[英语学习]职称英语面授讲义.doc

职称英语面授课程2012年王霞英语团队职称英语面授课程目录1 考试应试指导11.1答题顺序及时间分配21.2 职称英语核心语法知识32. 职称英语六大题型出题特点， 复习重点及答题技巧72.1词汇选项11 2.2阅读理解25 2.3完型填空61 2.4补全短文63 2.5概括大意与完成句子74 2.6阅读判断831.1 考试应试指导答题顺序及时间分配建议答题顺序建议答题时间特别提示1词汇选项题15分钟以内借助词典翻查答案+ 答题技巧（需要使用带有近义词注释的词典）2完型填空10分钟以内3阅读理解60分钟以内先做来自教材中的阅读理解。剩下两篇阅读理解用技巧答题+ 猜答案技巧 4补全短文8分钟以内用技巧答题 + 猜答案技巧5概括大意完成句子10分钟以内用技巧答题 + 猜答案技巧6阅读判断6分钟以内用技巧答题 + 猜答案技巧7填写答题卡5分钟一定要留出时间填写答题卡重要提示：一定要在答题卡上填好“姓名”，“准考证号”和“试卷代码”。12 职称英语核心语法知识l 名词America, the United States, Europe, WHOThe researchersA researcherThe researchers report a book about history职称英语阅读材料中常见名词词尾1.-age名词反缀，（1）表示“状态，总称”（2）表示“场所，物品”（3）表示“费用”2.-al名词后缀，表示“人，物，状态”，常见的与连接字母搭配形式是ial3.-an、-ian名词后缀，表示“某种人”4.-ance、-ence、-ancy、-ency名词后缀，表示“性质，状况”5.-ant名词后缀，表示“人”,表示“剂”6. -cy，-acy名词后缀，表示“性质，状态”7.-dom 名词后缀，表示“状态或领域”8.-ee 名词后缀，表示“被-的人”，是er反义后缀9.-eer 名词后缀，表示“人员”10.-er、-or、-ar、-eer、-ier、-ster、-ator（1）名词后缀，表示“人”（2）名词后缀，表示“物品，工具”11.-ess 名词后缀，表示“女性，雌性”12 -hood 名词后缀，表示“时期，性质等”13.-ics 名词后缀，表示“学科，学术”14.-ing（1）名词后缀，表示“状态”（2）名词后缀，表示“行业”15.-ion名词后缀，表示“动作、状态或物品”16.-ism、-asm名词后缀（1）表示“各种主义，宗教”2表示“学术或学术流派”（3）表示“行为，现象，状态”（4）表示“疾病”(（5）).表示“具备某种性质”17.-ist名词后缀，表示“人”18.-itude 表名词，“性质，状态等”19.-ment名词后缀，表示“行为、结果或事物”20.-ness 名词后缀，表示“性质，状态，”通常加在形容词后面21.-ship名词后缀，表示“某种关系或状态”、“某种技能”22.-ty、-ity、-ety 名词后缀，表示“具备-性质”23.-ure名词后缀，表示“一般状态，行为24.-ivity 名词后缀，表示“有能力或特性” 25.-ability 名词后缀，表示“能，性质”例题1（用名词定位相关句）：（2011年综合A/综合B考题） A. A good leader needs a variety of qualities. B. These techniques are used to train leaders. C. Training can make good leaders. D. Most of good leader are natural-born. E. It s important to have a good leader. 24. Paragraph 2_. 2. In almost every situation where youre in a group， you will need a skilled leader. All groups need leaders and all successful groups have good leaders. Groups without leaders or with weak leaders almost always break down. Members of a leaderless group often begin to feel dissatisfied and frustrated. Time is wasted and the tasks are not achieved. There are often arguments and tensions between people as there is nobody to keep the goals clear. Some personalities dominate and other disappears. Often group members begin not to come to meetings in order to avoid more disharmony.l 动词1与实义动词相关的时态(8种时态);He visits America.(一般现在时态) He visited America. (一般过去时态)He is visiting America. (现在进行时态)He was visiting America.(过去进行时态)He will visit America. (一般将来时态)He would visit America. (过去将来时态)He has visited America. (现在完成时态)He had visited America. (过去完成时态)例题2（利用时态精确定位相关句）：（2011年/理工A/理工B考题）28. The iPad will only run programs approved by Apple if not _ A. browsed(浏览) B. personalized（使个人化） C. distributed （分发， 分配 ）D. increased （增加）F. modified （更改， 修改） 2. The iPad runs the same operating system as the iPod Touch and iPhone. It can run its own applications as well as ones developed for iPhone. Without modification, it will only run programs approved by Apple and distributed via its online store.l 语篇衔接词the + exam/research (the + n. )this/that + exam/research (this/that + n. )these/those + exams/researches (these/those + n. )she/he/they/ her/him/them/it/ (you? We? )her/his/their/its + n.)some/many/mostsuch + n. either/both/neither/none第5部分：补全短文（2010/A） I Know Just How You FeelDo you feel sad? Happy? Angry? You may think that the way you show these emotions is unique. Well, think again. Even the expression of the most personal feelings can be classified, according to Mind Readingame, a DVD displaying every possible human emotion. It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel the first visual distionary of the human heart. Attempts to classify expressions began in the mid-1800s, when Darwin divided the emtions into six types-anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and enjoyment. _(46) Every other feeling was thought to derive from Darwins small group. More complex expressions of emotions were probably learned and therefore more specific to each culture. But now it is believed that many more facial expressions are shared worldwide. _(47) The Mind Reading DVD is a systematic visual record of these expressions. The project was conceived by a Cambridge professor as an aid for people with autism (孤独症), who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotions. But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses. Actors and teachers, for example, need to understand a wide range of expressions. The professor and his research team first had to define an emotion _(48) Using this definition, 1,512 emotion terms were identified and discussed. This list was eventually reduced to 412, fromafraid to wanting. Once these emotions were defined and classified, a DVD seemed the clearest and most efficient way to display them. In Mind Reading, each expression is acted out by six different actors in three seconds. _(49) The explanation for this is simple: we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words, but we instantly recognise one when we see it on someones face. It was really clear when the actors had got it right, says Cathy Collis, who directed the DVD. Although they were given some direstion, says Ms Collis, the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move. _(50) For example, when someone feel contempt, you cant say for certain that their eyebrows always go down. Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American, Professor Paul Ekman, who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion. The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called action units. These can be combined into more than 10, 000 visible facial shapes. Ekmen has written out a pattern of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion. A. He said that this expression of feeling is universal and recognizable by anyone from any culture . B. Any other method of showing the 412 emotions whould have been far less effective. C. Research has also been done to find out which area of brain read the emotional expressions. D. These particular muscles are difficult to control, and few people can do it. E. They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by I feel he looks orshe sounds. F. We thought of trying to describe each emotion, but it would have been almost impossible to make clear rules of this. 2. 职称英语六大题型出题特点， 复习重点及答题技巧2.1词汇选项出题特点：出题简单， 主要考点为近义词的识别；每年都有一部分词汇选项考题“选编”自教材中的词汇选项练习题。主要考形容词和动词， 也会涉及对名词和副词的考察。 复习重点：教材中词汇选项练习题及历年词汇选项考题词汇选项题复习范围（教材内容）：A级词汇选项复习范围以教材中A级，B级难度词汇选项题为主B级词汇选项复习范围教材中B级及C级难度词汇选项题C级词汇选项复习范围教材中C级难度词汇选项题重要提示：1 主要通过翻查词典确认答案；2 如果翻查词典（查划线词）仍然不能确认答案，则先把该题放一放先做其他题，继续做其他题。完成用词典能直接确认答案的题后根据已做出题的答案出现情况及词汇选项题通常答案分布特点(A， B， C和D都要作为选项出现，而每个选项成为答案的个数通常是3 5个)， 猜测剩下的题的可能答案。第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分） （2011/A）1 For some obscure reason, the simple game is becoming very popular. A unclear B obvious C major(n. 主修课， 成年人 adj. 较大的，较多的，主要的 v. 主修 ) D minor （n. 未成年人， 副修科目 adj. 较小的， 次要的， 未成年的 v. 副修）词汇选项题答题基本思路：词汇选项最简单， 解题首先查词典；词典中寻找划线词，找到划线词（后）， 划线词的近义词里找答案；（1）只有一个选项近义词里出现， 该选项通常是答案；（2011/A）1. For some obscure (adj. 不清楚的)reason, the simple game is becoming very popular. A unclear B obvious C major D minor 词典近义词注释：近义词 dim, dark, indistinct, unclear, vague（2）两个选项近义词里出现， 划线词词义确定是关键， 划线词词义和语境相关联， 小语境用于确定词义很方便；（2008/B）2. Jack consumes a pound of cheese a day. A. drinks B. eats C. buys D. produces近义词eat, drink，use up（3）备选项近义词里都不出现， 划线词义确定仍然是关键， 小语境确定词义很方便。划线词词义确定后对比备选项词义特征小心选： 形容词成为划线词，词义色彩是词义考虑的重点： 褒（义）对褒（义）， 贬（义）对贬（义）， 中性（词）对中性（词）；（2010/A）3. Her father was a quiet man with graceful (优雅的/褒义词)manners. A. bad(坏的， 糟糕的/贬义词) B. polite（有礼貌的/褒义词） C. similar（相似的/中性词） D. usual（通常的/中性词） 词典近义词注释：近义词 pretty, polished, refined, decent, polite（2010/A）4. I want to provide my boys with a decent （adj. 得体的，令人满意的/褒义词）education. A. private（adj. 私人的， 私有的/中性词） B. general (adj. 总的，普遍的/中性词)C. good （adj. 好的， 合适的/褒义词）D. special （adj. 特殊的，特别的/中性词） 动词成为划线词，动作产生的直接结果是词义考虑的重点： 划线动词，选项动词产生的直接结果若一致，该选项通常是答案；（2010/B）5 We need to extract the relevant（adj. 相关的） financial（adj. 金融的） data（n. 数据）. A store(v. 存储， 储备) B save(v. 节约， 解救) C review（v. 回顾， 复习） D obtain（v. 获得， 得到） 词典近义词注释：近义词 pull out, draw out, remove, take out, squeeze, concentratevt. 拔出, 拉出 提取, 榨出, 蒸馏出 摘录n. 提炼物, 精华 摘录, 选萃划线词后搭配的介词也是考虑的重点： 划线词若和它后面介词组合成搭配， 则可依据该介词来选答案： 哪个选项能与该介词成搭配， 该选项往往是答案； e.g. occupy oneself in - engage oneself in v. 从事于., 忙于.v. 占，占据，拥有占领使忙碌 近义词 capture, conquer, possess, engage, use, utilize （4）划线词词典里找不见， 划线词可能是派生， 解题需要“还原”出词根（词）： 划线词末尾是ly，去掉ly, 词根词通常就出现；去掉了ly, 词根（词）还是找不见，词根末尾若是i， 把i变成y， 词根词自然就出现；词根末尾如果不是i, 词尾加上(l)e, 词根词也就被还原， 利用还原词根词确定答案很简单。e.g. largely large + ly e.g. heavily heav(y - i) + lye.g. considerably - considerabl(e) + ly （2011/A）7 The sea turtles natural habitat has been considerably （adv. 相当地/大大地）reduced. A greatly B suddenly C generally D slightly 还原词根： considerably considerabl(e) + ly 词典近义词注释：considerable - great, important, much, powerful, significant划线词末尾是ed，去掉ed, 词根动词通常就出现；去掉了ed, 词根（动词）还是找不见，词根末尾加上e，词根词可能就出现；去掉了ed, 词根（动词）仍然找不见，词根末尾相同的辅音字母紧挨着出现，去掉一个辅音字母词根词自然就出现；划线词末尾若是ied, 去掉ied再加上字母y, 词根词必然被还原， 利用还原词根词确定答案很简单。e.g. listened - listen + ed e.g. announced announce + (e)de.g. committed commit + t + ede.g. denied den(y - i) + ed（2010/A）6. He demolished （v. 推翻）my arguments（n. 论点） in minutes. A. disproved （v. 反驳） B. disputed (v. 对进行质疑)C. accepted （v. 接收，承认）D. supported （v. 支持）v. 摧毁, 推翻, 拆毁(尤指大建筑物)近义词 destroy, pull down, break down, destory, knock down shatter, wreck（2011/A）10 The decision to invade provoked （v. 引起）storms（n. 暴风雨） of protest（n. 抗议）. A ignored(忽视) B organized（组织， 安排） C caused（造成） D received（收到, 接受， 得到， 遭到） 还原词根： provoked provoke + (e)d词典近义词注释：provoke - anger, annoy, arouse, disturb, enrage, excite, incense, irritate, stirv. 激怒挑起（感情），引起（事件）划线词末尾是ing，去掉ing, 词根动词通常就出现；去掉了ing, 词根（动词）还是找不见，词根末尾加上e，词根词可能就出现；去掉了ing, 词根（动词）仍然找不见，词根末尾相同的辅音字母紧挨着出现，去掉一个辅音字母词根词自然就出现，利用还原词根词确定答案很简单。e.g. reading read + inge.g. urging urg(e) + inge.g. running run + n + ing（2011/A）8 I got a note from Moira urging （v. 力劝， 督促）me to get in touch. A instructing B notifying C pushing D inviting 还原词根： urging urg(e) + ing词典近义词注释：urge - advise, agitate, coax, drive, force, incite, plead, press, pressure, prompt, provoke, push, spur（5）划线若是个短语， 查短语就要查实词（名词， 动词， 形容词），查找短语中第一个实词，千万不要查介词。 （2011/A）11 She always finds fault with （v. 批评）everything. A criticizes(批评) B simplifies C evaluates D examines 词典短语注释：find fault with v. 批评 22阅读理解l 出题特点：1 有一篇阅读理解考题选编自教材中阅读理解练习题， 另外两篇来自教材以外。 2 文章后面的问题包括：主旨题细节题(正误判断题， 未提及题， 推断题， 因果逻辑题)词汇题（实词题， 篇章词汇题）l 阅读理解常见设问句：1. 转折句（however, but, in fact, yet）2. 否定句（never, no, not, no longer, no more, notany longer, notany more, tooto, fail to do, seldom, hardly, rarely）；3. 观点句(sb/researcher/team. say/suggest/propose/think/hold/maintain/argue/point out)4. 结论句（study/research discover/find/suggest/indicate/show） 5. 例子(含有数字的句子， 含有地点名词的句子)； 6. 段首句/段尾句；7. 独立成段句；主旨题 （whats the best title of the passage? Whats the main idea of the passage？ Whats the writers attitude towards? Whats the theme of the passage? The authors purpose in writing this passage is _; The passage tells us _; The passage mainly discusses _; ）选自2011年综合A/B阅读理解考题: Cell phones: Hang up or keep talking45. The writers purpose of writing this article is to advise people_. A to buy mobile phones B to update regular phones C to use mobile phones less often D to stop using mobile phones 分析：主旨题答题口：主旨题找答案，文章标题先看一看，标题中的文章主题词可作第一判断点：主题词也可能并不直接在标题中出现， 文章中如有反复出现词， 该词也是主题词；哪个选项含主题词，含主题词选项通常是答案；如果都含主题词，主题词个数要数数看，含主题词个数最多选项通常是答案；主题词法用上如果不能（判）断答案，（文章）开头前三句，（文章）结尾后三句可就需要看一看，先读结尾后三句，再看开头前三句，答案通常就出现。 有时还需结合各段段首句最终才能定答案。（最后一段）As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that its best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when you really need it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health. So for now, its wise not to use your mobile phone too often. 选自2011年卫生 A/B阅读理解考题: Immune Functions40 Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage? A The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonself. B An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response. C One of the immune systems primary functions is the allergic（过敏原的） response. D The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes. 分析： The immune system is equal in complexity（n.复杂） to the combined intricacies(n. 复杂) of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory（adj.调整的） communication network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive(蜂巢). The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective, and self-omitting. At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign of nonself molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the intruders (入侵者). Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The bodys immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule, the system has the ability to remember the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies(抗体)passed during lactation(授乳期), this so called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must learn from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonself molecules in the sea of microbes (微生物) in which we live, learning necessitates producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonself invader. Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response is called an antigen (抗原). Antigens are not to be confused with allergens (过敏原)，which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy. An antigen can be a virus, a bacterium, or even a portion or product of one of these organisms. Tissues or cells from another individual (except an identical win, whose cells carry identical self makers act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, nonantigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes (抗原表位), which protrude (突出) from its surface. Most antigens（过敏原）, even the simplest microbes（微生物）, carry several different kinds of epitomes on their surface, some may even carry several hundred. Some epitomes(抗原表位) will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected(v. 误导) immune attack. 选自2009年理工A阅读理解考题: The robot man43The authors main purpose is to _Asupport the view that robots will play a major role in our life.Bdescribe the life of Hans Moravec.Cmake fun of the views of Hans Moravec.Dget people prepared for the threat of future robots.分析： According to Hans Moravec, universal robots will take over all the physical activities that we engage in, leaving us with little to do. Moravec sees four generations on the road to true universal robots. The first generation will be here by 2010 and will consist of free-ranging robots that can navigate by building an internal mental map of their surroundings. In new situations theyll be able to adapt, unlike todays mobile industrial robots. These robots will have the computing power, to cope with simple speech and text recognition, and will be used for tasks such as domestic cleaning.The second generation will arrive around 2020 and will be distinguished by the ability to learn. Second generation robots are programd with sets of primitive tasks and with feedback that provide pleasure and pain stimuli. For example, a collision provokes a negative response, a completed task would be positive.Move forward another ten years to 2030 and you get to generation three. This robot can build internal simulations of the world around it. Before beginning a task, it can imagine what will happen in order to predict problems. If it has a free moment, it can replay past experiences and try variations in order to find a better way of doing things next time. It could even observe a person or-another robot performing a task and learn by imitation. For the first time, we have here a robot that can think.By the time we get to generation four in 204