阿根廷页岩气提供给我们的水源管理经验及注意事项

1、阿根廷页岩气提供给我们的水源管理经验及注意事项原文：jpt2015-12 page89-90water management: lessons learned andconsiderations for a shale play in argentina摘要：recently, exploration and development of shale plays in argentina, suchas the vacamuerta, have begun. to achieve commercial production, this typeof reservoir must be stim

2、ulated by hydraulic fracturing using large volumes ofwater. this paper discusses aspects of water logistics necessary during thewell-completion phase, fracture-treatment designs applied in vacamuerta,and laboratory studies performed on flowback and produced water to helpevaluate the potential for wa

3、ter reuse.近期阿根廷已经在vacamuerta等地开始勘探和开发页岩气。这种类型的储层想要实现商业化生产，必须使用大量的水进行水力压裂。本文从基本方面论述丫完井阶段的水物流、应用于vacamuerta的压裂处理设计。同时介绍了压裂返排液和产出水实验室研究，可帮助评估水的循环使用额潜力。introduction介绍well stimulation using hydraulic fracturing has been used widely forproducing oil and gas reservoirs in argentina since the 1960s. thissti

4、mulation technique has been applied in the five hydrocarbonproducing basins shown in fig. 1, as well as in a variety of formations and types ofreservoirs, such as conventional, tight, and, more recently, shale. themajority of shale exploration and development has been in the vacamuertaformation, but

5、 work has also been assessed in other formations, such as losmolles, cacheuta, d-129, and agrio. experience gained related to watermanagement in these shale plays during the completion of more than 40 wells（more than 200 hydraulic fractures） by different operators is presented inthe paper. furthermo

6、re, laboratory studies were conducted on treated anduntreated flowback water, and assessment of its use as fracturing-fluid wateris presented.自60年代起，水力压裂增产措施己广泛应用于阿根廷的石汕与天然气生产。这种增产技术己经应用于五个产油气盆地（图1所示），适用于多种储层和油藏类型，例如传统的轻质油以及近期的页岩气。大多数的页岩气勘探和幵发都在vacamuerta气藏，但在其他区块也在进行评估，如 los molles、cacheuta、d-129和a

7、grio。本文提出了页岩气藏水资源管理的经验，这些经验来源于不同运营商的40多口井（200多个水力压裂裂缝）的完井阶段。此外，实验室研宄对处理和未经处理的返排水做了了分析,评估其作为压裂液的可行性。water sources and stimulation水资源和增产措施given the economic potential of the vacamuertaplay, the focus lies onthis reservoir. the primary sources of water in the neuquen basin used to develop these hydroca

8、rbon resources are rivers (neuquen, limay, andcolorado), lakes, reservoirs (cerro colorado and pellegrini) z or groundwatersources, such as wells with low salinity. these types of wells for water supplyneed a permit from the regulatory authority, and produced water is notsuitable for human consumpti

9、on or?farming.鉴于 vacamuerta气藏其远景区的经济潜力，重点开发的区域在此处。开发 neuqudn盆地汕气最初所用的水源主要来自河流(neuqudn、umay、colorado),湖泊、水库(cerro colorado 和 pellegrini)和地下水(如低盐度井水)。这些类型的供水井需要相关监管机构的许可证，生产出的水不适合人类食用或农业使用。types of systems. the following systems used fresh water andcontained chemical additives to perform variousfuncti

10、ons:系统的类型。以下系统通过在淡水中加入不冋化学添加剂来实现各种功能：? swcontained a friction reducer and friction-reducer breaker? sw包含减阻剂和减阻剂解聚剂? lgcontained a gelling agent, buffer, and breaker? lg包含胶凝剂、缓冲剂和解聚剂? xlconsisted of a buffer, gelling agent, crosslinker, and breaker? xl包含缓冲剂、胶凝剂、交联剂和解聚剂additionally, each of the fluid

11、systems also typically contained a biocide,clay inhibitors, and surfactant additives.此外，每个流体系统通常还会含有抗微生物剂、粘土抑制剂和表面活性剂添加剂。types of treatment. the most common hydraulic-fracturing treatmentsperformed in different plays in argentina were hybrid fracturing designs. thegreatest volumes of water by stage

12、correspond to reservoirs of gas and wetgas in hybrid treatment designs for both sw/lg (los molles) and sw/lg/xl(vaca?muerta).处理的类型。在阿根廷不同的油气田中，混合压裂设计是水力压裂处理的类型屮最常见的。最大水量阶段对应于干气藏和湿气藏长混合处理设计 sw/lg (los molles)和 sw/lg/xl (vaca?muerta)oa statistical analysis regarding the type of hydraulic fracture inva

13、camuerta was performed for six fields, a, b, c, d, e, and f. thirteen wellsand more than 65 hydraulic fractures were analyzed. in general, averagewater volume per stage varied according to the fluid reservoir; for oil wells,the average water volume was 1300 m3; it was 1850 m3 for wetgas and 2180m3 f

14、or gas wells. the fracturing treatments were primarily hybrid sw/xl,although some cases used sw/lg/xl.lg was commonly used as a contingency in the transition from sw to xlnormally, the completion of a vacamuerta well involved a total water volumeof approximately 6500 m3 for vertical wells and approx

15、imately 14 500 m3 for horizontal wells.统计分析表明，在vacamuerta的水力压裂裂缝的类型分六种：a、b、c、d、e和f。13 口井和65多条水力压裂裂缝被用于分析。一般来说，每级压裂的平均水量是根据储层流体的不同而不同的，对于油井来说，平均水量为1300立方米，对于湿气井是1850立方米而干然气井则是2180立方米。压裂处理主要是先混合sw / xl系统,尽管某些情况下使用sw / lg /xl系统。lg系统通常是作为一个从sw转为到xl系统时的应急过渡。通常，完成一口 vacamuerta直井涉及的总水量约有6500立方米，水平井约有14500立

16、方米。logistics水物流during the past 5 years, there has been substantial progress related towater management and logistics for sustainable development of argentina'sshale plays. a variety of water-storage systems and methods for transferringwater have been used in the neuquen basin, primarily in the v

17、acamuerta.在过去的五年里，为丫阿根廷页岩气的可持续发展，水资源管理和物 流能力己经有了实质性进步。各种各样的储水系统和输水方法用于neuqu en盆地主要在vacamuerta贞岩气。currently, the most common storage systems used are mobile fracturetanks and circular tanks. pit usage is restricted for environmental reasons.目前最常用的存储系统是移动压裂罐和圆形水罐。由于环境原因水池 的使用受到限制。first vertical well第一

18、个垂直井the completion of the first well in vacamuerta consisted of fourhydraulicfracture stages, requiring of 7600 m3 of water. alternatives wereevaluated for the logistics and water management, and it was decided toinstall a transfer system through pipes and a water-storage location close tothe well t

19、o be stimulated. awater well (groundwater with low salinity) in the same field was usedfor source water. a circular tank for water storage was located in the vicinity.the operator performed the laying of 4-in. pipe from the water well to thewater storage location, where two circular tanks were insta

20、lled.在vacamuerta的第一口井的完井的设计由四级水力压裂组成，需用水7600立方米。在评估水物流及管理方案后，决定通过管道和储水器在措施井的附近位置建立一个传输系统。水井（低盐度地下水）打在同一个区域用于取水。一个圆形水罐也被置于附近。操作员执行4的铺设。管道连接 水井至储水器所在的位置，那里安装y两个圆形的储罐vertical and horizontal well直井和水平井the second vertical well in vacamuerta consisted of fourhydraulic-fracture stages, requiring 8000 m3 of

21、 water. for the stimulation ofthis well, it was decided to drill a new water well close to the wellsite and apply the same water-management strategy.在vacamuerta的第二口直井同样设计了四级水力压裂，需8000立方米的水。为了完成该井的压裂措施，设计者决定在井场附近新钻水井，并且采用同第一口井相同的水管理方案。the first horizontal-well completion consisted of six fracture sta

22、ges,consuming 13 000 m3 of water. part of the infrastructure built for thevertical well was used for the horizontal well. because of the amount ofwater needed, a new circular tank with greater capacity was required.第一个水平井的完井由六级压裂组成，消耗13000立方米水。为直井建造的部分基础设施用于该水平井。由于用水量大，必须增加一个容量更大的新圆形水罐。laboratory st

23、udies evaluated different alternatives for the use ofnontraditional waters as fracturing fluids. the tests?included实验室研究评估了对使用非传统水作为压裂液的不同方案。测试包括:? detailed water (physical/chemical) analysis?详细的水(物理/化学)分析? clay-swelling and -inhibition testing?粘土膨胀和抑制测试? evaluation and development of xl fluids prop

24、pant-transport capacity? xl液体运输支撑剂能力的评估和改进? damage by gel residue and total suspended solids (tss)?凝胶残渣和总悬浮物(tss)的伤害? use and reuse of flowback,produced, and treated water?返排液、生产水和处理过的水的使用和再利用physical/chemical analysis.flowback and produced water have similarcharacteristics, which differentiate them

25、 from fresh water. in general, thesewaters have higher values of specific gravity, lower ph values, higher levels oftotal dissolved solids (tds) and tss, and significant ca, mg, na? k, fez b? andba?concentrations.物理/化学分析。返排液和生产水有着可与淡水区分的相似特征。一般 来说，这些水体比重大、ph低、总溶解固体(tds)和总悬浮物含量高,钙、镁、钠、钟、铁、钡浓度明显较高。act

26、ion as clay inhibitor. during the exploration phase of thevacamuerta, a routine capillary-suction-time test was performed for each wellin a new field; the intention was to understand the degree of water sensitivityand select the best clay stabilizer and concentration.粘土抑制剂测试。在vacamuerta的勘探阶段，要为新区的每一

27、口井执行例行得毛细管吸收时间测试，其0的是了解储层的水敏程度以优选粘土稳定剂的种类和浓度。the following clay stabilizers have been tested and used in these fields:以下粘土稳定剂己经经过测试并应用于这些油田:? quaternary ammonium salt (liquid)季铵盐(液体)? inorganic salt, kci (solid)? new ultralow-molecular-weight cationic organic polymer recentlyapplied toreplace the qu

28、aternary ammonium salts?新超低分子量阳离子有机聚合物的应用近期取代了季铵盐fracturing fluid. referring to the xl fluid tests performed, the base fluidused was fresh water and the system used guar/borate. the pumping oflarge volumes of sw or linear gel before an xl gel has a cooling effect, whichmakes the xl systems subject t

29、o background temperatures of approximately120°f and spacing of approximately 30 to 45 minutes.压裂液测试。指的是xl流体测试，基液使用淡水和瓜尔豆/硼酸系统。在xl凝胶产生冷却效果前，注入大量的sw或线状凝胶，使xl系统维持在大约120° f的温度条件和约30到45分钟间距。blend of water (flowback untreated) . the first test performed usedthe normal fracturing fluid (guar/bora

30、te) with a mixture of waters. theresults were not satisfactory because of gel-hydration and -crosslinkingproblems that resulted in unstable fluids at surface and bottomhole conditions.moreover, increasing the ph of the system generated filaments, flocculants,and precipitates, although borate systems

31、 usually work in high ph.混合的水(未经处理的返排液)。第一个测试使用常用的压裂液(瓜尔胶/硼酸)与水的混合物。测试结果并不令人满意，因为凝胶水合物和交联的问题造成不稳定的液体表面和井底条件。此外，尽管硼酸系统通常在 高ph值条件下工作，增加混合物系统的ph值产生丝状物、絮凝剂和沉淀。treated water (flowback) . the previously obtained results led to thedecision to evaluate the fluid with 100% treated flowback water. slightchang

32、es in ph adjustment and concentration of the crosslinker were made tothe fluid.处理的水(返排液)。根据前面得到的结果，决定评估以100%处理后 的排液水组成的流体，对流体进行轻微的ph值调整和交联剂的浓度的改变。a reduced viscosity profile was observed between the fluids formulatedwith blends of water and those formulated with 100% treated flowback water.在混合水和那些使用

33、100%的处理过的返排水的配方之间观察到粘度 降低。proppant-transport capacity. two types of tests were conducted to analyze transport capacity. the first was a conditional static (settling) test,and the second was under dynamic conditions with a slurry viscometer. thesettling test revealed that, overall, the guar/ borate s

34、ystem currently used inoperations in the vacamuerta lost its carrying capacity after the first 2 hours.the slurryviscometer test indicated that lowpolymer fluid formulations using100% nontraditional treated water demonstrated good proppant-transportcapacity, despite having low viscosity values.支撑剂运输

35、能力。进行了两种类型的测试分析运输能力。首先是一个静态条件测试(沉降)，第二个是在动态条件下泥浆粘度计。沉降测试显示，总体而吉vacamuerta目前实际使用的瓜尔胶/硼酸系统两小时后失去 承载能力。悬浮液粘度测试表明，使用100%非传统处理水的低分子配方 液尽管粘度值低，但具有良好支撑剂运输能力。conclusions结论in general, hybrid fracturing-treatment designs dominate the fluid typesused in argentina s shale plays. the waterstorage systems that ha

36、ve beenprimarily used are mobile fracturing storage and circular tanks, which areusually at the wellsite being stimulated. most water is delivered by transporttrucks. an integrated water-management plan was developed to supportwell completions in vacamuerta using sources of water close to the wellsi

37、te,pipeline transfer systems, and a storage system. for a large scaledevelopment, an integrated water management plan must be implemented,taking into account rivers, lakes, water wells, and synergies with otherregional operators. nontraditional water sources analyzed(flowback/produced) for the vacamuerta revealed substantial tds and tssand signific