版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
2023
ISSN1831-9424
CLEANENERGYTECHNOLOGY
OBSERVATORY
SmartgridsintheEuropeanUnion
STATUSREPORTONTECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT,TRENDS,VALUECHAINS&
MARKETS
EUR31673EN
ThispublicationisaTechnicalreportbytheJointResearchCentre(JRC),theEuropeanCommission’sscienceandknowledgeservice.Itaimstoprovideevidence-basedscientificsupporttotheEuropeanpolicymakingprocess.ThecontentsofthispublicationdonotnecessarilyreflectthepositionoropinionoftheEuropeanCommission.NeithertheEuropeanCommissionnoranypersonactingonbehalfoftheCommissionisresponsiblefortheusethatmightbemadeofthispublication.ForinformationonthemethodologyandqualityunderlyingthedatausedinthispublicationforwhichthesourceisneitherEurostatnorotherCommissionservices,usersshouldcontactthereferencedsource.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialonthemapsdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheEuropeanUnionconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.
Contactinformation
Name:AntonioDePaola
Address:ViaEnricoFermi,2749
Email:antonio.de-paola@ec.europa.eu
EUScienceHub
https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu
JRC134988
EUR31673EN
PDFISBN978-92-68-07825-9ISSN1831-9424
doi:10.2760/237911
KJ-NA-31-673-EN-N
Luxembourg:PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion,2023
©EuropeanUnion,2023
ThereusepolicyoftheEuropeanCommissiondocumentsisimplementedbytheCommissionDecision2011/833/EUof12December2011onthereuseofCommissiondocuments(OJL330,14.12.2011,p.39).Unlessotherwisenoted,thereuseofthisdocumentisauthorisedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International(CCBY4.0)licence
(/licenses/by/4.0/)
.Thismeansthatreuseisallowedprovidedappropriatecreditisgivenandanychangesareindicated.
ForanyuseorreproductionofphotosorothermaterialthatisnotownedbytheEuropeanUnion/EuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity,permissionmustbesoughtdirectlyfromthecopyrightholders.TheEuropeanUniondoesnotownthecopyrightinrelationtothefollowingelements:
-Coverpageillustration:infraFotolia_65145278
-Anyotherimagessoindicatedinthebodyofthedocument
Howtocitethisreport:DePaola,A.,Andreadou,N.,Kotsakis,E.,CleanEnergyTechnologyObservatory:SmartGridsintheEuropeanUnion-2023StatusReportonTechnologyDevelopment,Trends,ValueChainsandMarkets,PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion,Luxembourg,2023,doi:10.2760/237911,JRC134988.
i
Contents
Abstract 1
ForewordontheCleanEnergyTechnologyObservatory 2
Acknowledgements 3
ExecutiveSummary 4
1Introduction 6
1.1Scopeandcontext 6
1.1.1High-VoltageDirect-Current(HVDC)Technologies 6
1.1.2SmartMeteringInfrastructure 6
1.2MethodologyandDataSources 6
2High-VoltageDirect-Current(HVDC)Technology 7
2.1Technologydevelopmentandtrends 7
2.1.1TechnologyReadinesslevels 7
2.1.2Installedcapacityandproduction 8
2.1.3Technologycosts 10
2.1.4Patentingtrends 11
2.1.5PublicfundingandimpactofEU-supportedresearch 12
2.2ValueChainAnalysis 12
2.3EUMarketPositionandGlobalCompetiveness 13
2.3.1Global&EUmarketleaders 13
2.3.2Marketvalue 14
3.AdvancedMeteringInfrastructure 15
3.1Technologydevelopmentandtrends 16
3.2Valuechainanalysis 18
3.3Globalcompetiveness 24
3.3.1SmartMeterMarketLeaders 25
4.Conclusions 27
References 28
Listofabbreviationsanddefinitions 30
Listoffigures 31
Listoftables 32
Annexes 33
Annex1SummaryTableofDataSourcesfortheCETOIndicators 34
1
Abstract
ThisdocumentprovidesanoverviewofthelatesttechnologicalandmarkettrendsonthetopicofSmartGridsintheEuropeanUnion.Giventhebroadscopeofthetopicandthecomprehensiveapproachfollowedinthelastyearreport,theanalysishasfocusedinsteadontwospecificenablingtechnologieswhichhaveexhibitedsignificantdevelopmentsinthelastyear:HighVoltageDirect-Current(HVDC)connectionsandSmartMeteringInfrastructure.ThechoiceofanalysingHVDCrecognizesthefundamentalrolethatthenetworkinfrastructurewillplayinthesmoothintegrationofnewrenewablesourcesandinthesupporttoanefficientoperationofadecarbonizedgrid,whereasthefocusonSmartMeteringInfrastructureismeanttohighlightitsrelevanceintheupgradeoftheenergygrid,withnumeroussmartmeterrolloutplansworldwide.Foreachofthesetwotopics,thecurrentstatusisreportedintermsoftechnologydevelopmentsandtrends,valuechainanalysisandglobalcompetitiveness.
2
ForewordontheCleanEnergyTechnologyObservatory
TheEuropeanCommissionsetuptheCleanEnergyTechnologyObservatory(CETO)in2022tohelpaddressthecomplexityandmulti-facedcharacterofthetransitiontoaclimate-neutralsocietyinEurope.TheEU’sambitiousenergyandclimatepoliciescreateanecessitytotackletherelatedchallengesinacomprehensivemanner,recognizingtheimportantroleforadvancedtechnologiesandinnovationintheprocess.
CETOisajointinitiativeoftheEuropeanCommissionJointResearchCentre(JRC),whoruntheobservatory,andDirectorateGeneralsResearchandInnovation(R&I)andEnergy(ENER)onthepolicyside.Itsoverallobjectivesareto:
-monitortheEUresearchandinnovationactivitiesoncleanenergytechnologiesneededforthedeliveryoftheEuropeanGreenDeal
-assessthecompetitivenessoftheEUcleanenergysectoranditspositioningintheglobalenergymarket
-buildonexistingCommissionstudies,relevantinformation&knowledgeinCommissionservicesandagencies,andtheLowCarbonEnergyObservatory(2015-2020)
-publishreportsontheStrategicEnergyTechnologyPlan
(SET-Plan)
SETISonlineplatform
CETOprovidesarepositoryoftechno-andsocio-economicdataonthemostrelevanttechnologiesandtheirintegrationintheenergysystem.Ittargetsinparticularthestatusandoutlookforinnovativesolutionsaswellasthesustainablemarketuptakeofbothmatureandinventivetechnologies.TheprojectservesasprimarysourceofdatafortheCommission’sannualprogressreportson
competitivenessofcleanenergytechnologies.
ItalsosupportstheimplementationofanddevelopmentofEUresearchandinnovationpolicy.
Theobservatoryproducesaseriesofannualreportsaddressingthefollowingthemes:
-CleanEnergyTechnologyStatus,ValueChainsandMarket:coveringadvancedbiofuels,batteries,bioenergy,carboncaptureutilisationandstorage,concentratedsolarpowerandheat,geothermalheatandpower,heatpumps,hydropower&pumpedhydropowerstorage,novelelectricityandheatstoragetechnologies,oceanenergy,photovoltaics,renewablefuelsofnon-biologicalorigin(other),renewablehydrogen,solarfuels(direct)andwind(offshoreandonshore).
-CleanEnergyTechnologySystemIntegration:building-relatedtechnologies,digitalinfrastructureforsmartenergysystem,industrialanddistrictheat&coldmanagement,standalonesystems,transmissionanddistributiontechnologies,smartcitiesandinnovativeenergycarriersandsupplyfortransport.
-ForesightAnalysisforFutureCleanEnergyTechnologiesusingWeakSignalAnalysis
-CleanEnergyOutlooks:AnalysisandCriticalReview
-SystemModellingforCleanEnergyTechnologyScenarios
-OverallStrategicAnalysisofCleanEnergyTechnologySectorMoredetailsareavailableonthe
CETOwebpages
3
Acknowledgements
Theauthorsareparticularlygratefulforthecommentsreceivedfromthefollowingcolleagues:JRC.C.7ERICteamcolleagueAlikiGeorgakaki
GiuliaSERRA(ENER),PeterHorvath(ENER),PabloRiesgoAbeledo(ENER)fortheirreviewandcomments.
JRCcolleaguesNigelTAYLOR(CETOprojectleader)andAndreasSCHMITZ(CETOdeputyprojectleader)fortheirsupport,reviewandcomments.
Theauthorswouldalsoliketothanktheexternalstakeholdersthathavecontributedwithinterestingdiscussionsandinformativedocumentationtothepresentreport:VolkerWendtandAlbertoLampasona(Europacable),BernarddeClercqandHaraldVanOutryved’Ydewalle(EliaGroup)andDiederikPeereboom(T&DEurope).
Authors
DePaola,A.,Andreadou,N.,Kotsakis,E.
4
ExecutiveSummary
ThisreportaimstoprovideanupdatedoverviewofthelatesttrendsanddevelopmentsintheSmartGridsector.Giventheverybroadscopeofthesubjectandconsideringthecomprehensiveapproachfollowedinthe2022report(EuropeanCommission,2022),thisdocumentfocusesinsteadontwospecifictopicsthatexhibitedverysignificantdevelopmentsinthelastyear:High-VoltageDirect-Current(HVDC)technologyandSmartMeteringInfrastructure.
High-VoltageDirect-Current(HVDC)systems
HVDCsystemsareestablishingthemselvesasafundamentalenablingtechnologyforthedecarbonisationoftheenergysystem.ThankstotheirincreasedcapacityandlowerlossesoverlongdistanceswithrespecttotheirACequivalents,theycanefficientlystrengthentheinterconnectivityoftheenergysystembylinkingdistantpowernetworkswithdifferentfrequenciesandfacilitatingtheinterconnectionoflargeoffshorewindplants.Theanalysishasshownthefollowing:
.HVDCisalreadyamatureandwell-establishedtechnologywithseveralsystemsalreadyproveninoperationalenvironments.However,therearestillsignificantmarginsfornewtechnologicaldevelopmentsandimprovements,particularlyinregardtoDC/DCbreakersanduseofCross-linkedPolyethylene(XLPE)cablesatveryhighvoltagelevels(525kVandabove).
.TheworldwideinstalledHVDCcapacityhastripledfrom2010,reachingatotallengthof100000kmandatotalcapacityof350GWattheendof2021.Asof2022,theHVDCcapacityinEuropeamountstoaround43GW,withadditional63GWcomingfrom51newprojects(mostlyintheplanningandpermittingstage.
.Fromapatentingperspective,themostactivecompaniesinthisfieldareChinese(StateGridCorporationofChinaandChinaSouthernPowerGrid).EuropeancompaniessuchasAlstom(France)andABB(Sweden-Switzerland)exhibitsmallerpatentingvolumesbuthighergeographicalreachandapplicationdiversity.
.TheEUisprovidingsubstantialfundingtoHVDC-relatedresearchactivities,with6fundingcallsandatotalbudgetof1300M€intheHorizonEuropeprogram.
.HVDCtransmissionprojectsaregenerallysuppliedseparatelyintheirmaincomponents,i.e.point-to-pointlinesandconverterstations.Currently,procurementleadtimesforcablesusuallyrangebetweentwoandfouryearswhilethetypicalleadtimeforHVDCconverterstationsisbetweentwoandthreeyears.However,leadtimesappeartobeincreasinginthelastperiod,mostlyduetoanincreasingworldwidedemandandextra-Europeancountriesthatareabletoplacebulkordersatcompetitivepricesandwithmorerelaxedstandards.OnepossiblesolutioncouldbeasimplificationanduniformimplementationintheMemberstatesoftheEUtenderinglaw.
.Intermsofsupplychains,themainEuropeanmanufacturersoftransformersareconsideredleadingglobalplayers.ThesameistruefortheEuropeancablemanufacturers,whoareexpectedtosatisfytheforecastdemandoverthenexttenyears.Theonlyrelevantconcernisassociatedwithhigh-powersemiconductors(akeycomponentofconvertervalves),whoseproductionisconcentratedinTaiwan.
.EstimationsonthevalueoftheglobalHVDCmarketat2021rangebetween9.48and16.96Bn$.Thefutureoutlookappearsquitepositive,withCompoundAnnualGrowthRate(CAGR)overthenext10yearsestimatedbetween7.1%and10.6%.
5
AdvancedMeteringInfrastructure
SmartmetersandingeneralAdvancedMeteringInfrastructureplayakeyroletothedigitalizationoftheenergygrid.Theyhavenumerousadvantagestoofferatmultipleactors,fromtheDSO/energyprovidertotheend-consumers.
Theadvantagesthatadvancedmeteringinfrastructureofferaresummarisedasfollowsbothfromanenergyproviderperspectiveandend-consumerperspective:
.Gridmonitoringandbettergridmanagement(outages,faultsinthenetwork);
.Enableinitiaveslikesmartcities,increaseusageofrenewableenergysources;
.Empowerconsumerstocontroltheirconsumptions;
.Enableenergysavinginacomprehensiveandeffectiveway;
.Enabletheparticipationinsmartenergyprograms,likedemandsideflexibilityprogram.
.Furthermore,associatedtoEVs(notably@Home/@workcharging),theyallowtwo-wayenergyanddataflows(V2G),significantlycontributingtopeak-shaving,thereforeimprovingtheoveralleconomiccompetitivenessofaregion(seeChinaandSouthKorearecentlylegislativeinitiativestogeneraliseV2GpluslinkswithAFIR,EPBD,SustainableTransportForuminitiative).
Advancemeteringinfrastructurehasattractedtheinterestofstakeholdersintheenergychainatgloballevel,withmassiverollout-plansongoingorscheduledaroundtheglobe.Duetothetechnology’simportance,itisconsideredfundamentaltomonitorthetechnologyreadinesslevel,thevaluechainandtheglobalmarketstatus.Forthisreason,theCleanenergyTechnologyObservatoryoffersmonitoringoftheAdvancedMeteringInfrastructuretechnology.Forthecurrentrelease,weprovideanupdateandacomparisonwithlastyear’sreport,showingthelatestimprovementsinthefieldtogetherwiththeoverallpicture.TherelatedthemeofcharginginfrastructureforEVshasnotbeenconsideredinthisdocument,asitisalreadyextensivelyanalysedinthelatestCINDECSreport(Kuokkanen,etal.,2023).
6
1Introduction
1.1Scopeandcontext
ThisdocumentaddressestheCleanEnergyTechnologyObservatorySub-TaskA.2andaimstoprovideanupdatedoverviewofthelatestdevelopmentsandtrendsintheSmartGridsector.Thereportreleasedlastyear(EuropeanCommission,2022)analysedfivedistincttopics:TransmissionNetworkInnovation,Grid-ScaleStorageServices,ElectricVehicleSmartCharging,AdvancedMeteringInfrastructureandHomeEnergyManagementSystems.Differentlyfromtheextensivescopeconsideredin(EuropeanCommission,2022),thepresentreportfocusesindetailontwospecificsectors(High-VoltageDirect-CurrentTechnologiesandSmartMeteringInfrastructure)thatexhibitedverysignificantdevelopmentsinthelastyear.Inregardtothesetwotopics,thereportpresentstheirmostrelevanttechnologicalstatusesandtrends,analisesthekeyfeaturesandmosttimelyissuesoftheirvaluechainsandassessesthemarketpositionandglobalcompetitevenessofEUcompanies.
1.1.1High-VoltageDirect-Current(HVDC)Technologies
Thechoiceofthisfirsttopicrecognizesthefundamentalrolethatthenetworkinfrastructurewillplayinthesmoothintegrationofnewrenewablesourcesandinthesupporttoanefficientoperationofadecarbonizedgrid.TheanalysisfollowsuponthegeneralTransmissionInnovationoverviewprovidedin(EuropeanCommission,2022)byfocusingonthespecifictopicofHigh-VoltageDCTransmission.ThescopeofthestudyincludesthemainphysicalassetsofHVDCsystems,i.e.transformers,HVDCconverters,DCcircuitbreakersandcables.Thestudydoesnotconsiderotheremergingtechnologiesinthetransmissionsectors,suchasFlexibleAlternatingCurrentsTransmissionSystems(FACTS),whichwillbethesubjectoffutureanalyses.
1.1.2SmartMeteringInfrastructure
ThechoiceofthistopicintendstoaddressmainadvancementsintheAdvancedMeteringInfrastructurefieldtogetherwithprovidingtheoverallpicture,notonlyatEuropeanlevel,butatgloballevel.Indeed,advancemeteringinfrastrureandinparticular,smartmeters,playakeyrolefortheupgradeoftheenergygrid,withnumeroussmartmeterrolloutplansworldwide.Thescopeofthisstudyistogiveanupdatewithrespecttolastyear’sstatusforsmartmeters,andinparticularfortheirtechnologyreadinesslevel,thevaluechainsandtheglobalmarketpicture.
1.2MethodologyandDataSources
ThereporthasbeenwrittenfollowingtheCETOmethodologythataddressesthreeprincipalaspects:
a)Technologymaturitystatus,developmentandtrends
b)Valuechainanalysis
c)GlobalmarketsandEUpositioning
Themainsourcesutilisedforthestudyinclude:
-Technicalreportsbypublicinstitutionsandprivateentities
-Scientificreviewpapersontechnologystate-ofthe-art
-ENTSO-Eenergyscenarios
-CORDISdatabaseforHorizon2020andHorizonEuroperesearchprojects
Additionalinformation,bothintheformofqualitativeassessmentsandquantitativedata,hasbeenobtainedthroughcontactswithexternalstakeholders,includingTSOentities(Elia,ENTSO-E),individualmanufacturers(Hitachi,GeneralElectric)andindustryassociations(T&DEurope,Europacable).
7
2High-VoltageDirect-Current(HVDC)Technology
High-VoltageDirectCurrent(HVDC)systemsareplayinganincreasinglysignificantroleinsupportingthedecarbonisationoftheenergysystem.Thankstotheirincreasedcapacityandlowerlossesoverlongdistances(see
Figure1)
withrespecttotheirACequivalents,theycanstrengthenefficientlytheinterconnectivityoftheenergysystembylinkingdistantpowernetworkswithdifferentfrequenciesandsignificantlyfacilitatingtheinterconnectionoflargeoffshorewindplants.
Figure1.ComparisonofenergylossesinACandDCoverheadlines.
Source:(ABB,2014)
Initsbasicstructure(see
Figure2)
,aHVDCsystemincludes:
-CircuitbreakersontheACside(considerablycheaperthanDCbreakers)
-HVDCconverters,includingAC/DCandDC/ACconvertersandequipmentforreactivepowersupportandfiltering.TheAC/DCandDC/ACconverterscangenerallyusetwodifferenttopologies:Line
CommutatedConverters(LCC),awell-establishedtechnologyrelyingonthyristors,andVoltageSourceConverters(VSC),whicharemorerecentandprovidegreatercontrollability
-HVDCconductors,whichcaneitherbeonshore(overheadorunderground)oroffshore(mainlysubmarinecables)
Figure2.GenericHVDCtransmissionprojectlayout.
Source:JRCre-elaborationoffigurein(Alassi,Bañales,Ellabban,Adam,&MacIver,2019)
2.1Technologydevelopmentandtrends
2.1.1TechnologyReadinesslevels
HVDCtransmissionhasnowadaysreachedasignificantlevelofmaturity.AsindicatedinthelatesttechnologyfactsheetsbyENTSO-E(ENTSO-E,2021),thebulkoftheHVDC-relatedtechnologieshavealreadybeenprovenintheoperationalenvironmentofactualsystem(TRL9).
8
Figure3.TechnologyReadinessLevel(TRL)ofprimaryenergytransmissiontechnologies(HVDCcomponentshighlightedinyellow).
Source:(ENTSO-E,2021)
Forexample,LineCommutatedConverters(LCC)areawell-establishedtechnologythathasbeenusedinHVDCsystemssincethe1970sandnowadayscanoperateonlinesuptoalengthof2000km.VoltageSourceConverters(VSC)havebeendevelopedmorerecentlybuttheyarebeingutilisedinmostofthenewHVDCprojectsastheyallowrapidcontrolofactiveandreactivepower.TheseconvertersgenerallyachieveaTRLof8-9,withtheexceptionofDC/DCconverterwhicharecurrentlyonlybeingvalidatedinlab(TRL4).
Intermsofconductors,MassImpregnated(MI)cablesrepresentaveryconsolidatedandtraditionaltechnologyforHVDCsystem,usedforbothon-shoreundergroundconnectionsandoff-shoreapplications.Recently,Cross-linkedPolyethylene(XLPE)cables,i.e.conductorswithextrudedinsulation,areseeinganincreaseddiffusionastheycanoperateatawiderangeoftemperaturesandareparticularlyresistanttocorrosionandvibrations.XLPEcablesoperatingat320kVareaverymaturetechnology(TRL9)whiletheirapplicationat525kVisstillbeingvalidated(TRL5)andtheiruseat600kVisatanexperimentalstage(TRL3).
Finally,intermsofswitchingcomponents,theHVDCcircuitbreakersarelessmaturethentheirACcounterparts,mostlyduetothechallengeofbreakingdirectcurrentinabsenceofzero-currentcrossings.Atthemoment,High-VoltageDCbreakersarebeingdemonstratedinrelevantenvironments(TRL6)whileExtra-High-Voltage(345kVandabove)DCbreakersarestillatanexperimentalstage(TRL3).
2.1.2Installedcapacityandproduction
Accordingtothelatestdataprovidedin(IEA,2023)andshownin
Figure4,
bytheendof2021thetotallengthofHVDClineshasreached100000kmandatotaltransmissioncapacityofmorethan350GW.HVDClineshavealmosttripledsince2010,althoughtheystillrepresentonly2%ofthetotaltransmissioninfrastructure.In2021,thelargestcapacityadditionshavebeenmadeinChina,whichintroduced50%ofthenewHVDClineswhileEuropecontributedby10%.
9
Figure4.GlobalHVDCtransmissionlinesbycountry/regionandlinetype.
Source:(IEA,2023)
Asof2022,theHVDCtransmissioncapacityinstalledinEuropeamountstoaround43GW(PowerTechnologyResearch,2022).Germanyleadsthismetricwith11.25GWofinstalledHVDCcapacity,whichmostlyconsistsofinterconnectionofoffshorepowerplantsintheNorthSearegion.ThesecondcountryintermsofinstalledcapacityistheUK,with6.4GWofinstalledHVDClinks,includingseveralcross-borderinterconnectionswithFrance,theNetherlandsandNorway.OthercountrieswithsubstantialHVDCcapacityareItaly,with3.7GWofinternallinksandconnectionswithFranceandMontenegroandDenmark,with2GWthataremostlysubseaconnectionswithSweden,NorwayandGermany.Forfutureinvestments,(ENTSO-E,2022)envisages51projectsthatentailneworexpandedDCtransmissionlines,with3projectsalreadyunderconstruction,31intheevaluationorplanningstageand17inthepermittingstage.Theadditionalaggregatecapacityoftheseprojectsamountstoabout63GW.AdetailedprojectiononthepotentialdemandforHigh-Voltage(HV)andExtraHigh-Voltage(EHV)cablesoverthenexttenyears,estimatedbyEuropacableonthebasisoftheENTSO-
E’sTYNDP2022andthedifferentNationalDevelopmentPlansisshownin
Table1.
Table1.ProjectedEuropeandemandofHVandEHVcablesby2032.
Cables(km)
HV&EHVACland
HV&EHV
DCland
HV&EHVACsubsea
HV&EHV
DCsubsea
Total
ENTSO-E’sTYNDP2022
804
9,670
2,478
38,752
51,764
ENTSO-E’sTYNDP2022&EuropeanNationalDevelopmentPlans
4,116
14,054
11,295
58,292
87,757
Source:EuropacableelaborationofTYNDP2022andEuropeanNationalDevelopmentPlans.
Itisestimatedthat,inthenexttenyears,thetotallengthofnewlandcablesinstalledinEuropeforHVDCprojectswillbeapproximatelybetween10,000and14,000km,aquantitysignificantlyhigherthanfornewACassets.Newsubseainstallationswillbeevenmoresubstantial,withanestimateofnewDCsubseacablesapproximatelybetween39,000and58,000km.
10
TheEuropeanUnionsupportsthissubstantialdeploymentofHVDCinfrastructurethroughitsProjectsofCommonInterest(PCIs),i.e.,keycross-borderinfrastructureprojectsthatbringsignificantpositiveimpactonenergymarketintegrationandenergysecurityinatleasttwoEUcountries(EuropeanCommission,2021).Suchprojectsbenefitfromanacceleratedpermit-grantingprocess,improvedregulatorytreatment,andthepossibilitytoapplyforfinancialsupportundertheConnectingEuropeFacility(CEF)forEnergy(totalbudgetof€5.84billionfortheperiod2021-2027).ThelatestPCIlist(EuropeanCommission,2021)includes14differentprojectsthatentailthedevelopmentofnewHVDClines.NineoftheseprojectsenvisageanHVDCconnectionbetweendifferentcountries,foratotal10.9GWofnewtransmissioncapacity,overatotalconnectionlengthofatleast3300km.FourotherprojectsentailthestrengtheningofnationalgridinfrastructureswithadditionalHVDClinks,foranadditional12GWcapacityandmorethan2200kmoflines.Finally,HVDCinterconnectorswillalsobeusedintheNorthSeaWindPowerHub,withtheobjectiveofconnecting12GWoffutureoffshorewindparkstoDenmark,theNetherlandsandGermany(EuropeanCommission,2021).
Intermsoftechnology,investmentshavebeengraduallyshiftingfromLCCtoVSCtransformers,withthelatterconstitutingthe72%ofnewinvestmentsbetween2010and2020,comparedtoonly44%intheprevioustenyears.Asshownin
Figure5,
newVSCprojectshavesignificantlyincreasedsince2015andhavereachedabout30GWofcumulativenewcapacityin2020.
Figure5.CumulativenewcapacityofVSCHVDClines.
Source:(Nishioka,Alvarez,&Omori,2020)
2.1.3Technologycosts
SomeofthelatestdataonthecostoftheHVDCtransmissioninfrastructureareprovidedin(DeSantis,James,Houchins,Saur,&Lyubovsky,2021),whichindicatesacapitalcostof933.34$/km-MWforatransmissionprojectof1610km(1000miles).Suchcostisgivenbythesumoffourmaincomponents,eachwithadifferentimpactonthetotal:thebiggestcostfactorsarematerials(57%)andsubstations(26%)whiletheimpactoflabor(11%)andRight-of-way(6%).ThesameauthorsalsoprovideacomparisonbetweenthecostsofACandDChigh-voltagelineoverdifferentconnectionlengths,asshownin
Figure6.
Itcanbeseenthatcostparityisachievedataround300miles(483km).Overlongerdistances,theadditionalcostsofthetransformersubstationsrequiredfortheHVDCconnectionsarecompensatedbytheincreasedefficiencyandlowerlossesprovidedbythedirectcurrentlink.
11
Figure6.ComparisonoftransmissioncostsvsdistanceforACandDCtechnologies.
Source:(DeSantis,James,Houchins,Saur,&Lyubovsky,2021)
2.1.4Patentingtrends
AsummaryofthepatentingactivitiesbykeyplayersintheHVDCsectorisshownin
Figure7.
ItcanbeseenthatthemostactivecompaniesinthisfieldarebyfarStateGridCorporationofChinaandChinaSouthernPowerGrid.Otherrelevantcompanieswithsmallerpatentingvolumesbuthighergeographicalreachandapplicationdiversityinclude:LSElectric(Korea),Alstom(France),NRElectric(China)andABB(Sweden-Switzerland).
Fi
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 2024-2034年中国道路清扫清障车行业市场现状分析及竞争格局与投资发展研究报告
- 奥地利水果蔬菜市场前景及投资研究报告-培训课件外文版2024.5
- 2024-2034年中国转矩测量仪表行业发展潜力分析及投资方向研究报告
- 2024-2034年中国超导带材市场供需预测及投资战略研究咨询报告
- 2024-2034年中国诊断试剂行业发展潜力分析及投资战略咨询报告-
- 2024-2034年中国血气生化分析仪行业市场现状分析及竞争格局与投资发展研究报告
- 2024-2034年中国莽草酸行业发展潜力分析及投资战略咨询报告
- 2024-2034年中国艾附暖宫丸行业市场发展现状及投资方向研究报告
- 2024-2034年中国自卸车行业发展趋势预测及投资战略咨询报告
- 2024-2034年中国胡萝卜和芜箐行业市场现状分析及竞争格局与投资发展研究报告
- 上海特色美食文化介绍推介PPT图文课件
- 保护性拆除钢结构施工方案
- 塑胶原材料进料检验记录
- Creo-7.0基础教程-配套课件
- 奢饰品回收创业计划书
- 医护人员关于四个“想一想”学习心得体会
- 斗轮机使用、维护说明书
- 数据中心液冷系统施工方案
- 地面固化自流平施工方案
- 苏教版数学四年级下册第七单元知识点总结
- 医疗超声检查技术题库
评论
0/150
提交评论