，如two more students“另两个学生”以下类似：one more towel, three more suits, many more tiles, much more truth, some more meat, a lot more wood, a little more experience, once more = one more time = again. 上述结构有时也可用another + 数字 + 名词替代：five more trees = another five trees (记住词的位置) （另见48， another）60.talk, tell, say, speak: talk只作不及物动词。Dont talk in class. Shall we talk about our English study?He is talking with his teacher. May I talk to you? (注意talk接人和接物时介词搭配不同：talk with / to sb ; talk about sth)tell只作及物动词,“告诉；讲”。常接双宾结构（tell sb sth.）Mr. Li told us an interesting story. Who told you the news?say必须接有内容，或逻辑上有内容作宾语。 （所接内容见以下划线部分）Please say it in English. He said nothing. Please show me what to say.“I disagree with you.” said Tom. What will you say? Do you have anything to say?say 若接sb, 则需先加to: I must say sorry to you.“I overslept this morning.” he said to me.speak “说话”不及物动词。He spoke too fast for me to follow.接人时先加介词to. May I speak to Mr. Smith? 可表说话的能力。The baby can speak now. 这个婴儿现在能说话。There is something wrong with his throat, he cant speak. 他的喉咙有病，说不成话。也可译为“演讲，发言”Who will speak in the meeting?也可译为“说”，作及物动词，后接语言。Do you speak English / Chinese?61.sometimes / some times / sometime / some time: sometimes: “有时”=at times. He is sometimes late for school. （sometimes在be后） I sometimes forgot my homework. （sometimes在实义动词前）Sometimes he becomes very angry. （sometimes 也可放在句首或句尾）some times: “几次”I have been to Nanjing some times.sometime: “某一时刻” I bought it sometime last spring. 我去年春天某个时候买的它。Well meet again sometime next week. 我们下星期某个时候会再见面的。 some time: “一段时间”We have to stay here for some time.62.need 的用法：need可当情态动词（和can等用法类似，但need只用于疑问句或否定句中）： Need I go now? (need 放在一般疑问句的开头) I neednt tell you the answer. (否定句中直接在need后加not) 【当情态动词时，need无时态变化。】need 可当行为动词（和want 等用法类似）：He needs a bike. (后可直接加名词) I need to go over my lessons. (后可接带to不定式) Do you need to have a rest? （一般疑问句中do, does, did在句首） We dont need to wait for her coming. (否定句中do, does, did提前) 【 注：need 后接表被动的内容时，可表达为： The TV needs to be repaired. = The TV needs repairing.】63.do with 与deal with: 都译为“处理，对付，安排，应付”What have you done with the milk? 用what提问。How shall we deal with this problem? 用how提问。下面两句由此而来：Could you tell me what to do with the milk?Could you tell me how to deal with this problem?64.就近原则：常见的有：Either you or Lucy is wrong. There is a dog and two cats in the yard. (there be句型) Not only you but (also) I am strict in the work. Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before. 65.主谓一致：One / Neither of you is right. （单数谓语）Tom, with his friends, has gone. (主语是Tom, 单数谓语)This pair of shoes looks beautiful. （主语是pair, 谓语用单数）The shoes look beautiful. （此句主语无pair, 谓语用复数）Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it. （此结构中用单数谓语）The old need to be looked after carefully. The young are energetic.(the 加形容词表一类人或物，谓语用复数)Mr. and Mrs. Green are from America. 指格林夫妇 (复数谓语)The teacher and writer is an able man. 指教师兼作家, 一个人，单数谓语。 Both you and I are excited about the news. （both.and 做主语，谓语用复数）the number of与a number of参见39. （分数表达见50, 其它见74之）66.quite / such / really用法之一：如果出现不定冠词时，不定冠词常放在后面。 Its quite an easy question. He is quite a clever boy. Its such an important lesson.(另见33) Lily is really a lazy girl.67.部分用what 提问的句型： What size do you want? 你想要多大尺寸的？ What will you do with the problem? 你将怎样处理这个问题？ Whats the population of China? 中国的人口是多少？What day is it today?今天星期几？ Whats the date today? 今天几月几号？ Whats the price of this one? 这个价钱是多少？Whats your address? 你的地址是什么？ Whats your phone number? 你的电话号码是多少？68.there be部分用法：there be 后跟的是名词。如：There will be rain tomorrow. 此处名词rain不能用rainy, raining等形式。 常有以下结构: there may / will / must / is going to / used to /be. there be中不可再出现have / has / had (译为“有”) 的词。 there be 后接的是表示泛指的名词，即不加the. There is a dog under the desk. There is no water in the bottle. There are some books on the shelf.There is only a student taking notes now. (划线部分逻辑上是主谓关系，动词加ing) There is no need to open the box. There are 20 trees to be planted. There is nothing to do. （划线部分逻辑上不是主谓关系，动词常用带to 不定式。）反意疑问句用法见45。69.常见表否定的词或短语:no, not, hardly, few, little, neither, nor, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere, never等.(但前缀如dis-, un-, in-, im-, mis-或后缀如less等词并不表否定。) 有些词或短语有时在某些句型中也相当于否定，如without, tootowithout anything, too tired to go any further 70.常见后接动词原形的词或短语: why not / had better / please /would you please / let / make / 情态动词，等等。 （have“使、让”，可接动词原形，其它用法，另见36）【注意否定形式： had better / would you please / let直接加not + 动原；而please加dont + 动原】71.常见后接动词ing的词或短语：finish / enjoy / practice / give up / end up / put off / consider / keep / feel like / preferto/ cant help（禁不住） / be busy / be worth（值得） / take turns（轮流） / miss(错过) / spend / have fun / 介词等。72.常见后接带to不定式的词或短语：want / hope / wish / allow / encourage(鼓励)/ ask / tell / pretend(假装) / decide / plan / invite / urge / advise / warn / seem / in order (为了) 等等。疑问词后也可跟带to不定式, 如how to do it。 it作形式主语，后也常有带to不定式。 【否定形式：以上大多词 + not + to do sth】73.被动语态 (be + 动词过去分词) 用法：主动语态为下列情况时被动语态的变化：一般情况：I saw the accident . The accident was seen by me.We often do homework at night. Homework is often done at night.双宾情况:He told us a story.We were told a story.(无to)A story was told to us.(有to) She passed me a pen.I was passed a pen.（无to）A pen was passed to me. (有to)情态动词:We can make a plan. A plan can be made.进行时态:Tom is writing a letter.A letter is being written by Tom. (be being done)完成时态：I have finished the work. The work has been finished. (have been done)被动语态其它用法分别见6和36. 被动语态常跟的介词：（以下面短语为例）be made in + 地点 These watches are made in Shanghai. be made of + 眼睛可以看出的原材料 This desk is made of wood. （仍能看出木头） be made from +眼睛看不出的原材料 The paper is made from wood. （看不出木头） be used for + 目的 English is often used for business. （用于商业目的） This machine is used for cutting things. （用于切割东西） be used as 被用来当作 English is used as a foreign language in China. be made by + 人 The model ship was made by Lily. be filled with / be covered with是固定短语，分别译为“被充满了”和“被覆盖着” The room is filled with smoke. This bag is filled with rice.The ground is covered with snow. The hill is covered with trees.74.名词或所属格作定语：强调性别时a man doctor / two men doctors ； a woman teacher / six women teachers a man cleaner / some men cleaners被修饰词是单数时，性别也用单数；被修饰词是复数时，性别也用复数。 a girl actor / four girl actors a boy player / two boy players a bus station / some bus stations 复数只变被修饰的词, 定语不再变复数。 a boys team / a gentlemens holiday / Teachers Day / Childrens Day / Nurses Day “复数 + s ” 作定语，译为“的” Fathers Day / Mothers Day 此处“单数 + s ”作定语。 and连接的名词所属格：Lucys and Anns fathers are workers. 分别是两个人的爸爸，所以应分别加 s，做主语时谓语用复数。而下一句： Lucy and Anns father is very interesting. 两人共有的爸爸，两人后只加一个 s. 做主语时谓语用单数。75.win与beat区别：都有“赢”的意思。 win后加物：Im sure Jim will win the match. We won the first place in the sports meeting. 我们赢了第一名。而beat后加的是人，也可译为“打败”：Im afraid they will beat us. I hope we can beat the boys team. (男子队，相当于人。)76.it / that / this / one当代词时的部分用法：it 指上文的某个事物，和上文是同一个。This book is very useful. I will take good care of it. it也可指上文所说的事：My son has