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大学英语四级模拟题库及答案解析
大学英语四级模拟题(一)及答案解析
PartIWriting(30minutes)
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutesto
writeacompositiononthetopic:PreciousWater.Youshould
writeatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:
1.举例说明水对人类的重要性
2.举例说明我国所面临的水资源问题
3.为了生存和发展人们要……
PreciousWater
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15
minutes)
Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogo
overthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswer
Sheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthe
fourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestion8-10,
completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthe
passage.
Pollution:ALifeandDeathIssue
OneofthemainthemesofPlanetunderPressureistheway,
manyoftheEarth'senvironmentalcrisesreinforceoneanother.
Pollutionisanobviousexample-wedonothavetheoptionof
growingfood,orfindingenoughwater,onasqueaky-clean
planet,butononeincreasinglytarnishedandtrashedbythe
waywehaveuseditsofar.
Cuttingwasteandclearinguppollutioncostmoney.Yet
timeandagainitisthequestforwealththatgeneratesmuch
ofthemessisthefirstplace.Livinginawaythatisless
damagingtotheEarthisnoteasy,butitisvital,because
pollutionispervasiveandoftenlife-threatening.
Air:theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)saysthree
millionpeoplearekilledworldwidebyoutdoorairpollution
annuallyfromvehiclesandindustrialemissions,and1.6
millionindoorsthroughusingsolidfuel.Mostareinpoor
countries.
Water:diseasescarriedinwaterareresponsiblefor80%
ofillnessesanddeathsindevelopingcountries,killinga
childeveryeightseconds.Eachyear2.1millionpeopledie
fromdiarrhoeal(痢疾的)diseasesassociatedwithpoorwater.
Soil:contaminatedlandisaprobleminindustrialized
countries,whereformerfactoriesandpowerstationscanleave
wastelikeheavymetalsinthesoil.Itcanalsooccurin
developingcountries,sometimesusedfordumpingpesticides.
Agriculturecanpollutelandwithpesticides,nitrate-rich
fertilizersandslurryfromlivestock.Andwhenthe
contaminationreachesriversitdamageslifethere,andcan
evencreatedeadzonesoffthecoast,asintheGulfofMexico.
ChronicProblem
Chemicalsareafrequentpollutant.Whenwethinkof
chemicalcontaminationitisoftenimagesofeventslikeBhopal
thatcometomind.Buttheproblemiswidespread.Onestudy
says7〜20%ofcancersareattributabletopoorairand
pollutioninhomesandworkplaces.TheWHO,concernedabout
chemicalsthatpersistandbuildupinthebody,especially
intheyoung,sayswemay"beconductingalarge-scale
experimentwithchildren'shealth',.
Someman-madechemicals,endocrine(内分泌)disruptors
likephthalates(瞅酸盐)andnonylphenol-abreakdownproduct
ofspermicides(杀精子剂),cosmeticsanddetergents-are
blamedforcausingchangesinthegenitalsofsomeanimals.
Affectedspeciesincludepolarbears-sonoteventheArctic
isimmune.Andthechemicalsclimbthefoodchain,fromfish
tomammals,andtous.
About70,000chemicalsareonthemarket,witharound1,500
newonesappearingannually.Atleast30,000arethoughtnever
tohavebeencomprehensivelytestedfortheirpossiblerisks
topeople.
Atfirstglance,theplasticbucketsstackedinthecorner
oftheenvironmentalNGOofficelooklikeanyothers.Butthe
containersareanunlikelyweaponinonepoorcoimnunity'sfight
againstoilcompanieswhichtheysayareresponsiblefor
widespreadill-healthcausedbyyearsofpollution.The
vesselsareusedbyanetworkoflocalvolunteers,knownas
theBucketBrigade,togatherairsamplesinneighborhoods
borderingoilrefineries,aspartofacampaigntomonitorand
documentairpollutionwhichtheybelieveiscomingfromthe
plants.
InSouthAfrica,asinmanydevelopingandnewly
industrializedcountries,legislationonairpollutionhas
failedtokeeppacewithmushroomingindustries.Solocal
residents,likemanyinpoorcommunitiesaroundtheglobe,have
facedtheproblemofinvestigatingtheirclaimthatindustries
ontheirdoorstepsaremakingthemsick.
Trade-off
Butthesnagisthatmodernsocietydemandsmanyofthem,
andsomeareessentialforsurvival.Sowhileweinvokethe
precautionaryprinciple,whichalwaysrecommendserringonthe
sideofcaution,wehavetorecognizetherewillbetrade-offs
tobemade.
ThepesticideDDTdoesgreatdamagetowildlifeandcan
affectthehumannervoussystem,butcanalsobeeffective
againstmalaria(疟疾).Wheredoestheprioritylie?
Theindustrializedworldhasnotyetcleanedupthemess
itcreated,butitisreapingthebenefitsofthepollution
ithascaused.Itcanhardlytellthedevelopingcountriesthat
theyhavenorighttofollowsuit.
Anothercomplicationintacklingpollutionisthatitdoes
notrespectpoliticalfrontiers.ThereisaU.N.convention
ontrans-boundaryairpollution,butthatcannotcoverevery
problemthatcanarisebetweenneighbors,orbetweenstates
whichdonotshareaborder.Perhapsthebestexampleisclimate
change-thecountriesoftheworldshareoneatmosphere,and
whatonedoescanaffecteveryone.
ForOneandAll.
Oneoftheprinciplesthataresupposedtoapplyhereis
simple-thepolluterpays.Sometimesitisobviouswhoisto
blameandwhomustpaytheprice,butitisnotalways
straightforwardtoworkoutjustwhoisthepolluter,or
whethertherestofuswouldbehappytopaythepriceof
stoppingthepollution.
Onewayofcleaningupafterourselveswouldbetothrow
lessaway,designingproductstoberecycledorevenjustto
lastlonger.
Previousgenerationsworkedontheassumptionthat
discardingourwastewasaproperwaytogetridofit,sowe
usedtodumpnuclearmaterialsandotherpotentialhazardsat
sea,confidenttheywouldbedispersedinthedepths.
Wenowthinkthatistooriskybecause,asoneauthorwrote,
"there'snosuchplaceas'away*,andthere'snosuchperson
asthe'other'."
IrritatingAir
Despiterecentimprovements,however,thehealthproblems
arestillthere.A2002medicalstudy,carriedoutbyDurban*s
NelsonMandelaSchoolofMedicineandaU.S.university,found
thatanabnormallyhigh52%ofstudentsandteachersata
primaryschoolborderingtheEngenplantsufferedfromasthma
(哮喘).Itfoundthatincreasesinairpollutiontendedto
aggravateasthmasymptomsinchildren.
Thepetrolproducersdonotdisputethefindingsbutargue
thatresearcherswereunabletoestablishacausallinkbetween
airpollutionandthehighprevalenceofasthmaamongthe
schoolpopulation.
Forthecommunity,thenextstepistotakelegalaction.
But,accordingtointernationallyrecognizedenvironmentalist
BobbyPeek,targetingthecompanieswouldbedifficultasit
wouldbenear-impossibletoprovethatillnessessufferedwere
causedbypollutioncomingfromaparticularplant.
Mr.Peek,whogrewupbeneathEngen1sstacks,saysthe
activistsarenowconsideringtakingactionagainstthe
authorities."Wearenowlookingatsuingthegovernmenton
constitutionalgrounds,forfailingtoensureourrightto
protectionfromaharmfulenvironmentasstipulatedinthe
constitution,nhesaid.
LegislativeChange
Anewbatch(批)ofenvironmentallaws,theNationalAir
QualityManagementAct,hasjustbeenpassedbytheSouth
Africanparliamenttoreplaceoutdated1965legislationwith
tightercontrolsandtoughersanctions.
MartinusvanSchalkwyk,theministerofenvironmental
affairsandtourism,visitedthesouthDurbanbasinearlier
thisyearandsaidthereweremeasuresinplacetoimprovethe
situation."Isharetheangerandfrustrationofthiscommunity.
Itislongoverdue,"hetoldtheSouthAfricanBroadcasting
Corporation.
Thelocalauthoritieshavealsoestablisheda"Multi-Point
Plan"forthearea.Theysayitisapowerfulmodelfortackling
pollutionandpointstoa40%reductioninsulphurdioxide
emissionsinrecentyears.
1.AccordingtoWorldHealthOrganization,howmanypeople
arekilledbyoutdoorairpollution?
[A]3million
[B]2.1million
[C]1.6million
[D]3.2million
2.Landcanbepollutedbyfromagriculture.
[A]heavymetals
[B]pesticidesandnitrate-poorfertilizers
[C]slurryfromlivestock
[D]rubbish
3.Whatkindofanimalaffectedbyman-madechemicalsis
notreferredinthepassage?
[A]Polarbears.
[B]Mammals.
[C]People.
[D]Birds.
4.Whatdolocalresidentsclaimfor?
[A]Theyaresickbecauseofyearsofpollution.
[B]Theyaresickbecauseofindustriesontheirdoorsteps.
[C]Theyaresickbecauseofpesticidesfromagriculture.
[D]Theyaresickbecauseofairpollution.
5.ThepesticideDDTcanbeeffectiveagainst.
[A]malaria
[B]wildlife
[C]animals
[D]humannervoussystem
6.ThereisaU.N.conventionthatcancover.
[A]problembetweenneighbors
[B]problembetweenstateswhichdonotshareaborder
[C]problemsonairpollution
[D]trans-boundaryairpollution
7.Whatisnotsaidtobeawayofcleaningupafter
ourselves?
[A]Throwlessaway.
[B]Designrecycledproducts.
[C]Don'tuseitagain.
[D]Lastlonger.
8.Itfoundthatincreasesinairpollutiontendedto
9.AccordingtoBobbyPeek,targetingthecompanieswould
bedifficultasitwouldbenear-impossibletoprovethat
illnessessufferedwerecausedby.
10.MartinusvanSchalkwyk,theministerofenvironmental
affairsandtourism,visitedthesouthDurbanbasinearlier
thisyearandsaidthereweremeasuresinplaceto
.Section
PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25
minutes)
SectionA
Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith
5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassage
carefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethe
statementsinthefewestpossiblewordsonAnswerSheet2.
Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Thebacteriathatcauseacommonfood-borneillnessshow
lowdrugresistanceinAustralia,unlikesimilarstrainsfrom
theUnitedStatesandEurope,astudyhasfound.Scientists
behindthefindingsayAustralia'sdefactobanoncertain
antibioticsinpoultry(家禽)andotherlivestockhelps
explainwhy.
Inthestudy,researchersanalyzedsamplesof
Campylobacterjejuni(空肠弯曲杆菌)bacteriafrom585
patientsinfiveAustralianstates.
Scientistsfoundthatonly2percentofthesampleswere
resistanttociprofloxacin(环丙沙星),oneofthegroupof
antibioticsknownasfluoroquino1onones.Bycontrast,18
percentofCampylobacter(弧形杆菌)samplesinU.S.patients
areimmunetofluoroquinolonones,whichhavebeenusedinthe
U.S.topreventortreatrespiratory(呼吸的)diseasein
poultryforadecade.
Thestudy,ledbyLeanneUnicomb,agraduatestudentat
AustralianNationalUniversityinCanberra,waspublishedin
theMayissueofthejournalClinicalInfectiousDiseases.
"Thefindingsaddtothegrowingbodyofevidence
suggestiveoftheproblemsofusingf1uoroquino1ononesin
food-producinganimals,"Unicombwroteinanemail.
Campylobacteristhemostcommonfood-bornediseaseinthe
U.S.andmanyotherindustrializedcountries.
Peoplecancontractthepathogen(病原体)byconsuming
undercookedpoultryormeat,rawmilk,orcontaminated(被
污染的)water.
Symptomsincludefever,vomiting,anddiarrhea(腹泻).In
rarecases,thediseasecantriggerparalysisordeath.
"InmostindustrialcountriesCampylobacterismore
commonlyreportedthanSalmonella(沙门氏菌),abetter-known
causeoffoodpoisoning,"Unicombsaid.
"ThenumberofcasesofCampylobacterhasbeenontherise
inAustraliasincetheearly90's."
IntheU.S.,about1.4millionpeoplecontracted
Campylobacterinfectionslastyear,accordingtotheU.S.
CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)inAtlanta,
Georgia.
WhiletheinfectionrateintheU.S.hasdroppedoverthe
lastdecade,thebacteriahavegrownmoredrug-resistant.
AccordingtotheCDC,surveysbetween1986and1990found
nosignsofresistancetotheantibioticsinU.S.Campylobacter
infections.Butby1997,strainsresistanttotheantibiotics
accountedfor12percentofhumancases.In2001thefigure
climbedto18percent.
Publichealthexpertssaymanyfactorscontributeto
Campylobacter'sdrugresistance;thewidespreaduseof
f1uoroquino1ononesbyU.S.poultryfarmersoverthepast
decadeisoneofthem.
Fluoroquinoloneswerefirstapprovedforuseinhumansby
theU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)in1986.In1995
theFDAgrantedpoultryfarmerspermissiontotheusethedrugs
inlivestock.LastyeartheFDAbannedtheantibioticfrom
food-producinganimals,citingtheconcernsraisedbypublic
healthexpertsoverdrug-resistantbacteria.
FrederickAngulo,anepidemiologistwiththeCDC,monitors
thedrugresistanceoffood-bornepathogensintheU.S.food
supply."Thepeoplewhoaremostlikelytogetinfectedwith
food-bornediseasesincludethemostvulnerablepeopleinthe
popu1ation-infantsandyoungchildrenandalsotheelderly,"
hesaid.HesaysthatCampylobacterinfectionsareentirely
preventable,asisthebacteria'santibioticresistance."In
manywayswhat'soccurringwithCampylobacterisanindicator
forabroaderissue,whichis...antibiotic-resistantbacteria
inthefoodsupply,"hesaid.
47.Whydofood-bornepathogensinAustraliashowlowdrug
resistance?
48.Inmanyindustrializedcountries,themostcommon
food-bornediseaseis.
49.Thefood-bornediseasemaycausefever,vomiting,
diarrheaandeven.
50.TheFDAbannedtheuseofantibioticfrom
food-producinganimalsbecausepublichealthexpertswere
concernedabout.
51.WhatdoesAngulosayaboutthebacteria'santibiotic
resistance?
SectionB
Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Each
passageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.
Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and
[D].Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthe
correspondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasingleline
throughthecenter.
PassageOne
Questions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Atsometimeinyourlife,youmayhaveastrongdesire
todosomethingstrangeorterrible.However,chancesarethat
youdon'tactonyourimpulse,butletitpassinstead.You
knowthattocommittheactioniswronginsomewayandthat
otherpeoplewillnotacceptyourbehavior.
Perhapsthemostinterestingthingaboutthephenomenon
oftaboobehaviorishowitcanchangeovertheyearswithin
thesamesociety,howcertainbehaviorandattitudeonce
consideredtaboocanbecomeperfectlyacceptableandnatural
atanotherpointintime.Topicssuchasdeath,forexample,
wereonceconsideredsoupsettingandunpleasantthatitwas
atabootoeventalkaboutthem.Nowwiththepublicationof
importantbookssuchasOnDeathandDyingandLearningtoSay-
Goodbye,peoplehavebecomemoreawareoftheimportanceof
expressingfeelingsaboutdeathand,asaresult,aremore
willingtotalkaboutthistaboosubject.
OneofthenewesttaboosinAmericansocietyisthetopic
offat.Unlikemanyothertaboos,fatisatopicthatAmericans
talkaboutconstantly.It'snottaboototalkaboutfat;it's
tabootobefat.The"in"lookisthin,notfat.Inthework
world,mostcompaniespreferyouthful-looking,trim
executivestoselltheirimagesaswellastheirproductsto
thepublic.Thethinlookisassociatedwithyouth,vigor,and
success.Thefatperson,ontheotherhand,isthoughtofas
lazyandlackinginenergy,self-discipline,andself-respect.
Inanimage-conscioussocietyliketheU.S.,thinis"in",fat
is"out".
It'snotsurprising,then,thatmillionsofAmericanshave
beenobsessedwithstayingslimand"inshapen.Thepursuit
ofayouthfulphysicalappearanceisnot,however,thesole
reasonforAmericans'fascinationwithdietandexercise.
Recentresearchhasshownthecriticalimportanceofdietand
exerciseforpersonalhealth.Asinmosttechnologically
developednations,thelifestyleofNorthAmericanshas
changeddramaticallyduringthecourseofthelastcentury.
Modernmachinesdoallthephysicallaborthatpeoplewereonce
forcedtodobyhand.Carsandbusestransportusquicklyfrom
pointtopoint.Asaresultofinactivityanddisuse,people's
bodiescaneasilybecomeweakandvulnerabletodisease.In
anefforttoavoidsuchafate,millionsofAmericansare
spendingmoreoftheirtimeexercising.
52.Fromthepassagewecaninfertaboois.
[A]astrongdesiretodosomethingstrangeorterrible
[B]acrimecommittedonimpulse
[C]behaviorconsideredunacceptableinsociety'seyes
[D]anunfavorableimpressionleftonotherpeople
53.Basedontheideaspresentedinthepassagewecan
conclude"beingfat"inAmericansociety.
[A]willalwaysremainataboo
[B]isnotconsideredasataboobymostpeople
[C]haslongbeenataboo
[D]maynolongerbeataboosomeday
54.Thetopicoffatismanyothertaboosubjects.
[A]thesameas
[B]differentfrom
[C]morepopularthan
[D]lessoftentalkedaboutthan
55.Whatdoes"thinis'in',andfatis'out'Hmean?
[A]Thinis"inside",andfatis"outside1,.
[B]Thinis"diligent",andfatis"lazy".
[C]Thinis"youthful”,andfatis"spiritless".
[D]Thinis"fashionable",andfatis"unfashionable".
56.Apartfromthisnewunderstandingofthecorrelation
betweenhealthandexercise,themainreasonthepassagegives
forwhysomanyAmericansareexercisingregularlyis.
[A]theirchangedlifestyle
[B]theireagernesstostaythinandyouthful
[C]theirappreciationoftheimportanceofexercise
[D]theencouragementtheyhavereceivedfromtheir
companies
PassageTwo
Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Wecanbeginourdiscussionof"populationasglobalissue"
withwhatmostpersonsmeanwhentheydiscuss"thepopulation
problem1*:toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincrease
inthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute;
itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikened
demographicgrowthto"along,thinpowderfusethatburns
steadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeand
explodes".
Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichis
characterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itis
necessarytounderstandthehistoryofpopulationtrends.
Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Looking
backatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory,wefindthat
populationshavebeenvirtuallystableorgrowingvery
slightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,
lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Therewashigh
fertilityinmostplaces,butthiswasusuallybalancedbyhigh
mortality.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecase
thatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whileinfancy
andchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societies
wereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescould
exceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblem
throughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionof
thehumanrace.
Thispatternisimportanttonotice.Notonlydoesitput
thecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistorical
perspective,butitsuggeststhatthecauseofrapidincrease
inpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmfor
morechildren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthat
traditionallyhavecausedhighmortality.
Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods:
atimeoflong,slowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout8000B.C.
tillapproximately1650A.D.Inthefirstperiodofsome9,600
years,thepopulationincreasedfromsome8millionto500
millionin1650.Between1650and1975,thepopulationhas
increasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Andthe
populationreached6.2billionthroughouttheworldbytheyear
2000.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifferenceinsuch
abstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthat
ismoremanageable.Between8000B.C.and1650,anaverageof
only50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld's
population.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.
Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.
57.Theword"demographic"(Line4,Para.1)means
[A]statisticsofhuman
[B]surroundingsstudy
[C]accumulationofhuman
[D]developmentofhuman
58.Whichofthefollowingdemographicgrowthpatternsis
mostsuitableforthelongthinpowderfuseanalogy?
[A]Avirtuallystableorslightlydecreasingperiodand
thenasuddenexplosionofpopulation.
[B]Aslowgrowthforalongtimeandthenaperiodofrapid,
dramaticincrease.
[C]Toomanypeopleonearthandafewrapidincreasein
thenumberaddedeachyear.
[D]Alongperiodwhendeathratesexceedbirthratesand
thenashortperiodwithhigherfertilityandlowermortality.
59.Duringthefirstperiodofdemographichistory,
societieswereoftenindangerofextinction
because.
[A]onlyoneintenpersonscouldlivepast40
[B]therewashighermortalitythanfertilityinmost
places
[C]itwastoodangeroustohavebabiesduetothepoor
conditions
[D]ourancestorshadlittleenthusiasmformorechildren
60.WhichstatementisTRUEaboutpopulationincrease?
[A]Theremightbeanincreaseof2.2billionpersonsfrom
1975totheyear2000.
[B]About50,000babiesarebornannuallyatpresent.
[C]Between8000B.C.andthepresent,thepopulation
increaseisabout80,000,000persons
eachyear.
[D]Thepopulationincreasedfasterbetween8000B.C.and
1650thanbetween1650andthe
present.
61.Theauthorofthepassageintendsto.
[A]warnpeopleagainstthepopulationexplosioninthe
nearfuture
[B]comparethedemographicgrowthpatterninthepastwith
thatafter1650
[C]findoutthecauseforrapidincreaseinpopulation
inrecentyears
[D]presentusaclearandcompletepictureofthe
demographicgrowth
PartVErrorCorrection(15minutes)
Directions:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthis
passage,therearealtogether10mistakes,oneineachnumbered
line.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addawordordeletea
word.Markoutthemistakesandputthecorrectionsinthe
blanksprovided.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitoutandwrite
thecorrectwordinthecorre
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