食品专业英语答案(许学书)

PAGEPAGE236答案CHAPTER43练习：A.用括号内的词将汉语译成英语:Theresearchaboutthisenzymecanbetracedbackto1970s.Recently,theuseofreproducibleresourcehasreachednewheights.Vinegarcouldplayonthetastebuds.Payattentiontotheharmonyofappearance,smell,taste,texturewhenconfectingthebeverage.B.根据课文判断下列陈述是否正确：TTTFFTCHAPTER54练习：用表内提供的词组合成句子，描述图中勺的相对位置：Sevenspoonsaresymmetricallyandevenlyspaced.Perforatedspoonwithblackhandisatthefarleftandgoestotheleftofperforatedspoonwithstainlesssteelhand.Slottedspoonswithblackhandisnexttoperforatedspoonwithstainlesssteelhandontherightandgoestotheleftofslottedspoonwithstainlesssteelhand.Three-corneredstirringspoonisnexttoslottedspoonwithstainlesssteelhandontherightandgoestotheleftofsolidspoonswithblackhand.Solidspoonswithstainlesssteelhandisatthefarright.2)根据Fig5-3描述其余不同用具相对于球形切割器Ballcutter的位置Oneballcutterisplacedhorizontallybelowthecenteroftheplace,andastraightspatulagoestothetop-leftofit.Nexttothestraightspatulaontherightisacook’sfork.Infrontofthestraightspatulaisanoffsetspatula.Apieserverisontherightoftheoffsetspatulaandinfrontofthecook’sfork.CHAPTER63练习：A．用建议的词进行汉译英Maketheeyelevelevenwiththebottomofmeniscusinsidethetube.Theelectronicscalesshouldbeplacedwheretheysetlevelandwheretheyreceiveaminimumamountofjarring.UsethismethodtoanalyzetheargininethroughHPLC,thelinearityrangeisfrom0.5gto10Portion100ounceflourinto5fractions.Thecolumnis2inchindiameterand10inchinhighness.B.用表内的词填空Allmatter,gas,liquidorsolidhasdensity.Thedensityofamaterialisitsmassdividedbyitsvolume(m/v).Densityismeasureding/cm3orkg/m3anddenotedby.Thedensityofpurewaterat4Cisexactly1g/cm3Anelectronicscaleandarulerareneededintheexperimentofmeasuringdensityofacircularcylinderjelly.Thevolumeismeasurewitharulerandtheweightismeasuredbyelectronicscale.Thedensityiscalculatedwiththeformula=m/v.C.区别不同应用场合下的描述方法Lookatthesethreeexamples:AninstructionAdemonstrationAreportUseCO2onelectrical.WeuseCO2onelectrical.CO2wasusedonelectricalfires.Nowdescribeasimilarexperimentforfindingthedensityofabeverageinareportstyle.Usethefollowingwordsinthedescription.Theprocedureis:wash→dry→pour→measure→calculate.Densitybottlewaswashedwithbrushfirstlyandthenrinsedwithalcohol.Theemptybottlewasdriedandweighedbythescale.Thenputexactlyavolumeoftheliquidintothebottle.Nextthefullbottlewasweighedbythescaleandgainedthemass.Themassoftheliquid,therefore,canbecalculatedwithsubtractionbetweenthemassofthefullbottleandthemassoftheemptybottle.Finallyitsdensityiscalculatedwiththeequation=m/v.Theoperationshouldbedoneattheroomtemperature.E.描述测量物体的单位Usefollowingwordstodescribecotton,glass,wire,leather,chocolate,sugar,sandandwood.AblockofglassAbarofchocolateAsheetofleatherApieceofleatherAbucketofSandAgrainofsand/sugarAlengthofwireApileofwoodAplankofWoodAreelofcottonAstackofwoodAstripofwoodChapter74练习：构词1)Studythemeaningsofstemsandaffixes,andthengiveexamplesofwordsyouknowwhicharederivedfromthesestemsandaffixes.PrefixesExamplesante-,ant-beforeantacidcircum-aroundcircumstancecontra-,anti-againstantidote,antibodyinter-betweeninterbioticintro-,intra-withinintron,intracardialmis-wrong,unfavorablemisioninmono-one,alone,singlemonoacetate,monoamineneuro-,neur-nerve,nervoussystemneurobiotaxis,neurilemmaorth-,orth-straight,proper,正的orthanilamide,orthodiazinepost-afterpostalbuminsub-,suc-,suf-,sug-,sup-,sus-undersubstrate,subaciditysuper-abovesuperacidity,superalkalitrans-acrosstransacetylase,transaldolaseretro-backward,back,behindretrovaccination,retrovirusStems-ced-go,move,yieldintercede-duc-leadconductor-flect-bendinflection-mit-,-miss-senddismiss-port-carrytransport-sequ-,-secut-followconsequence-spir-breatheinspirit-tele-farteleautomatics-vene-,-vent-comeconvener-voc-,-vok-callinvokeSuffixes-able-,-ible-,-blecapableof,fitforreproducible-ous,-ious,-osefullof,ofthenatureofbilious,filamentous2)Machthesestemsandaffixeswiththeirmeanings1.e6.b11.c16.c2.b7.d12.a17.d3.a8.e13.e18.a4.d9.c14.b19.b5.c10.a15.d20.eChapter83练习：A.学习实验方法和讨论结果的表述(用括号内的词或句型将汉文译成英文)Thedetailsofananalyticalmethodfordeterminationofthecontentofglutamicacidisasfollowing.InitiatetheresearchwiththedeterminationofthepHrange-finding.Thefoodadditivemostfrequentlyemployedincludesugar,salt,vinegarandsoon.Theenzymereactionisterminatedafteraperiodof2hoursbyheating.Accordingtotheregulations,experimentaldose-effectrelationshipmustbenolessthanfiveconcentrationlevels,eachconcentrationlevelwithtriplicateparalleltest,employedwithacontrol.Thesampleshouldbewatchedinregardtothecolorchangesintheprocessofexperiment.SelecttheenzymedependingontheusingtemperatureandpH.Ifthereareindicationsthattheliverisdamagedaftermedicinefeedingthenthesubacuteexperimentmustbecarriedout.Toestablishofstandardcurves,pre-testsofatleastthreeconcentrationlevelsshouldbeconductedtoestablishtherange.ItcouldbedemonstratedthatthiscompoundcouldbecapableofshowingdifferentcolorsunderdifferentpHinthisexperiment.Intheexperimentofdetectingpesticideresidue,GChasprovedmostadaptable.Inthechronicanimalexperiments,nolessthanfourgroupsplusacontrolgroupofexperimentalanimalsareemployed,eachconsistingofatleast25pairsofmice.Theexperimentshouldbeoperatedinthetemperatureandhumiditycontrolledroom.Theminimumtoxicdosagelevelisexpectedtoproducenotoxicity,attheotherextremethemaximumdosageshouldbesufficienttocausepathologicalchanges,butnotcausehighmortalitybeforetheendoftheexperiment.Otherdosagesfallinbetweenthesetwodosages.Intheexperimentneedtobesampledatvariousintervals,thequantityofsampleineachgroupshouldincreaseaccordingly.Observationsandsamplingshouldbemadeofeverytwohours.Thechangeofthedetectivecurrentisduetocontaminationoftheelectrode.Controlgroupshouldbehandledintheidenticalmannerasthesample.Thetheoryofthatliteraturecouldbecitedtoshowthatourexperimentalresultsareright.Thisnewchromatogramisabouttentimesassensitivetopesticideresiduesastheoldone.Patientisasmuchastentimesmoresusceptibletotoxiccompoundsthanhealthyindividual.B.构词1)Studythemeaningsofsuffixes,stemsandaffixes,andthengiveexamplesofwordsyouknowwhicharederivedfromthesesuffixes,stemsandaffixes.SuffixesExampleStemsandAffixesExample-al醛acetalhydroxy-羟基hydroxyacetone-ane饱和烃；烷methanecarbonyl-羰基carbonylate-ase酶amylasecarboxy(l)-羧基carboxylesterase-ectomy切除hysterectomyamino-氨基aminoacetone-ene烯butylenephenyl-;benz-苯基phenylacetate-enol烯醇piperitenolphenol苯酚phenolase-gen原antigenpropyl丙基propylaldehyde-genin配基acetogenindeuteron-;次deuteroxide-less无；缺乏hopelessolig(o)-低聚；寡聚oligosaccharide-(a)emia血ischemiaiodo-碘化-iodoform-mycin霉素gentamycinbutyl-丁基butylene-ol醇methanolpoly-;multi-多polyacrylonitrile-oma瘤；癌encephalomadi-;bi-二diabetin-one酮acetonetrans-反(式)；转transaldolase-ose糖maltoseiso-异；分离isoacetylene-oside糖苷glucose-sorbosidemanno-甘露-mannosan-osis增多(症)mannosidosisglycerin甘油glycerine-osone邻酮醛糖deoxyosonehyper-;per-;homo-高hyperoxide-penia减少(症)leukopeniahept-庚heptachlor-itis炎症laryngitisdeca-癸decahydronaphthalene-uria尿acetonuriadecyl-癸基decylenecyclo-环-cyclobarbital2)Studythemeaningsoffollowingstemsandaffixes.Machthesestemsandaffixeswiththeirmeanings1.b6.d11.b16.d2.c7.e12.a17.c3.d8.b13.e18.a4.e9.a14.c19.e5.a10.c15.d20.bChapter92练习：A.学习下列化学词汇的前缀、词干和后缀，根据它们的词义将下列的化学名词译成中文。Acetaldehyde乙醛Monochloropropane一氯苯乙烯Dehydroalanine脱氢丙氨酸mono-methylhydrazine一甲基肼formyl-methylhydrazine甲酰-丙卡巴肼N-methylolacrylamideN-羟甲基丙烯酰胺Gastrointestinal肠胃的Perfluorooctane全氟辛烷Glycolaldehyde羟乙醛Phenylalanine苯丙氨酸Haemoglobin血红蛋白Phycotoxin藻毒素Hepatorenal肝肾的Polyaromatic芳烃聚合物Heterocyclic杂环的polychlorinatedbiphenyls聚氯联二苯Hydroxymethylfurfural羟甲基糠醛Pyrosynthesis高温合成Lysinoalanine赖氨酸丙氨酸Tetrahydropurine四氢嘌呤B.学习下列词汇的前缀、词干和后缀，并根据它们的词义将下面的词与含义相匹配。1.f7.e13.f19.c2.e8.c14.b20.d3.a9.d15.c21.e4.d10.a16.a22.a5.b11.b17.d23.f6.c12.f18.e24.bChapter103练习：专业词汇理解A.Accordingtothetext,whichoffollowingsbelongtoNeutriceutical?ginshenAccordingtothetext,the“probiotics”probablyisatypeofmicroorganismAccordingtothetext,the“Prebiotics”probablyisatypeofnondigestiblefoodAccordingtothetext,the“synbiotic”probablyisatypeofmixtureofmicroorganismandnondigestiblefoodChapter114练习：化学的名词拆分释意B.学习词缀和词干含义，匹配表中词与词义1.f7.a13.b19.b2.b8.e14.a20.a3.a9.d15.c21.c4.d10.f16.f22.e5.c11.c17.d23.f6.e12.b18.e24.d1.d7.e13.b19.b2.a8.f14.a20.a3.e9.d15.c21.c4.c10.b16.f22.e5.b11.a17.d23.f6.f12.c18.e24.dC.综合练习：匹配下表中的词与解释1.c6.d2.e7.h3.f8.j4.a9.i5.g10.bD汉译英：参考答案Vegetablescontainmanydifferentphytonutrients,manyofwhichhaveantioxidativeproperties.Researchhasshownthatvegetablescontainotherantioxidatantnutrients,inadditiontothewell-knownvitaminsCandE,andcarotenoids,whichsignificantlycontributetotheirtotalantioxidantcapacity.Forexample,flavonoids,includingcompoundssuchasflavones,isoflavones,flavonones,anthocyaninsandcatechins,thatarecomponentsofvegetables,havestrongantioxidantcapacity.Thereisconvincingevidencethatvegetablesarebeneficialtohealthandcontributetothepreventionofdegenerativeprocesses.Itisimportanttoinvestigatethebeneficialphytonutrientspresentinfoodsandthemechanismsresponsiblefortheseeffects.Theprotectionprovidedagainstdiseasesbyvegetableshasbeenattributedtothevariousantioxidantsinfoods.Thereisoverwhelmingevidencetoindicatethatfreeradicalscauseoxidativedamagetolipids,proteins,andnucleicacids.Freeradicalsmaylieattheheartoftheetiologyornaturalhistoryofanumberofdiseases,includingcancer,heart,vascular,diabetesandneurodegenerativediseasesTherefore,antioxidantsthatcanneutralizefreeradicalsmaybeofcentralimportanceinthepreventionofthesediseases.Chapter123练习：词汇1.e6.c11.b2.c7.e12.d3.a8.d13.e4.b9.a14.a5.d10.b15.c4根据课文内容判断正误FCHAPTER133练习： A.确定不同机构管辖部门的职责范围A.cB.aC.dD.bB.词汇配对1.c5.c9.c2.d6.b10.d3.a7.d11.b4.b8.a12.aC.根据课文内容判断下列陈述是否正确FTFTTTCHAPER143练习B.根据课文判断下列句子的陈述是否正确：FFTTTTFC.根据内容，将SECTIONI分成2个段落，并根据内容分别赋以标题。1HistoricalbackgroundPriorto1985,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)focusedmainlyon…Atoleranceisthemaximumlevelofpesticideresiduesallowedinoronhumanfoodandanimalfeed.2BasisforselectingaprocessmethodProcessingmethodsarebasedonthefoodindustry’sbestpractices…Thepressedpulpisdriedandusedasananimalfeed.CHAPTER153练习：根据课文判断下列陈述是否正确：TTFFFTTTCHAPTER162练习：A.根据文章的意思用表格中提供的词汇填空Combinedohmicandconventionalcookingofhamburgerpattieshasrecentlybeenpatentedasanewmethodofcooking.Themethodisbasedonpassingelectriccurrentthroughthemeatpattiescausinginternalheatgeneration.Ithasbeenfoundtoreducecookingtimeuptohalfthetimeusuallyrequiredinconventionalcooking.However,theeffectofapplyingohmiccookingonthequalityofcookedpattiesisnotknownyet.Thisworksummarizestheexperimentalinvestigationmadeonthequalityofhamburgerpattiescookedbyconventionalandohmic-assistedcooking.Severalpropertiesofthepattiescookedbythetwomethodsweretestedsuchasmechanicalproperties,oilandmoisturecontents.Theresultsshowedinsignificantdifferencesinthepropertiesofthepattiescookedbythetwomethods.Itwasconcludedthatohmicheatinghasnoeffectonthequalityofthecookedhamburger,whichwasalsoconfirmedbynon-experttasting.Thefreesugarsandfattyacids(bothfreeandbound)ofdifferentpartsofjackfruit(Artocarpusheterophyllus)wereisolated.Thesugarsandfattyacidswereidentifiedandquantifiedbygas-liquidchromatographyastheirtrimethylsilylderivativesandmethylesters,respectively.Fructose,glucoseandsucrosewerediscoveredtobethemajorsugarsinallpartsofjackfruit,exceptinthebark,whichisdevoidofglucose.Capric,myristic,lauric,palmitic,oleic,stearic,linoleicandarachidicacidswerefoundasmajorfattyacidswithvaryingproportionsindifferentpartsofjackfruit.Waterextractandethanolextractfromtopandbodyportionsoffieldhorsetail(tsukushi)wereprepared,andtheantioxidativeactivitywasinvestigatedusingfourdifferentmethods.Thecontentsoftotalphenoliccomponentswerericherintheethanolextractfractionsofeachportionthaninthewaterextracts.Ontheotherhand,proteincontentsweremuchlowerinethanolextractfractionsthaninwaterextractfractions.Thesefractionshadremarkableantioxidativeactivities,similartothatof5mMascorbicacid.Waterextractsofbothportionsshowedhighsuperoxideanionradical-scavengingactivities.Hydroxylradicalswereeffectivelyscavengedbyethanolextracts.Fieldhorsetail(tsukushi)isrichinvitaminsCandE.Moreover,itcontainshighlevelsofcopperandzinc.Theseareessentialelements,forsuperoxidedismutasetoactagainstactiveoxygenspecies.Tsukushiisnotonlyahealthfood,butisalsousefulinpreventingvariousdegenerativediseases.B.汉译英参考答案Thefreesugarsandfattyacids(bothfreeandbound)ofdifferentpartsofjackfruit(Artocarpusheterophyllus)wereisolated.Thesugarsandfattyacidswereidentifiedandquantifiedbygas-liquidchromatographyastheirtrimethylsilylderivativesandmethylesters,respectively.Fructose,glucoseandsucrosewerefoundtobethemajorsugarsinallpartsofjackfruit,exceptinthebark,whichisdevoidofglucose.Capric,myristic,lauric,palmitic,oleic,stearic,linoleicandarachidicacidswerefoundasmajorfattyacidswithvaryingproportionsindifferentpartsofjackfruit.Theeffectofstoragetemperatureontheshelflife,weightloss,respirationrateandethyleneformationofHassavocadowasstudied.Twobatchesofgreenmatureavocadofruitswerestoredat10and20C(firstbatch)andat7and25C(secondbatch).Theavocadoshelfliveswere22,8,32and6daysunderthesetemperaturelevels,respectively.BasedonthedataofthefirstassayQ10wascalculatedas2.75,withthisvaluethepredictedshelflifeat7and25Cwere29.8and4.8days,respectively.Thatmeantshelflifewasunderestimated7and20%at7and25C,respectively.Weightlosswaslinearatboththestoragetemperatures,itwas4.3%infruitsat20Cfor8daysand3.0%at10Cfor22days.ThemaximumCO2yieldat20Cwasreachedduringtheseconddayofstorage,whileat10Citwasreachedatthe17thday.Themaximumethyleneproductionat20Cwasreachedtheseconddayofstorage,andat10Cthe6thdayC.英译汉参考答案论文建立了一种快速筛选食品和饲料基质中抗氧化效率和具有氧化特性的稳定性的方法。分析通过检测自由基的产生来描述。新方法结合应用偶氮引发物和广泛应用于抗氧化研究的分析仪器，如氧化稳定性测定仪器和氧气瓶theoxygenbomb。用引发物代替高温，作为一种推动力增加氧化速率，改善加速食品筛选和真实货架期之间的关系。这种关系的改进通过分析原始状态下的食品来解释，即维持食品基质所有的界面现象的情形下。而且这种低温分析减少了检测反应动力学和实际货架期中氧化反应动力学之间的差别。因此，加速分析和货架期之间的关系得以改善，特别是与高温加速氧化相比较。自由基生成分析可应用于估计如乳类或肉类等热敏食品产品中的天然抗氧化物的功效。通过观测，加速的检测和标准货架期的氧化参数之间得到了很好的相关性。成功地比较几种抗氧化物的功效，并对这些热敏食品基质的货架期进行预测是可能的。CHAPTER172练习：汉译英参考答案Coffeecherrieswereharvestedatfullmaturityand