词汇学之6种构词法

1、英语词汇学课程,构词法(I),General introduction,Affixation(30%-40%) Compounding(28%-30%) Conversion (26%),The most productive methods,Shortening (8%-10%),Blending 1%-5%,clipping,acronymy,Backformation,Sound reduplication,4.1 Affixation/derivation,Affixation falls into two categories: prefixation and suffixation

2、 and the differences between them are just the differences between prefixes and suffixes.,Classification of prefixes,The major prefixes can be classified into 10 categories by their meaning. Negative Prefixes否定前缀 Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀 Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀 Prefixes of degree or siz

3、e表范围和程度的前缀 Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀 Locative prefixes方位前缀 Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀 Number prefixes数字前缀 Conversion prefixes转化前缀 Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀,1. Negative prefixes(1),un,1. Negative prefixes(2),non,1. Negative prefixes(3),dis,1. Negative prefixes,2. Reve

4、rsative prefixes(1),un,2. Reversative prefixes(2),de,2 Reversative prefixes(3),dis,2. Reversative prefixes,3. Pejorative prefixes (1),mis,3. Pejorative prefixes(2),mal,3. Pejorative prefixes(3),pseudo,3. Pejorative prefixes,4. Prefixes of degree or size (1),arch,4. Prefixes of degree or size(2),supe

5、r,4. Prefixes of degree or size(3),out,4. Prefixes of degree or size,5. Prefixes of attitude (1),co,5. Prefixes of attitude(2),counter,5. Prefixes of attitude(3),anti,5. Prefixes of attitude,6. Locative prefixes(1),sub,6. locative prefixes(2),inter,6. locative prefixes(3),trans,6. locative prefixes,

6、7. Prefixes of time and order(1),fore,7. Prefixes of time and order(2),pre,7. Prefixes of time and order(3),post,7. Prefixes of time and order,8. Number prefixes (1),semi,hemi,8. Number prefixes (2),uni,mono,8. Number prefixes (3),bi,di,8. Number prefixes,8.Number prefixes,9. Conversion prefixes(1),

7、a,9. Conversion prefixes(2),be,Before nouns and adjectives to form transitive verbs befriend (to behave as a friend to) becloud (to cover with clouds使遮暗, 蒙蔽) benumb (To make numb, especially by cold;To make inactive; dull:使失去知觉：使失去活力；使迟钝 belittle becalm (To make calm or still; soothe.使平静：成为安静的或静止的；使

8、镇静) With nouns plus ed to yield adjectives bespectacled( Wearing eyeglasses) Benighted(Overtaken by night or darkness陷入黑暗;Being in a state of moral or intellectual darkness; unenlightened.蒙昧的：处于道德或智力的愚昧状态的；未启蒙的),9.Conversion prefixes(3),en,en-( em before p,b,m),Before nouns or adjectives to create t

9、ransitive verbs. 使成为 使处于状态 Before nouns, enslave(cause to be); empower(v. 授权） embody (v. 体现） endanger(V.使处于危险之中) Before adjectives to form verbs enable enrich enlarge endear使受喜爱 ensure担保,9. Conversion prefixes,10. Miscellaneous prefixes (1),auto,10. Miscellaneous prefixes (2),neo,2. Suffixation,Ques

10、tion: Why is the classification of suffixes different from the classification of prefixes? Prefixes primarily function as a semantic modification of the base, while suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function are to change the grammatical function of the base. Prefixes are cl

11、assified on a semantic basis and suffixes on a grammatical basis,Types of suffixes,Noun suffixes Adjective suffixes Verb suffixes Adverbs suffixes,Noun suffixes,De-nominal noun suffixes De-verbal noun suffixes De-adjective noun suffixes Noun and adjective suffixes,De-nominal Noun suffixes (1),ster,I

12、nvolved in,De-nominal Noun suffixes(2),eer,Skilled in；engaged in,De-nominal Noun suffixes (3),ful,De-verbal Noun suffixes (1),ant,Occupation and participation;,De-verbal Noun suffixes (2),ing,De-adjective Noun suffixes (1),ness,De-adjective Noun suffixes (2),ity,De-adjective Noun suffixes (2),ity,No

13、un and adjective suffixes,Some suffixes, when added to bases related to human beings or nationality names, yield words that can be used both as nouns and adjectives. -ese: Chinese; Lebanese; officialese -an, -ian: Australian, Cambodian -ist: racist, socialist -ite: Chomskyite, Thatcherite,1.1 Noun s

14、uffixes,1.1 Noun suffixes,Verb suffixes (1),-ify,make, endow with,Verb suffixes (2),ize,involving or related to,Verb suffixes (4),ate,Give or make or become,Adjective suffixes,De-nominal adjective suffixes De-verbal adjective suffixes,De-nominal Adjective suffixes (1),like,De-nominal Adjective suffi

15、xes (2),less,De-nominal Adjective suffixes (4),y,De-verbal Adjective suffixes (1),able (ible),De-verbal Adjective suffixes (2),ful,Adjective Suffixes,Adjective Suffixes,Adjective Suffixes,Adverb suffixes (1),ly,Adverb suffixes (2),ward (s),Adverb Suffixes,4.2 Compounding复合法,The definition of compoun

16、ding and compound Composition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language. Today the largest number of new words are formed by compoundi

17、ng.,Compounding,2.Forms of compounds Solid: bedtime, honeymoon Hyphenated: above-mentioned, town-planning Open: reading material, hot line,Compounding,3. Formation of Compounds Noun compounds Adjective compounds Verb compounds Through conversion: nickname; first-name Through backformation: lip-readi

18、ng to lip-read chain-smoker to chain-smoke,Compounding,Noun compounds Headache, housekeeping, hot line, swimming pool, raindrop, breakdown, biological clock, identity crisis,Compounding,Adjective compounds Weather-beaten rocks, peaceloving people, everlasting friendship, a difficult-to-operate machi

19、ne, a made-up story, an on the spot inspection, taxfree products, fire-proof dress,Compounding,Verb compounds Formed by back-formation house-keep from housekeeper windowshop from window-shopping mass produce from mass production hen-peck from hen-pecked spoon-feed from spoon-fed.,Compounding,Verb co

20、mpounds Formed by conversion to blue-print, to cold-shoulder, to outline, to honeymoon, to snowball, to chain-smoke, to sweet-talk, to job-hop.,4.3 Conversion转化法,Question: What is conversion? Why is it called zero-derivation? Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is s

21、hifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生). change of word-class; functional shift derivation process without the addition of an affix,Types of Conversion,Conversion to Nouns Conversion to Verbs Conversion to Adjectives Words produced by c

22、onversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs, among which the conversion between nouns and verbs are the most productive.,4.3.1 Conversion to nouns,De-verbal De-adjectival Miscellaneous conversion,1) Deverbal （由动词转化而来的名词） Almost all monomorphemic (单语素结构的)verbs can be used as nouns， which are

23、semantically related to the original verbs in various ways. State (of mind or sensation) (doubt; want; desire) Event or activity( search; laugh; teach-in) Result of the action (catch; find, answer) Doer of the action( help; cheat, bore) Tool or instrument to do the action with (cover; wrap) Place of

24、 the action (pass; walk; divide),2) De-adjectival 由形容词转化成的名词,Full conversion完全转换: A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an indefinite article or (e)s to indicate singular or plural number.,Adjective-noun conversion,Complete conversion A native, tw

25、o natives, a returned native He is a natural for the job. Tom is one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink about this time every night. To them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately passionate. They are the creatives in the advertising department,Partial conversion 部分转换 Nouns partially co

26、nverted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles as nouns while retaining some of the adjective features. The gradable adjectives can keep their comparative or superlative degrees. Words in this category generally denote a group

27、of the kind.,Adjective-noun conversion,Partial conversion Denoting a quality or a state common to a group of person: the deaf, the blind, the poor, the wounded Denoting peoples of a nation (ending in sh, -se, -ch): the English, the Chinese, the Danish, the Scotch Denoting a quality in the abstract:

28、a strong dislike for the sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the sublime to the ridiculous Denoting a single person (converted from participles): the accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned,3). Miscellaneous conversion其他类型的转换,Nouns converted from other classes as conj

29、unctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions, etc.,Conversion to verbs,The use of the verb converted is both economical and vivid. Three kinds of conversion to verbs Denominal: to pocket the money; the nurse the baby De-adjectival: The photograph yellowed with age. Miscellaneous conversion: The stud

30、ents tut-tut the idea.,Conversion to adjectives,It occurs mostly between nouns and adjectives.,英语词汇学课程,构词法(),4.4 Blending 4.5Backformation 4.6 Shortening,4.4 Blending,The definition of blending Blending（拼缀法）is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words.

31、 The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word. Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation. Structurally blends may be divided into four types.,Blending,Examples newscast (newsbroadcast) brunch (breakfastlunch) smog (smokefog) talkathon (t

32、alkmarathon) slimnastics (slimgymnastics) videophone ( video telephone),4.4 Blending,sci-fi hi-fi workaholic stagflation Unicom sitcom motel dawk,sciencefiction highfidelity workalcoholic stagnationinflation United Communications situationcomedy motorhotel dovehawk,4.5 Backformation,The definition o

33、f backformation Back-formation（逆成法） is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation.,4.5 Backformation,Examples edit from editor automate from automation enthuse from enthusiasm gloom from gloomy donate from don

34、ation brainwash from brainwashing sleep-walk from sleep-walking,4.6 Shortening,Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法） 1) clipped words（剪切词）: those created by clipping part of the word (usually a noun), leaving only a piece of the old word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal.,4.6 Sho

35、rtening,Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法） 2) initialisms（首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.,4.6 Shortening,Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法） 3) acronyms（首字母拼

36、音词）: words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.,4.6 Shortening,1) Clipped words ad=advertisement expo=exposition phone=telephone pro=professional memo=memorandum tec=detective heli or copter=helicopter comfy=comfortable,4.6 Shortening,Give clippings for the fol