版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
1
WORKING
PAPER
DIFFUSIONOFDIGITAL
PAYMENTSININDIA-
INSIGHTSBASEDON
DATAFROMPHONEPE
PULSE
MARCH2024
Abstract
Digitalisationofpaymentsisaglobaltrend,withtheCOVID-19pandemichavingtriggeredacceleratedadoption.WhileIndiahasbeenattheforefrontofthistransition,thereislittleunderstandingofhowtheUnifiedPaymentsInterface(UPI),India’sreal-timedigitalpaymentsystem,hasdiffusedandtheextentofitsinclusivescalingwithinthecountry.ThepaperreliesonstateanddistrictleveldatafromPhonePe,thelargestdigitalpaymentsplatforminIndia,tobetterunderstandtheheterogeneityinpatternsofdiffusionacrossstatesanddistrictsofIndia.Datafromvariousothersourcesareusedtoexaminehowsocio-economicfactorscorrelatewithdiffusion.
Theinitialperiodsbeginning2018aremarkedwithafewearly-adopterdistrictsthathavehighlevelsofuserpenetration.TheCOVID-19pandemicappearstohavecatalysedlarge-scaleadoptionthatresultedinlowervariationinuserpenetrationacrossdistrictsandstates.Regionsthatstartedoffwell,continuetolead,withlittlereorderingintherankingofdistrictorstates.Foraspirationaldistrictsuserpenetrationcontinuestoremainrelativelylower.Findingsfromcross-sectionalregressionssuggestthatsocio-economicindicatorssuchascertainlevelsofincome,poverty,education,digitalliteracy,andfinancialaccessarenecessarybutnotsufficientforwidespreadadoption.Policyeffortsthereforerequireadeeperunderstandingofthecostsandbenefitsofdigitalpaymentstodifferentusers,andamulti-prongedapproachtopromoteitsadoptioninwaythatisbeneficial.
Keywords:DigitalPayments,FinancialInclusion,FinancialInstitutionsandServices
JELclassification:G20,O16,O13
Authors’email:mkedia@icrier.res.in;areddy@icrier.res.in;sshukla@icrier.res.in
Acknowledgement
WearegratefultoPhonePeforsupportingtheuseoftheirdataforthispaperandforclarifyingallourquestionsrelatingtotheavailableindicators.WearegratefultoDeepakMishra,ArpitaMukherjee,ManishGoel,HavishayePuri,SaptorshiGupta,andotherresearchstaffatICRIERfortheirfeedbackonthereport.WewouldalsoliketothankNishantChadha,RohitPrasadandDileepKumarfortheirdetailedreviewofthepaperandtheircommentsthatsignificantlyhelpedimproveanearlierdraftofthepaper.Allerrorsremainourown.
Disclaimer:Opinionsandrecommendationsinthereportareexclusivelyoftheauthor(s)andnotofanyotherindividualorinstitution.Thispolicybriefhasbeenpreparedingoodfaithonthebasisofinformationavailableonthedateofpublication.Allinteractionsandtransactionswithsponsorsandtheirrepresentativeshavebeentransparentandconductedinanopen,honestandindependentmanner.
CONTENTS
1.TheGlobalSurgeinUseofDigitalPayments
1
2.DataandMethodology
4
3.StylisedFactsonDiffusionofDigitalPayments
3
4.AreStatesandDistrictsConverginginAdoptionofUPI?
4
5.Socio-economicfactorsdrivingUPIdiffusion
13
6.Conclusion
21
Keypolicytakeaways
21
References
23
Appendices
26
ListofTables
Table1:DataSourcesotherthanPhonePePulse
6
Table2:Understandingσ(sigma)andγ(gamma)convergence
10
ListofFigures
Figure1:GrowthinNumberofUniqueUPIusers
2
Figure2:UPIvis-a-visdigitalpayments
3
Figure3:GrowthinUPITransactions
7
Figure4:TransactionVolumeandValueforPhonePehavebeengrowingatasteeperratethan
registeredusers
7
Figure5:Stateswithhighinitialvaluetendtoremainontop
8
Figure6:Userpenetrationandeconomicprosperity
9
Figure7:AspirationaldistrictscontinuetolagbehindinUPIadoption
10
Figure8:Convergenceanalysisatthestate-level
11
Figure9:Convergenceanalysisatthedistrictlevel
12
Figure10:Convergenceanalysisforaspirationaldistricts
12
Figure11:RegressionResultsforUserPenetration(2022Q4)
14
Figure12:Socio-economicconditionsthatmaybenecessarybutarenotsufficientfor
diffusion(DistrictlevelscatterplotsofPhonePeUserPenetrationandsocio-economic
factors-2022Q4)
15
Figure13:ComparisonofRegressionResultsforVariousSocio-EconomicIndicators(2022Q4)17
Figure14:ComparisonofRegressionResultsforVariousMeasuresofAdoption(2022Q4)--18
Figure15:ComparisonofRegressionResultsOverTime(2022Q4vs.2018Q4)19
Figure16:ComparisonofScatterplotsovertime(2022Q4vs.2018Q4)20
DiffusionofDigitalPaymentsinIndia-InsightsbasedondatafromPhonePePulse
AartiReddy,MansiKediaandSanjanaShukla
1.TheGlobalSurgeinUseofDigitalPayments
Digitalisationofpaymentsisaglobaltrend.AccordingtotheWorldBank’sFindex,theshareofadultsmakingorreceivingdigitalpaymentsindevelopingcountriesincreasedfrom35percentin2014to57percentin20211.TheCOVID-19pandemicwasoneofthekeydriversofaccelerateddigitaladoption.However,theBankforInternationalSettlements(BIS)statedinitsrecentpublicationthatdespitestronggrowthinthevolumeandvalueofreal-timedigitalpayments,theyhavenotreplacedcash2.
Shiftingpaymentsfromcashtodigital,hasthepotentialtolowerthecostsoftransactions,andimprovetransparency,traceability,security,andfinancialinclusion.Digitalpaymentsareparticularlyhelpfulinenablingtransactionsincontextslikethepandemicwhenlimitingphysicalinteractionwasessential.Theyhavealsotransformedthenatureoftransactionsbetweenbuyersandsellers,andthedisbursementofwages,welfarepayments,pensions,andsocialprotectionbenefits.Theyhavealsoresultedinhighercostefficienciesforthebankingsector3.Inthelongrun,infrastructurefordigitalpaymentscanalsofacilitatedigitalprovisioningofotherimportantservicessuchascredit,savings,remittances,andinsurance,whichareimportantattributesofthequalityoffinancialinclusion4.
Ontheflipside,digitalpaymentscomewith
theriskofsecuritybreachesandlossofprivacy,
uncertaintydrivenbynetworkfailuresand
technicalglitches,andtherefore,canpotentially
deepenfinancialdivides.Inadequatefocuson
theseaspectscanlowerbenefitsfortheecosystem
andresultincounterproductiveoutcomes.
FastPaymentsSystemsaredrivingthegrowth
ofdigitalpaymentsacrosstheworld.Theseare
systemsinwhichthetransmissionofthepayment
messagesandavailabilityoffinalfundstothe
payeeoccurinrealtimeornear-realtime,andas
nearto24hoursaday,sevendaysaweek(24/7).
Thetechnologyunderlyingmanyfastsystems
enablenewandinnovativefunctionalitiesforend
userswhichhavebeenkeyindrivingtheirrapid
adoption5.ManyCentralBankshaveinvestedina
fastpaymentssystemthatisintegratedwiththeir
nationalpaymentssystem.ThisincludesIndia’s
ImmediatePaymentService(IMPS),China’s
InternetBankingPaymentSystem(IBPS),and
Singapore’sFastandSecureTransfers(FAST).
Overaperiodoftime,countrieshavebuilt
interoperablepaymentnetworksatopthesefast
(real-time)paymentnetworkstoalsofacilitate
retaildigitalpayments.Thesearenowcommonly
referredtoasDigitalPublicInfrastructurefor
Payments6.ExamplesincludeIndia’sUnified
PaymentsInterface(UPI),Thailand’sPromptPay,
Brazil’sPiX,Philippine’s’Instapay,andSingapore’s
PayNow.
1
/en/publication/globalfindex/Report
2
/statistics/payment
_stats/commentary2301.htm.
3Saroyetal.(2023)
4
/profile/Rajesh-Kumar-122/publication/333369877
_DIGITAL_FINANCIAL_SERVICES_IN_INDIA_AN_ANALYSIS_OF_TRENDS_IN_DIGITAL_PAYMENT/links/5eb654fca6fdcc1f1dcafcd8/DIGITAL-FINANCIAL-SERVICES-IN-INDIA-AN-ANALYSIS-OF-TRENDS-IN-DIGITAL-PAYMENT.pdf
5
/cpmi/publ/d154.pdf
;
/sites/default/files/2021-11/Fast%20Payment%20Flagship
_Final_Nov%201.pdf
6
/pdf/State
ofIndia_Digital_Economy_Report_2023.pdf;
/curated/en/099755004072288910/pdf/
P1715920edb5990d60b83e037f756213782.pdf
1
Indiaisattheforefrontofthistransformation,withthehighestvolumeofdigitalpaymentsintheworld.Over45%ofallglobalreal-timedigitaltransactionsarenowinIndia(ACI,2023).TheUnifiedPaymentsInterface(UPI),introducedbytheNationalPaymentsCorporationofIndia(NPCI)in2016,isamongthefundamentaldriversofthisgrowth.UPIhasseenrapidgrowthfromapproximately3croreuniquecustomersin2017
toover33croresaccordingtothelatestreported
data–whichamountstoapproximately24%of
theIndianpopulation(Figure1).Startingwith
only21banksin2016,ithasnowexpandedto
includeover550banksand22thirdpartyapps7.
TheUPInetworkiscurrentlydrivenbynon-bank
digitalpaymentcompanies,whichaccountfor
morethan80percentoftransactions8.
Figure1:GrowthinNumberofUniqueUPIusers
35
25
15
10
5
0
35
8
3
Mar2017Mar2018Mar2019Mar2020Mar2021Mar2022Mar2023
Source:RiseofNewEraofDigitalPaymentsReport(MinistryofI&B)and
.in/FeaturesDeatils
.aspx?NoteId=151350&ModuleId%20=%202
UPIisasubsetofdigitalpaymentsthatincludesotherretailinstrumentssuchascards,banktransfers,andmobilemoney.WhileUPItransactionscomprisedonly3%ofthevalueofdigitalpaymentsin2020-21,itaccountedformorethanhalfthenumberoftransactions(Figure2)9.Itenablesthedigitalprocessingofsmallvalue
transactionswithoutincurringthehighcostsof
alternativemethodssuchasdebitcardsandbank
transfers.Criticsoftenpointtowardsthisasa
negative–i.e.,overloadinganetworkwithtoo
manylowticket-sizedtransactions,thatcould
havebeenclearedincashatalowercosttothe
network.
7
.in/what-we-do/upi/product-statistics
;
/features/record-breaking-numbers-upi-2022-hint-india-maturing-digital
-payments-ecosystem/
8UPIEcosystemStatistics(June2022),NPCI.
.in/what-we-do/upi/upi-ecosystem-statistics
9MinistryofInformationandBroadcasting,GovernmentofIndia(2022).RiseofaNewEraofDigitalPayments.RetrievedonFebruary10,2023fromhttps://.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/nov/doc20221116125801.pdf
2
Figure2:UPIvis-a-visdigitalpayments
Figure2a:Valueoftransactions
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
2017-182018-192019-202020-212021-22
Figure2b:Numberoftransactions
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
2017-182018-192019-202020-212021-22
Source:PIB(fromRBI,NPCIandBanks)NCPIandPhonePePulse.
AnumberofstudieshavedocumentedtherapidadoptionofdigitalpaymentsinIndiaandacrosstheworld,thoughfewfocusonhowitwasdistributedandhowinclusiveitis.
Moststudiesexaminetheadoptionofdigital
paymentsduringandafterthedemonetisation
of2016andtheCOVID-19pandemic(Singhet
al.,2022;Kumaretal.,2019;Bhasinetal.,2018).
Chodorow-Reichetal.(2020)foundthatdistricts
experiencingmoreseveredemonetizationwere
10
.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897272
3
alsooneswithreducedeconomicactivityandlowerbankcreditgrowth,butrelativelyfasteradoptionofalternativepaymenttechnologies.Lahiri(2020)foundthatareasthatwereinformalandnotveryintegratedwiththeformalfinancialnetworkwereunlikelytoadoptdigitizationinresponsetoashocklikedemonetization,suggestinganon-inclusivepatternofadoption.Whilethefindingsregardingtheeffectofdemonetizationonadoptionhasbeenmixed,studieshavefoundthatthepandemicgenerallyacceleratedadoption.ThelackofempiricalworkispartlybecausedatareportedbyNPCIonUPIisfortransactions(byvolume,value,entity)andnotadequatelyavailableforusers.WhileUPIhasreportedlygainedtractioninTier2and3cities11,thepoorerarefoundtobelesslikelytouseitthanthericher.AsurveybyNPCIfindsthatthebottom40percentofthepopulationishalfaslikelyasthetop20percenttousedigitalpayments12.Low-incomehouseholdsthatdousedigitalpayments,however,aremorelikelytouseappssuchasPaytmandPhonePethancreditcards,debitcards,andbankapps,comparedtohigherincomehouseholds.A2022OxfamreportbasedonCMIEdata,reportsamuchwidergap-withtherichest60percentbeingfourtimesmorelikelytomakeadigitalpaymentthanthepoorest40percent13.
Asystematicandmacrounderstandingofthepatternsofdiffusionatthesub-nationallevelismissing.Whilepromotingdigitaltransactionsisnotagoalinitself,itspotentialbenefitshavemadeitanintermediateindicatorofinterest.Further,understandingitsdiffusionpatternsisessentialtopreventexclusionofmarginalizedgroupsasdigitalpaymentsbecomethenormandstartreplacingnon-digitalalternatives.This
paperpresentsananalysisofUPIdiffusionin
Indiawiththepurposeofunderstandinghow
inclusiveithasbeen.Thenextsectiondescribes
thedatausedandthemethodologyforthe
overallanalysis.SectionIIIpresentadescriptive
analysisoftrendsovertime,andacrossstates
anddistricts.Thisisfollowedbyaconvergence
analysisofdiffusionusingthesigmameasureof
dispersionandthegammameasureofranking
inSectionIV.SectionVdiscussestheresultsof
cross-sectionalregressionsthatexplaindriversof
digitalpaymentsinIndiaandsomereasonsfor
non-inclusivediffusion.SectionVIconcludes.
pushtowardsdigitalizationhasledtoadramatic
riseininternetpenetrationinIndia.
2.DataandMethodology
ThepaperreliesondatafromPhonePe,thelargest
digitalpaymentsplatforminIndia,withalmost
50percentmarketshareintermsofvolume
andvalueoftransactions(Figure17,Appendix
1).Thedatacoversadoptionbyindividualas
wellasmerchantusers.Itprovidesnumberof
users,numberofappopens,volume(numberof
transactions),andvalueoftransactionsforeach
quarterbetweenthefirstquarterof2018andthe
fourthquarterof2022.
Thenumberofusersrefersto‘registeredusers’,
definedasuniquemobilephonenumbersthat
havedownloadedthePhonePeappandaccepted
theTermsandConditionsdisplayedduringthe
onboardingprocess.Whilethisisameasureof
adoption,itdoesnotimplyactiveusageoftheapp.
Thenumberoftransactionsperpersonprovides
abettermeasureofactiveusage.Inthepaperwe
assessdiffusionusingfourdifferentindicators
1)userpenetration(numberofregisteredusers
11BCGandPhonePePulse(2022).DigitalPaymentsinIndia:AUS$10TrillionOpportunity.RetrievedonFebruary10,2023from
/pulse
-static-api/v1/static/docs/PhonePe_Pulse_BCG_report.pdf
12NPCI(2020).DigitalPaymentsAdoptioninIndia.RetrievedonJanurary262023from:
.in/PDF/npci/knowledge-center/Digital-Payment
-Adoption-in-India-2020.pdf
13Oxfam(2022).IndiaInequalityReport2022:DigitalDivide.RetrievedonJanuary262023from:
https://www.oxfamindia.org/knowledgehub/workingpaper/
india-inequality-report-2022-digital-divide
4
percapita)2)averagenumberoftransactionspercapita3)averagevalueoftransactionspercapitaand4)ticketsize(averagevalueofeachtransaction).Whilethevalueoftransactionspercapitaandticketsizearenotnecessarilymeasuresofhowactivelydigitalpaymentsarebeingused,however,theycanbeinformativeinunderstandingthetypesoftransactionsasystemlikethisisfacilitating,anditsimpactsonefficiencyandoveralleconomicactivity.Dataontheactualdistributionoftransactionvaluesand
socio-economicindicatorsratherthanaverageswouldprovidemoreinsightsonhowdifferentgroupsofthepopulationareleveragingdigitalpayments.
AccordingtoNPCIthelatestreportednumberofuniqueUPIuserswasover33croresinMarch202314whilePhonePereportedover49.14croreregisteredusersinSeptember202315.ThecorrespondingnumberforMarch2023is45.38crore.MostUPIusershaveaccountsonmultiplepaymentapps,sothenumberofactivePhonePeuserswouldlikelybeclosetotheNPCIestimateofactiveUPIuserseventhoughPhonePe’smarketshareintermsofvolumeandvalueisabout50%.WhiletheNPCIestimateservesasabenchmark,theirnumbersarealsoestimatesandaresubjecttosomedegreeofuncertainty.TheremayalsobedifferencesinhowusersaredefinedbyUPIandPhonePe,givingrisetodifferentestimates.GiventhescaleofPhonePe’snetwork,wepresentourfindingsassumingthattrendsforPhonePeadoptionarerepresentativeoftrendsinUPIasawhole.Theremay,however,beuniqueusersforotherpaymentappssuchasPaytmorBHIM,thatcanlimitthegeneralizabilityofthesefindings,
especiallyintheearlyyearsofourdataset(the
marketshareofPhonePewas~30%in2018-
19–seeAppendix1).Butwedon’texpectitto
systematicallyaffectthebroaderfindings.
Theanalysishasbeencarriedoutbothatthe
stateanddistrictlevels.Table1showsthe
othersourcesofdatausedtoexaminehow
regional,demographic,andsocio-economic
factorscorrelatewithadoption.Indicatorsused
includepopulation,income,wealth,poverty
rate,literacyrate,accesstomobilephonesand
theinternet,digitalliteracy,andmeasuresof
financialinclusion.Densityofbankbranchesis
usedasaproxytoexaminehowphysicalfinancial
infrastructuremediatestheadoptionofdigital
payments(especiallyconsequentialinrural
areas),andwhetherdigitalpaymentappssaw
greateruptakeinareasthatwerehardtoreach
forthetraditionalbankingsystem.Whiledata
onsmartphoneownershipwasnotavailable,itis
expectedtobeanimportantpredictor.TableA1,
Appendix2providesdescriptivestatisticsforthe
variablesused.
Inordertocompareindicatorslikethenumber
ofregisteredusers,numberoftransactions,and
transactionamount,wenormalisethedataby
population.Whereunavailable,thepopulation
dataislinearlyinterpolatedtoobtainquarterly
data.Atthestatelevel,thepopulationdatais
sourcedfromtheMinistryofFamilyHealthand
Welfare’s2019projectionsfortheyears2018to
2022.Atthedistrictlevel,weusethepopulation
projectionsbytheUSCensusBureautill2019
andextrapolatefor2021and2022.
14doc20221116125801.pdf(.in)
15
/pulse/explore/user/2022/3/
5
Table1:DataSourcesotherthanPhonePePulse
Indicator
statelevel
Districtlevel
population
AnnualprojectionsbyMOHFW(2019)basedon
20llcensus
Annualuscensusprojectionsbasedon2011
censusExtrapolatedbyauthorsofthispaper
for2021and2022
Income
NetstateDomesticproduct(NSDP)(2018,2022)
(at2011-12constantprices)(RBI)
GDpcomposition
sectoralsharesofgrovalueadded(2018,2022)
(RBIHandbookofstatistics)
Internetpenetration
IndividualInternetpenetration(2020)(IMRB
kantar)
Householdinternetpenetration(2015-16)
(2019-21)(NFHS)
Educationand
Literacy
LiteracyRate(Age15-49)(2015-16)(2019-21)
(NFHS)16
LiteracyRate(Age15-49)(2015-16)(NFHS)
LiteracyRateandsecondaryEducationRate
(2020-21)(NSSMIS)
Digitalskills
percentofpopulationablebrowsetheinternet,to
sendemaiswithattachments(2020)(IMRB
kantar)
percentofpopulationabletosendemailswith
attachents(2020-21)(NSSMIS)
consumption
Meanhouseholdconsumptionexpenditureper
capita(2019)(AIDIS)
Meanhouseholdconsumptionexpenditureper
capita(2019AIDIS)(2014,NSSHCS)
wealth
wealthIndex(2015-16)(2019-21)(NFHS)
poverty
MultidimensionalpovertyHeadcountRatio
(NITIAayogbasedon201516NFHS)
MultidimensionalpovertyHeadcountRatio
(NITIAayogbasedon2015-16NFHS)
FinancialInclusion
percentofhouseholdswithbankaccount(2015-
16)(2019-21)(NFHS)
percentofhouseholdswithbankaccount
(2015-16)(2019-21)(NFHS)
Financial
Infrastructure
Numberofbankbranches(Garg&Gupta,2020)
(SHRUGdatabase)
Numberofbankbranches(GargGupta
2020)(SHRUGdatabase)
Note:NSSMIS:NationalSampleSurvey–MultipleIndicatorSurvey;NSSHCES:HouseholdConsumerExpenditure;NFHS:NationalFamilyHealthSurvey;AIDIS:AllIndiaDebt&InvestmentSurvey;MoHFW:MinistryofHealth&Family.
3.StylisedFactsonDiffusionofDigitalPayments
a.WhileUPIhasbeengainingtractionsincelate2018,theaccelerationfollowingthefirstCOVID-19lockdowninearly2020
isnoticeable.Bothtransactionvaluesand
transactionvolumeshaveincreasedsteadily
sinceApril2020(Figure3).Structuralbreak
testsidentifysignificantshiftsafterthefirst
andsecondlockdown(Appendix3).
16Overallliteracyratesforstatesarecalculatedastheweightedaverageofmaleandfemaleliteracyrates,usingmaleandfemalepopulationsharesasweightsrespectively.Maleandfemalepopulationaretakenfrom2019MoHFWCensuspopulationprojections.Forthedistrictlevel,overallliteracyratesarecalculatedasweightedaverageusingthesexratiooftheentirepopulationasprovidedbytheNHFS,downloadedfromHindustanTimes’Githubextract(
/
HindustanTimesLabs/nfhs-data).Boththeseweightedaveragesincuramarginoferrorduetoweightingbasedonmale-femaleratiosoftheentirepopulation,whiletheliteracyratesarebasedonpopulationaged15-49.
6
Figure3:GrowthinUPITransactions
8
6
4
2
0
zeroMDR1stlockdown2ndlockdown
NO.of
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Source:NPCI
b.ThegrowthforPhonePemirrorsthatofsetofusers(Figure4).Whilethenumber
UPI.Growthinusersisslowerthangrowthofuserstripledbetween2018and2022,the
invalueandvolumeoftransactions,implyingnumberandvalueoftransactionsincreased
anincreaseinintensityofusebytheexistingbymorethan8times.
Figure4:TransactionVolumeandValueforPhonePehavebeengrowingatasteeperratethanregisteredusers
Figure4a:valueofphonepeTransactionsFigure4b:NumberofphonepeTransactions
Figure4CNumberofRegisteredphonepeusers
Note:PhonePereportsthenumberof‘RegisteredUsers’,whichisthenumberofuniqueusers(identifiedbyuniquemobilephonenumber)whohavedownloadedthePhonePeappandacceptedtheTermsandConditionsdisplayedduringtheonboardingprocess.Onlyasubsetofthesewouldbeactiveusers.
7
c.Leadershippositionsacquiredbystatesfromthetimeoflaunch,haveremainedunchangedintheadoptionanduseofUPI.Amongthestates,DelhiandTelanganahavemaintainedtheirtoppositionsinuserpenetration,transactionspercapita,transactionsvalueperperson,fromthebeginningoftheassessmentperiod(Figure5b,5dand5f).Appendix4providesacomparisonofdiffusionatthestate-levelbetween2018and2022usingchoroplethmaps.Currentusageisalsoseentobeconcentratedinthetopfewstates.Thetoptenstatesaccountedfor80%oftotalnumberoftransactions,andthetopfivestatesaccountedfor62%,whileconstitutingonly64%and29%
ofthepopulationrespectively.Thedistribution
forvalueoftransactionsandnumberofusers
isslightlylessconcentrated–inQ42022,the
toptenstatesaccountedfor78%oftransaction
valueandthetopfivestatesaccountedfor
60%,whileconstitutingonly67%and40%
ofthetotalpopulationrespectively.For
registeredusers,thetoptenstatesaccounted
for72%andthetopfivestatesaccountedfor
44%,whileconstituting68%and41%ofthe
totalpopulationrespectively.TheNortheast
regionasawholehasthepoorestoutcomes
fordiffusion,withArunachalPradeshshowing
somesignsofcatchup.
Figure5:Stateswithhighinitialvaluetendtoremainontop
Figure5a:NumberofRegisteredusersFigure5b:Registereduserpenetration
Figure5c:NumberofTransactionsFigure5dTransactionspercapita
Figure5e:TransactionAmountFigure5f:TransactionAmountperperson
Source:PhonePePulseandpopulationprojectionsfromMinistryofFamilyHealthandWelfare.
8
d.Whileeconomicprosperitymatters,itdoesnotfullyexplaindiffusion.Notallstateswithhighaverageincomepercapita,andnotalldistrictswithhighaveragehouseholdwealthindex,havehighPhonePeuserpenetration(Figure6).Whilethereisageneraltendencyforstateswithlowerincomepercapitaanddistrictsonthelowerendofthewealthindex
tohaveloweruserpenetration,beyonda
threshold-levelofincome,penetrationrates
differdespitesimilarlevelsofaverageincome/
wealth.InFigure6b,thelowest10districts
withrespecttowealthindexhaveamore
uniformdistributionofuserpenetrationas
comparedtothetopdistricts.
Figure6:Userpenetrationandeconomicprosperity
Figure6a:userpenetrationandincomepercapitabystate
Note:orderedfromlefttorightindecreasingorderofaverageincomepercapita
Figure6b:userpenetationoftopandbottomdistrictsbywealthindex
Note:orderedfromlefttorightindecreasingorderofwealthindex
Source:PhonePePulse(2022),NFHS(2019-2021)andNSSAIDIS(2019)
e.Aspirationaldistricts,asidentifiedbythegovernment’sprogramof2018,lagbehindotherdistrictsindiffusion17.Aspirationaldistrictsstartedoffslowandcontinuetolagbehindnon-aspirationaldistrictsbothinpercentageofregisteredusersaswellasaveragenumberoftransactionspercapita.Non-aspirationaldistrictshadrecordedover
1.6timesthenumberofusersandoverdouble
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 2024年店面转让合同参考范文(四篇)
- 2024年个人简单借款合同常用版(二篇)
- 2024年物业管理装修协议参考样本(二篇)
- 2024年管理信托财产协议范本(二篇)
- 2024年婚前房产协议参考样本(2篇)
- 2024年公司合伙合同标准范本(2篇)
- 2024年快递合作协议常用版(二篇)
- 2024年销售合同范例(2篇)
- 2024年二手摩托买卖合同电子版(二篇)
- module-6-商务英语中级
- 钢塑、衬塑管道安装施工方案(完整版)
- 汽车零件名称中英文对照讲解
- (完整版)房屋提前还贷授权委托书
- 防雷检测考试题库 防雷专业资格考试题库
- 深口袋理论毕业论文
- 道路改造项目中碎石运输的设计
- 新员工应聘登记表2
- 6大洁王(喷枪水
- 跌倒-坠床不良事件鱼骨图分析;
- 有限空间台账.docx
- 压力蒸汽灭菌效果监测杨彬.ppt
评论
0/150
提交评论