物流系统规划与设计教材(PPT 52页).ppt

1、Once, Logistics from the military logistics, mainly for war materiel transport,曾经，物流源于军事后勤，主要用于战争物资的运输,Later, with the economic development, the growing social demand for logistics. Therefore, third-party logistics came into being.,后来，随着经济的发展，社会对物流的需求越来越大。因此，第三方物流应运而生了。,但是，也有很多企业选择内部物流，而不是选择第三方物流。那么

2、，具体的原因是什么呢？,However, there are a lot of companies have chosen to internal logistics, rather than selecting a third-party logistics. Well, the specific reasons for what is it?,In-House Or TPL,二、第三方物流概述 Third Party Logistics Overview,1、第三方物流 Third Party Logistics,一个组织需要在其配送和物流功能上做出的一项重大决策是是否使用第三方的服务，或

3、者是拥有企业自己的配送操作系统。在英国，第三方物流成为一种重要的选择已经很多年了，,A major decision that an organization needs to make in its distribution and logistics function is whether to use a third-party service ,or whether to have company owned distribution operation . Third-party distribution has been an important alternative in th

4、e UK for many years.,横跨欧洲大陆和北美的大部分地区，对于第三方配送服务商的使用也有显著增长。欧洲的平均水平超过25。英国，37.5，拥有比例最高的外包工作。,Across most of continental Europe and also North America, the use of third-party distribution service providers has also now grown significantly. The Europe average is over 25 percent .The UK, at 37.5 percent,

5、has the highest proportion of contracted-out operation.,2、内部物流与第三方物流 In-House versus Third Party,企业决定是否保留企业内的配送操作，或者外包给第三方物流服务提供商有很多原因 There are many reasons why an organization decides whether to keep its distribution operation in-house, or contract it out to a third party service provider. 以下是一些可以

6、考虑的因素： The following are some of the factors that may be considered.,3、选择第三方物流的原因 Reasons to choose a Third Party,降低成本：订立外包合同容易识别相关成本 To reduce costs: by contracting the operation out it is easier to identify associated costs 集中企业内部的核心竞争力的原因 The need to focus reasons on core competencies within the

7、business 缺乏仓储设施 Lack of warehousing facilities,缺乏内部专门知识的汽车业务Lack of internal expertise in vehicle operations 优化运输过程中使用的波峰和波谷交易模式的无力The inability to optimize transport use during peaks and troughs in trading patterns 避免法律责任 Avoidance of legal responsibilities在交付产品时需要提供更多的灵活性来提高对客户的服务水平。Need to raise

8、levels of service to customers by offering more flexibility in delivering products,4、选择内部物流业务的原因 Reasons to choose an in-house operation,对业务的所有领域保持完全控制 Retain complete control over all areas of the business 保持成本控制：不需要将成本之上的利润支付给第三方。To keep control of costs : not having to pay the third party a profi

9、t margin on top of the costs 对客户的分布保持直接的联系 To keep a direct link in distribution with customers,贸易物流，是建立在一个单一的交易或一系列个别交易之上的关系的物流。 Transaction logistics, where the relationship is built on a single transaction or a series of individual transactions. 合同物流，是以契约形式为导向，依赖于第三方供应商，来满足公司所定义的绩效目标的明确定义的关系。 Con

10、tract logistics, where a specifically defined relationship that is contractually oriented and dependent on the third party provider meeting the companys defined performance goals.,5、不同程度的外包 Varying Degrees of Outsourcing,战略联盟，是指每一方有需求，而且另一方可以满足，并且两方为了互惠互利享有共同的价值观，目标和企业战略的计划持续的关系。 Strategic alliance,

11、 where a planned ongoing relationship, where each party has needs that the other can fulfill, and both firms share values, goals and corporate strategies for mutual benefit.,6、第三方经营的类型 Types of Third Party Operations,这里有许多不同类型的第三方物流经营类型可供选择。范围涵盖了提供专用或独家经销，所有的配送都是由第三方运营商，有时候可能只可用于在不规则的时间间隔内的配送。,There

12、 are a number of different types of third-party distribution operation available. The range spans dedicated or exclusive distribution where all the distribution is provided by a third party operator, to occasional use where a third party may only be used at irregular intervals,7、第三方物流的关键驱动因素 Key Dri

13、vers for Third Party Distribution,决定是否使用第三方物流或使用内部物流有许多优点和缺点。 There are many advantages and disadvantages for deciding whether to use third-party distribution or keep it in-house.,对一些而言需要客观的评估，对于另外一些而言更多的是主观评估，因为它们涉及到历史实践或者仅仅是个人喜好。,Objective assessment can be made for some and others are more subjec

14、tive, because they relate to historical practices or merely personal preference. However the key drivers for third-party distribution can be broadly split into three categories. These categories are cost, organizational factors and physical factors.,8、第三方物流和信息技术 Third Party and Information Technolog

15、y,现在使用IT技术是任何企业的日常生活的一部分。然而，这么多在使用的系统中，他们并不总是兼容。同样，组织必须确保系统有足够的资源，以应付额外的工作。下一节将从以下的角度来着眼于IT的要求，分别是企业，第三方供应商和外包问题。 The use of IT in any business is now part of everyday life. However there are so many systems in use and they are not always compatible. Equally the organization must ensure that the sys

16、tems have enough resources to cope with the extra work involved. The next section looks at the requirements from IT from the following perspectives, the business, the third party provider and contract issues.,9、第三方物流配送的主要问题 Key Issues in Third Distribution and Logistics,定期进行调查，试图找出用户的选择第三方配送公司关键因素是什

17、么。结果显示，服务是最重要的因素。 Surveys are undertaken on a regular basis to try to identify what the critical factors are in a users choice of a third-party distribution company. Service comes out as the most important factor.,成本，尽管非常重要的，却排第三位，而客户所体验的质量成为了第二个最重要的因素。这反映了许多用户所持续的关注的质量，诚信（忠诚）和个人参与配送运作的能力是其成功的最重要的因素

18、。,Cost, although extremely critical, comes third, with the quality of people used the second most important. This reflects the continued concern for many users that it is the quality, commitment and ability of the personnel involved in any distribution operation that is paramount to its success,三、内部

19、物流和第三方物流In-house versus Third Party,一个组织决定是否保留配送业务，或者外包给第三方服务提供商有很多原因,以下是一些可能要考虑的因素。 There are many reasons why an organization decides whether to keep its distribution operation in-house, or contract it out to a third party service provider.,1、选择第三方的原因Reasons to Choose a Third Party,减少成本：通过外包业务，识别相

20、关成本。 To reduce costs：by contracting the operation out, it is easier to identify associated costs.,集中资源于企业的核心能力上。 The need to focus resources on core competencies within the business.,缺乏仓储设施。 Lack of warehousing facilities.,在汽车业务上缺乏内部专业知识。 Lack of internal expertise in vehicle operations.,无法优化用在运输上的波

21、峰和波谷的交易模式。 The inability to optimize transport use during peaks and troughs in trading patterns.,避免法律责任。 Avoidance of legal responsibilities.,在交付产品时需要提供更多的灵活性来提高对客户的服务水平。 Need to raise levels of service to customers by offering more flexibility in delivering products,2、选择内部物流业务的理由Reasons to choose a

22、n in-house operation,在业务的所有领域保持完全控制。 Retain complete control over all areas of the business.,保持控制成本（不需要将成本之上的利润支付给第三方）。 To keep control of costs（Not having to pay the third party a profit margin on top of the costs）.,在配送方面保持与顾客的直接联系。 To keep a direct link in distribution with customers.,咨询公司任专职体育顾问的

23、Peters, Lieb和 Randall 指出在最近一次调查中印证了企业为什么选择外包配送操作的主要原因。如图29Consulting firms PE Consulting and Peters, Lieb and Randall show in a recent survey the main reasons quoted why firms opt for contracting out of their distribution operation（Figure 29）,Figure 29: Main Reasons Quoted Why Firms Opt for Contract

24、ing out of their Distribution Operation(Source:PE Consulting 1996;Peters et al,1998) 表 29：企业为什么选择承包其的配送经营的主要原因（来源:PE咨询1996;Peters等人,1998年）,决定是否保持内部配送或使用第三方提供商，需要平衡以下两方面的因素：物流对于企业成功的重要性，企业在物流功能的管理上是否具备足够的能力。该策略的遵循取决于公司找到自己的位置。Deciding whether to keep the distribution in-house or to use a third party

25、provider,is a balance of 2 factors : how critical logistics is to the firms success and how competent the firm is in managing the logistics function. The strategy to follow (as shown in Figure 30) depends on the position in which the company finds itself.,一个公司,具有较高的客户服务需求，物流成本在总成本中占很重要的比重，一批有能力的物流操作

26、管理的主管人员可能会决定企业保持内部配送。阿斯达就是这样一个公司,由于其优越的供应渠道,所以有这些特点。 A company that has high customer service requirements , significant logistics costs as a proportion of total costs, and an efficient logistics operation administered by competent personnel will likely decide to keep distribution in-house. Asda is

27、a company that, because of its superior supply channel, has these characteristics.,对于那些不把物流作为中心战略，并在公司内部不具备高层次能力，把物流外包给第三方供应商的组织提供了降低成本和通过更好的客户服务，提高客户满意度的机会。For those organizations that do not have logistics as central to strategy,and do not have a high level of competency within the firm,outsourcin

28、g to a third party provider,offers opportunities to reduce costs and improve customer satisfaction through better customer service.,比如，就像戴尔这样的企业一样。戴尔将生产和销售的高科技电脑硬件视为自己的核心竞争力，而不是物流。因此，他们把物流外包给多个第三方供应商。An example of such anorganization is Dell computers.Dell sees manufacturing and marketing high techn

29、ology PC hardware as their core competencies rather than logistics. They therefore outsource distribution to several third party providers.,第三个选项是物流对于企业战略是至关重要的，但内部人员没有为客户提供所需的服务水平的技能水平。这个解决方案应该是找到你个具有这项能的企业以便双方企业可以通过规模经济降低成本。,A third option is where logistics is critical to the organizations strate

30、gy but internal personnel do not have the level of skills to deliver the required level of service.The solution may be to find a firm which does have the competence in order that both firms can share in reduced costs through economies of scale.,相反，如果物流对于企业战略并不是至关重要的，并且这个企业拥有在物流配送上有能力的人力资源，向一个不具备这项必要技能的合作者提供相关信息就像上述所说的为了相同的原因合作那样，也许对双方都有益。,Conversely if logistics is not vital to strategy and the firm has a team of competent personnel in distribution， sourcing a partner who does not possess the necessary skills may prove beneficial for the same reasons described above.,Figure