18CEnlightenment

1、,Enlightenment,of Eighteenth Century,Historical Background,Politically Socially: Age of Bourgeoisie Economically Ideologically: Age of Enlightenment,Politically,After Bourgeois Revolution, the Tory and Whig joined hands against tyranny and restoration of Catholicism, and welcomed to the throne Mary

2、and her husband, William of Orange (Glorious Revolution/Bloodless Revolution) in 1688, thus ending the autocratic monarchy (君主专制), replacing it with a constitutional monarchy（君主立宪政体）. The power passed from the king gradually to the parliament and cabinet ministers. With it established the capitalist

3、 system once and for all in England.,Socially:AgeofBourgeoisie,The old aristocratic class was fast loosing its power politically and economically to the rising urban middle class or bourgeoisie who worked hard, economized and accumulated great wealth and became the mainstay（中流砥柱） of the nation. The

4、Puritan spirit of wisdom, diligence, honesty, and thriftiness（节俭） contributed greatly to the development of the country. They accumulated more wealth and money, and their social status was raised.,Economically,Industrial Revolution: the beginning of larger-scale manufacturing Britain continued to ex

5、pand its colonies abroad in Asia, Africa and North America, which led to social unrest in Scotland, Ireland, America,Ideologically,Age of Enlightenment Under the influence of scientific discoveries ( Newton) and flourishing of philosophies, French enlightenment started.,Enlightenment,anintellectualm

6、ovementbeginninginFranceandthenspreadthroughoutEurope. acontinuationofRenaissanceinbeliefinthepossibilityofhumanperfectionthrougheducation theguidingprincipleorsloganisRation/Reason,naturalrightandequality(AmericanIndependenceWarin1776;FrenchRevolutionin1789) Rationbecamestandardformeasurementofever

7、ything.,Literature,Age of Neoclassicism/Age of Pope Inspired by the spirit of Enlightenment, better education facilitated by developing economy, was available to more and more people, esp. middle-class men and women, more schools and social clubs were established. Ancient classic works and contempor

8、ary French works were models of writing. New genres of literature appeared to satisfy middle-class readers: -Periodicals（期刊） (Tatler and Spectator) to write interesting sketches and stories, to entertain and teach -Novels about middle class by middle class for middle classs education,Neoclassicism i

9、s the classicism which dominated English literature in the Restoration Age in the 18 th century. It draws its name from the fact that it found in classical literature and in contemporary French neoclassical writings models for its literary expressions and a group of attitudes towards life and art. I

10、t advocated the artistic ideals of order, logic, restrained emotion, accuracy, correctness, good taste and decorum. The approved genres of classical literature-epic, tragedy, comedy, elegy（挽歌）, ode, epistle（书信体诗文）, eclogue（田园诗）, epigram（讽刺短诗）, fable, and satire-were adopted as the favored forms in t

11、his period. The result was the development of a polite, urbane（文雅的）, witty, intellectual art. Poetic techniques as developed by A. Pope has become a permanent heritage.,Classicism is a body of doctrine thought to be derived from or to reflect the qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture, particu

12、larly in literature, philosophy, art, or criticism. Classicism stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes, mainly drawn from the critical utterances of the Greeks and Romans or developed through an imitation of ancient art and literature. These include restraint（克制）, restricted scope（有限的范围）, do

13、minance of reason, sense of form, unity of design and aim, clarity, balance, logical organization, good style, self-control, intellectualism（理智主义）, decorum（礼貌）, respect for tradition, and good sense. In English literature classicism has been an important force since Renaissance times. The humanists

14、were conscious advocates of classical doctrine.,Neoclassicist poetry Upheld the classic principles of ration, morality, balance, unity, order, propriety, decorum, etc. Led by Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson Mock（模仿） epics, romance, literary criticism, satires,Prose Satire : Jonathan Swifts “Propos

15、al” and Gullivers Travels Journalism/Periodicals : Steels and Addisons literary journals,Realist novel : bourgeois in essence - subject matter, - readership, - didactic（教诲的） purpose, - form (prose, comic epic); - Samuel Richardsons Pamela (epistolary书信体), Defoes Robinson Crusoe, Henry Fieldings Jose

16、ph Andrews (comic epic in prose), Tom Jones (picaresque以歹徒为题材的), Smollett (sea novel), Sterne (sentimentality), Goldsmith, etc.,Gothic Novel (from mid-18 th-century) against the rigid rationality principle emphasis on the irrational and dark side of human nature: the imaginative, the supernatural, t

17、he discarded（遗弃） Medieval castle 1 st book: Horace Walpoles The Castle of Otranto（奥特朗托海峡） (1764) Ann Radcliffe the most successful:The mysteries of Udolpho (1794) influenced the later generations: Coleridge, Keats, Dickens, Bronte sisters, etc.,Gothic Novel or Gothic Romance is a story of terror and

18、 suspense（悬念）, usu. set in a gloomy old castle or monastery（修道院）. Following the appearance of Horace Walpoles The Castle of Otranto (1764), the gothic novel flourished in Britain from the 1790s to the 1820s, dominated by Ann Radcliffe, whose Mystery of Udolpho (1794) had many imitators. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister（险恶的）, grotesque（奇异的）, or claustrophobic（幽闭恐怖的） atmosphere have been classed as gothic: Mary Shelleys Frankenstein (1818) is a fine example. Poe, Faulkner and many others wrote gothic sto