法国革命与欧洲

RevolutionandEurope:

thewarand“second”revolution(1792)

InternationalinfluenceofRevolutionary1、TheEuropeangovernmentswerelongreluctanttobecomeinvolvedwithFrance．Theywereunderconsiderablepressure．Ontheonehand，pro-French（亲法）

andpro-revolutionary（亲革命）groupsappearedimmediatelyinmanyquarters．ThedoctrinesoftheFrenchRevolution，asoftheAmerican，werehighlyexportable：theytooktheformofauniversalphilosophy，proclaimingtherightsofmanregardlessoftimeorplace，raceornation．Moreover，dependingonwhatonewaslookingfor，onemightseeinthefirstdisturbances（骚乱）

inFrancearevolt（起义）

ofeitherthenobility，thebourgeoisie（资产阶级），thecommonpeople，ortheentirenation．InPolandthosewhoweretryingtoreorganize（整顿）

thecountryagainstfurtherpartitionhailed（以……为榜样）

theFrenchexample．TheHungarianlandlordspointedtoitintheirreactionagainstJosephII．InEngland，foratime，thosewhocontrolledParliamentcomplacentlybelievedthattheFrenchwereattemptingtoimitatethem．2、InspirationoftheRevolution（革命的启示）

Butitwastheexcluded（排斥的）

classesofEuropeansocietywhoweremostinspired．Thehard-pressed（备受煎熬的）

Silesian（西西里）

weaversweresaidtohopethat“theFrenchwouldcome．”StrikesbrokeoutatHamburg，andpeasantsrebelledelsewhere．OneEnglishdiplomatfoundthateventhePrussianarmyhad“astrongtaint（感染）

ofdemocracyamongofficersandmen．”InBelgium（比利时），wheretheprivilegedelements（特权分子）

werealreadyinrevoltagainsttheAustrian（奥地利）

emperor,asecondrevoltbrokeout，inspiredbyeventsinFranceandaimedattheprivilegedelements．InEnglandthenewlydeveloping“radicals，”menlikeThomasPaine(托马斯·潘恩)andDr．RichardPrice（理查德·普赖斯）．WhowishedathoroughoverhaulingofParliamentandtheestablishedchurch（国教），enteredintocorrespondencewiththeAssemblyinParis．Businessleadersofimportance,includingWatt（瓦特）andBoulton(博尔顿)，thepioneersofthesteamengine，werelikewisepro-FrenchsincetheyhadnorepresentationintheHouseofCommons(下院)．TheIrishtoowereexcitedandpresentlyrevolted．Everywheretheyoungwerearoused，theyoungHegel（黑格尔）

inGermanyorinEnglandtheyoungWordsworth（华兹华斯），wholaterrecalledthesenseofanewerathathadcaptivatedsomanyspirits(人物)in1789：Bliss（极乐）

wasitinthatdawn（黎明）

tobealive，

Buttobeyoungwasveryheaven!3、Ontheotherhandtheanti-Revolutionarymovementgatheredstrength．EdmundBurke（埃德蒙·伯克），frightenedbytheFrenchproclivities（倾向）

ofEnglishradicals，publishedasearlyas1790hisReflectionsontheRevolutioninFrance（《法国革命感想录》）．ForFrance，hepredictedanarchyanddictatorship．ForEngland，hesternlyadvisedtheEnglishtoacceptaslowadaptationoftheirownEnglishliberties.Foralltheworld,hedenouncedapoliticalphilosophythatrestedonabstractprinciplesofrightandwrong,declaringthateverypeoplemustbeshapedbyitsownnationalcircumstances，nationalhistory,andnationalcharacter．HedrewaneloquentreplyandadefenseofFrancefromThomasPaineintheRightsofMan（《人权》）.BurkesoonbegantopreachthenecessityofWar，urgingakindofideologicalstruggleagainstFrenchbarbarism(野蛮)andviolence．HisReflectionswastranslatedandwidelyread，becominginthelongrunaninfluentialworkintheemergenceofmodemconservativethought．Intheshortrunitfellonwillingears．ThekingofSweden，GustavusIII（葛斯塔夫三世），offeredtoleadamonarchistcrusade（君主主义十字军）．InRussiaEmpressCatherine（老叶卡特琳娜）

wasappalled；sheforbadefurthertranslationsofhererstwhile(以前的)friendVoltaire(伏尔泰)，shecalledtheFrench“vileriffraff”（卑鄙的流氓）and“brutishcannibals，”（吃人的畜生）andshepackedofftoSiberiaaRussiannamedRadischev（拉吉舍夫），whoinhisVoyagefromSt．PetersburgtoMoscow

（《从圣皮得堡到莫斯科旅行记》）pointedouttheevilsofserfdom．Theterrorswereheightenedbyplaintive（诉苦的）

messagesfromLouisXVIandMarieAntoinette（玛丽·安托瓦内特）

andbytheémigrés(流亡者)whokeptbursting（逃离）

outofFrance，ledasearlyasJuly1789bytheking’sownbrother，theCount(伯爵)ofArtois（阿尔土瓦）．Theémigrés，whoatfirstwerenobles，settledinvariouspartsofEuropeandbeganusingtheirinternationalaristocratic（贵族的）connections．TheypreachedakindofholyWaragainsttheevilsofrevolution．Theybemoaned（悲叹）

thesadplightoftheking，butwhattheymostwantedwastogetbacktheirmanorialincomesandotherrights．ExtremistsamongtheémigrésevenhintedthatLouisXVIhimselfwasadangerousrevolutionaryandmuchpreferredhisbrother，theunyielding（坚强的）CountofArtois．4、Inshort，Europewassoonsplitbyadivision（分歧）

thatoverrana11frontiers（超越疆界）．ThesamewastrueofAmericaalso．IntheUnitedStatestherisingpartyofJefferson（杰弗逊）

wasbrandedasJacobin（雅各宾派）

andpro-French，thatofHamilton（汉密尔顿）

asaristocraticandpro-British，whileincolonialLatinAmericatherewasnewinterestinideasofindependence，andtheVenezuelan(委内瑞拉)Miranda（米兰达）

becameageneralintheFrencharmy．InallcountiesoftheEuropeanworld，though1eastofalineasternandsouthernEurope,therewererevolutionaryorpro-Frenchelementsthatwerefearedbytheirowngovernments．Inallcountries，includingFrance，therewereimplacableenemiesoftheFrenchRevolution．Inallcountrieswerepeoplewhose1oyaltiesorsympathies1ayabroad．TherehadbeennosuchsituationsincetheProtestantReformation(新教改革)，norwasthereanythinglikeitagainuntilaftertheRussianRevolutionofthetwentiethcentury．Thecomingofthewar,April1792.5、YettheEuropeangovernmentswereslowtomove．Catherine(叶卡特琳娜)hadnointentionofbecominginvolvedinwesternEurope．Sheonlywishedtoinvolveherneighbors．WilliamPitt（威廉·皮特）,theBritishprimeminister，resistedthewarcriesofBurke．PitthadtriedandfailedtocarryaplanforreformofParliamentandwasnowconcentratingonapolicyoforderlyfinanceandsystematiceconomy．HisdomesticprogramwouldberuinedbyWar．HeinsistedthattheinternalaffairsofFrancewereofnoconcerntotheBritishgovernment．ThekeypositionwasoccupiedbytheHabsburg(哈布斯堡)emperor，Leopold（利奥波德）

II，brothertotheFrenchqueen．LeopoldatfirstansweredMarieAntoinette’spleasforhelpbytellinghertoadjustherselftoconditionsinFrance．Heresistedthefurious（强烈的）

demandsoftheemigres，whomheunderstoodperfectly，havinginheritedfromJosephIIafractious（暴躁的）

aristocracyhimself．6、Still，thenewFrenchgovernmentwasadisturbingphenomenon．Itopenlyencouragedmalcontents(反抗者)alloverEurope．Itshowedatendencytosettleinternationalaffairsbyunilateralaction．Forexample，itannexed（合并）

Avignon（阿维尼翁）

attherequestoflocalrevolutionariesbutwithouttheconsentofitshistoricsovereign，thepope（教皇）．Oragain，inAlsace（阿尔萨斯）

therehadbeenmuchoverlappingjurisdiction（双重管辖）betweenFranceandGermanyeversincethePeace（和约）ofWestphalia（威斯特伐利亚）

in1648(seemaps，pp．142-143，180，313)．TheConstituentAssembly（立宪会议）

abolishedfeudalismandmanorialduesinAlsaceaselsewhereinFrance．ToGermanprinces（诸侯）

whohadfeudalrightsinAlsacetheAssemblyofferedcompensation，butitdidnotasktheirconsent．Moreover，afterthearrestofLouisXVIatVarennes（瓦伦），afterhisattemptedflightinJune1791，itbecameimpossibletodenythattheFrenchkingandqueenwereprisonersoftherevolutionaries．7、InAugustLeopoldmetwiththekingofPrussiaatPillnitz（皮尔尼茨）

inSaxony（萨克森）．TheresultingDeclarationofPillnitzrestedonafamousif：LeopoldwouldtakemilitarystepstorestoreorderinFranceifalltheotherpowerswouldjoinhim．KnowingtheattitudeofPitt，hebelievedthatthiscouldnevermaterialize．HisaimwasmainlytoridhimselfoftheFrenchemigres，buttheemigresperverselyreceivedtheDeclarationwithdelight．TheyuseditasanopenthreattotheirenemiesinFrance，announcingthattheywouldsoonreturnalongsidetheforces（军队）

ofcivilizedEuropetopunishtheguiltyandrightthewrongsthathadbeendonetothem．8、InFrancetheupholdersoftheRevolutionwerealarmed．TheywereignorantofwhatLeopoldreallymeantandtookthediremenaces（恐吓）

oftheemigresattheirfacevalue．TheDeclarationofPillnitz，farfromcowingtheFrench，enragedthemagainstallthecrownedheadsofEurope．ItgaveapoliticaladvantagetothethendominantfactionofJacobins(雅各宾派)，knowntohistoryastheGirondins（吉伦特派）．TheseincludedthephilosopheCondorcet（孔多塞），thehumanitarianlawyerBrissot(里索)，andthecivilservantRoland（罗兰）

andhismorefamouswife，MadameRoland，whosehousebecameakindofheadquartersofthegroup．．Theyattractedmanyforeignersalso，suchasThomasPaineandtheGermanAnacharsisCloots（阿纳卡西斯·克洛斯），the“representativeofthehumanrace．”InDecember1791adeputationofEnglishradicals，ledbyJamesWatt,sonoftheinventorofthesteamengine，receivedawildovation（欢迎）

attheParisJacobinclub．9、TheGirondinsbecamethepartyofinternationalrevolution．TheydeclaredthattheRevolutioncouldneverbesecureinFranceuntilitspreadtotheworld．Intheirview，oncewarhadcome，thepeoplesofstatesatwarwithFrancewouldnotsupporttheirowngovernments．Therewasreasonforthisbelief,sincerevolutionaryelementsantedating(在……之前)theFrenchRevolutionalreadyexistedinboththeDutchandtheAustrianNetherlands（尼德兰），andtoalesserdegreeinpartsofSwitzerland，Poland，andelsewhere．SomeGirondinsthereforecontemplatedawarinwhichFrencharmiesshouldenterneighboringcountries，unitewithlocalrevolutionaries，overthrowtheestablished（当前的）

governments,andsetupafederationofrepublics．Warwasalsofavoredbyaverydifferentgroup,ledbyLafayette（拉斐特），whichwishedtocurbtheRevolutionbyholdingitatthelineofconstitutionalmonarchy(君主立宪制)．ThisgroupmistakenlybelievedthatwarmightrestorethemuchdamagedpopularityofLouisXVI，unitethecountryunderthenewgovernment，andmakeitpossibletoputdownthecontinuingJacobinagitation（叛乱）．Asthewarspirit(情绪)boiledupinFrance，theEmperorLeopoldIIdied．HewassucceededbyFrancisII（弗兰西斯二世），amanmuchmoreinclinedthanLeopoldtoyieldtotheclamorsoftheoldaristocracy．FrancisresumednegotiationswithPrussia．InFranceallwhodreadedareturnoftheOldRegime（旧制度）

listenedmorereadilytotheGirondins．AmongtheJacobinsasawhole，onlyafew，generallyahandfulofradicaldemocrats，opposedthewar．OnApril20，1792，withoutseriousopposition，theAssemblydeclaredwaron“thekingofHungaryandBohemia．”thatis，theAustrianmonarchy．TheSecondRevolutionofAugust10,1972.10、Thewarintensifiedtheexistingunrestanddissatisfactionoftheunpropertiedclasses（无产阶级）．BothpeasantsandurbanworkersfeItthattheConstituentandtheLegislativeAssemblyhadservedthepropertiedinterestsandhaddonelittleforthem．Peasantsweredissatisfiedwiththeinadequatemeasurestakentofacilitatelanddistribution；workersfeItespeciallythepinchofsoaringprices,whichby1792hadgreatlyrisen．Goldhadbeentakenoutofthecountrybytheemigres；papermoney，theassignats(纸券)，wasalmostthesolecurrency，andthefutureofthegovernmentwassouncertainthatitsteadilylostvalue．Peasantsconcealedtheirfoodproductsratherthansellthemfordepreciating(贬值)paper．Actualscarcitycombinedwiththefallingvalueofmoneytodriveupthecostofliving．Thelowestincomegroupssufferedthemost．Butdissatisfiedthoughtheywere，whenthewarbegantheywerethreatenedwithareturnoftheemigresandavindictive(仇恨的)restorationoftheOldRegime，whichatleastforthepeasantswouldbetheworstofallpossibleeventualities（不测）．Theworkingclasses—peasants，artisans，mechanics，shopkeepers，wageworkers—rallied（重振）

totheRevolutionbutnottotherevolutionarygovernmentinpower．TheLegislativeAssemblyandtheconstitutionalmonarchylackedtheconfidenceoflargeelementsofthepopulation．11、Inaddition，thewaratfirstwentveryunfavorablyfortheFrench．PrussiajoinedimmediatelywithAustria,andbythesummerof1792thetwopowerswereonthepointofinvadingFrance．Theyissuedaproclamation(宣言)totheFrenchpeople，theBrunswick（不伦瑞克）

Manifesto（宣言）

ofJuly25declaringthatifanyharmbefell(遭受)theFrenchkingandqueentheAustro-Prussianforces，upontheirarrivalinParis，wouldexactthemostsevereretribution(惩罚)fromtheinhabitantsofthatcity．Suchmenaces，compounding（附带）

themilitaryemergency，onlyplayedintothehandsofthemostviolentactivists．MassesoftheFrenchpeople，rousedandguidedbybourgeois（资本家）

Jacobinleaders，notablyRobespierre（罗伯斯庇尔），Danton（丹顿），andthevitriolic(尖刻的)journalistMarat（马拉），burstoutinapassionofpatrioticexcitement．TheyturnedagainstthekingbecausehewasidentifiedwithpowersatwarwithFranceandalsobecause，inFranceitself，thosewhostillsupportedhimwereusingthemonarchyasdefenseagainstthelowerclasses．RepublicanisminFrancewaspartlyarathersuddenhistoricalaccident,inthatFrancewasatwarunderakingwhocouldnotbetrusted，andpartlyakindofpopularlower-classmovement，inwhich，however，manybourgeoisrevolutionariesshared．12、Feelingranhighduringthesummerof1792．Recruits（新兵）

streamedintoParisfromallquartersontheirwaytothefrontiers．Onedetachment（分遣队），fromMarseilles（马赛），broughtwiththemanewmarchingsong，knowneversinceastheMarseillaise，afiercecalltowarupontyranny．Thetransientprovincials（外省人）

stirreduptheagitationinParis．OnAugust10，1792，theworking—class