外文翻译单片机介绍

1、美丽天使精品论文 毕业设计参考文献译文题目： 单片机介绍 monolithic integrated circuit introduction 外文原文：monolithic integrated circuit introductionthe monolithic integrated circuit is also called the micro controller (microcontroller), is because it is used most early in the industrial control domain. the monolithic integrated

2、 circuit only has the cpu special-purpose processor development by the chip. the earliest design idea is through the massive auxiliary equipment and the cpu integration in a chip, causes the computer system to be smaller, easier to integrate complex, but to volume request strict control device in th

3、e middle. intel z80 is defers to the processor which most early this thought designs, from now, the monolithic integrated circuit and the special-purpose processors development then separates from each other.the early monolithic integrated circuit is 8 or 4. and what is most successful is intel 8031

4、, because of simple reliable, but the performance has obtained the very big high praise well. hereafter developed the mcs51 series monolithic integrated circuit system on 8031. until now also widely is using based on this systems monolithic integrated circuit system. along with the industrial contro

5、l domain requests enhancement, started to present 16 monolithic integrated circuits, but because the performance-to-price ratio not ideal has not obtained the very widespread application. after the 90s, along with the expense electronic products big development, the monolithic integrated circuit tec

6、hnology had the huge enhancement. along with intel the i960 series was the afterward arm series widespread application specially, 32 monolithic integrated circuits substituted for 16 monolithic integrated circuits high-end statuses rapidly, and entered the mainstream market. but the traditional 8 mo

7、nolithic integrated circuits performance also had the rapid enhancement, handling ability compared enhanced several hundred times in the 80s. at present, the high-end 32 monolithic integrated circuit basic frequency already surpassed 300mhz, the performance pursues the mid-90ss special-purpose proce

8、ssor straight, but the ordinary model producer price depreciation to 1 us dollar, the most high-end 1 model also has 10 us dollars. the contemporary monolithic integrated circuit system already no longer only under the bare mobile phone environment the development and the use, the massive special-pu

9、rpose embedded operating system is widely applied on the entire series monolithic integrated circuit. but in takes on the palm the computer and the handset core processing high-end monolithic integrated circuit even may use special-purpose windows and the linux operating system directly.the monolith

10、ic integrated circuit is more suitable than the special-purpose processor to apply in the embedded system, therefore it obtained most applications. in fact the monolithic integrated circuit is in the world quantity most computers. the modern humanity lives nearly in each electron which and the engin

11、eering products uses can integrate has the monolithic integrated circuit. on the handset, the telephone, the calculator, the domestic electric appliances, the electronic toy, the palm computer fittings and so on computer as well as mouse have 1-2 monolithic integrated circuits. but in the personal c

12、omputing will also have a substantial number of monolithic integrated circuit in the work. on automobile common equipment more than 40 monolithic integrated circuits, on the complex industrial control system even possibly has several hundred monolithic integrated circuits also to work! monolithic in

13、tegrated circuits quantity not only far surpasses pc machine and other computation sum total, even must be more than humanitys quantity.the monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to

14、 a chip on. is equal in a miniature computer, compares with the computer, the monolithic integrated circuit has only lacked the i/o equipment. summary speaking: a chip has become a computer. its volume is small, the quality is light, the price cheap, for the study, the application and the developmen

15、t has provided the convenient condition. at the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understands the computer principle and the structure best choice.the monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, for instance cpu, memory, paralle

16、l main line, but also has with the hard disk behave identically the memory component, what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 yuan then .made some control electric appliance one kind with it

17、 is not the very complex work foot. we use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe, vcd and so on inside the electrical appliances may see its form! .it is mainly takes the control section the core part.it is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -

18、like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability, the low cost, this is also and the off-line type computer (for instance home use pc) main difference.the monolithic integrated circuit is depending on the program run, and may revise. realizes the different function through the

19、 different procedure, particularly special unique some functions, this is other component needs to take the very big effort to be able to achieve, some are the flowered big strength is also very difficult to achieve. one is not the very complex function, if develops in the 50s with the us 74 series,

20、 or the 60ss cd4000 series these pure hardware do decides, the electric circuit certainly are a big pcb board! but if, if succeeded in the 70s with the us puts in the market the series monolithic integrated circuit, the result will have the huge difference! because only the monolithic integrated cir

21、cuit compiles through you the procedure may realize the high intelligence, high efficiency, as well as redundant reliability!because the monolithic integrated circuit to the cost is sensitive, therefore present occupies the dominant status the software is the most preliminary assembly language, it w

22、as except the binary machine code above the most preliminary language, since why were such preliminary must use? why high-level did the language already achieve the visualization programming level not to use? the reason is very simple, is the monolithic integrated circuit does not have home computer

23、 such cpu, also has not looked like the hard disk such mass memory equipment. inside even if a visualization higher order language compilation script only then a button, also will achieve several dozens k the sizes! does not speak anything regarding the home use pc hard disk, but says regarding the

24、monolithic integrated circuit cannot accept. the monolithic integrated circuit in the hardware source aspects use factor must very gao caixing, therefore assembly, although primitive actually massively is using. same truth, if attains supercomputers on operating system and the application software h

25、ome use pc to come up the movement, home use pc could also not withstand.it can be said that the 20th century surmounted three “the electricity” the time, namely the electrical time, the electronic age and already entered computer time. however, this kind of computer, usually refers to the personal

26、computer, is called pc machine. it by the main engine, the keyboard, the monitor and so on is composed. also has a kind of computer, most people actually not how familiar. this kind of computer is entrusts with the intelligence each kind of mechanical monolithic integrated circuit (also to call micr

27、o controller). , this kind of computers smallest system only has used as the name suggests a piece of integrated circuit, then carries on the simple operation and the control. because its volume is small, usually hides in is accused the machinery “the belly”. it in the entire installment, plays is h

28、aving like the human brains role, it went wrong, the entire installment paralyzed. now, this kind of monolithic integrated circuits use domain already very widespread, like the intelligent measuring appliance, the solid work paid by time control, the communication equipment, the guidance system, the

29、 domestic electric appliances and so on. once each product used the monolithic integrated circuit, could get up causes the effect which the product turned to a new generation, often before product range crown by adjective - - “intelligence”, like intelligence washer and so on. now some factorys tech

30、nical personnel or other extra-curricular electronic exploiter do certain products, are not the electric circuit are too complex, is the function is too simple, and is imitated extremely easily. investigates its reason, possibly on card, in the product has not used on the monolithic integrated circu

31、it or other programmable logical component.monolithic integrated circuit application domainat present the monolithic integrated circuit seeps each domain which lives to us, which domain was nearly very difficult to find not to have monolithic integrated circuits trail. missiles navigation equipment,

32、 on the airplane each kind of measuring appliances control, computers network communication and the data transmission, the industrial automation processs real-time control and the data processing, the widespread uses each kind of intelligent ic card, the civil luxury cars safety system, the videocor

33、der, the camera, the completely automatic washers control, as well as program control toy, electronic pet and so on, these cannot leave the monolithic integrated circuit. say nothing of automatic control domain robot, intelligent measuring appliance, medical instrument. therefore, monolithic integra

34、ted circuits study, the development and the application will accomplish one batch of computer application and the intellectualized control scientist, engineer.the monolithic integrated circuit widely applies in the instruments and meters, the domestic electric appliances, the medical equipment, doma

35、ins and so on aerospace, special purpose equipments intellectualized management and process control, approximately separable following several categories:on smart instrument measuring appliances applicationthe monolithic integrated circuit has the volume to be small, the power loss is low, the contr

36、ol function is strong, the expansion is flexible, merits and so on microminiaturization and easy to operate, widely apply in the instruments and meters, the union different types sensor, may realize such as physical quantity and so on voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, current capacit

37、y, speed, thickness, angle, length, degree of hardness, element, pressure surveys. uses the monolithic integrated circuit control to cause the instruments and meters digitization, the intellectualization, the microminiaturization, and the function compares uses the electron or the digital circuit is

38、 more formidable. for example precise measurement equipment (dynamometer, oscilloscope, each kind of analyzer).in industrial control applicationmay constitute various control system, the data acquisition system with the monolithic integrated circuit. for example factory assembly line intellectualize

39、d management, elevator intellectualization control, each kind of alarm system, with computer networking constitution two-stage control system and so on.in domestic electric appliances applicationmay say like this that presents domestic electric appliances basically have used the monolithic integrate

40、d circuit control, praises, the washer, the electric refrigerator, the air conditioner, the color television, other acoustic video frequency equipment from the electricity food, to arrive at the electronic weighting equipment again, all kinds, omnipresent.in computer network and correspondence domai

41、n applicationof the modern monolithic integrated circuit has the correspondence connection generally, may carry on the data communication very conveniently with the computer, for provided the extremely good physical conditions application between the computer network and communication facilitys, pre

42、sents communication facility has basically realized the monolithic integrated circuit intelligent control, from the handset, the telephone, the small program controlled switch, the building automatic correspondence ringing system, the train wireless communication, arrived at the mobile phone which a

43、gain in the routine work found at everywhere, the colony mobile communication, radio intercom and so on.monolithic integrated circuits in medical equipment domain applicationmonolithic integrated circuits is also quite widespread in medical equipment uses, for example medical life-support machine, e

44、ach kind of analyzer, guardianship meter, ultrasound diagnosis equipment and hospital bed ringing system and so on.in each kind of large-scale electric appliances modular applicationcertain special-purpose monolithic integrated circuit design uses in realizing the specific function, thus carries on

45、the modular application in each kind of electric circuit, but does not request to use the personnel to understand its internal structure. if music integration monolithic integrated circuit, looked that resembles the simple function, micro shrinks in the pure electronic chip (is different with magnet

46、ic tape units principle), needs complex being similar in computers principle. for example: music signal saves by the digital form in the memory (is similar to rom), reads out by the micro controller, transforms (is similar for the simulation music electrical signal to sound card).in the large-scale

47、electric circuit, this kind of modular application reduced the volume enormously, simplified the electric circuit, reduced the damage, the error rate, also facilitates in the replacement.monolithic integrated circuits in auto plant domain applicationmonolithic integrated circuits is widespread in au

48、tomobile electron applications, for example in automobiles engine controller, based on the can main lines motor car engine intelligence electron controller, the gps guidance system, abs against holds the dead system, braking system and so on.in addition, the monolithic integrated circuit in the indu

49、stry and commerce, the finance, the scientific research, the education, domains and so on national defense aerospace has the very widespread use.外文翻译：单片机介绍单片机也被称为微控制器（microcontroller），是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有cpu的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和cpu集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。intel的z80是最早按

50、照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是intel的8031，因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。此后在8031上发展出了mcs51系列单片机系统。基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提高。随着intel i960系列特别是后来的arm系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力

51、比起80年代提高了数百倍。目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300mhz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端1的型号也只有10美元。当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的windows和linux操作系统。单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等

52、电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。汽车上一般配备40多部单片机，复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作！单片机的数量不仅远超过pc机和其他计算的总和，甚至比人类的数量还要多。单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。相当于一个微型的计算机，和计算机相比，单片机只缺少了i/o设备。概括的讲：一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时，学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。单片机内部也用和电脑功能类似的模块，比如cpu，内存，并行总

53、线，还有和硬盘作用相同的存储器件，不同的是它的这些部件性能都相对我们的家用电脑弱很多，不过价钱也是低的，一般不超过10元即可.用它来做一些控制电器一类不是很复杂的工作足矣了。我们现在用的全自动滚筒洗衣机、排烟罩、vcd等等的家电里面都可以看到它的身影！.它主要是作为控制部分的核心部件。 它是一种在线式实时控制计算机，在线式就是现场控制，需要的是有较强的抗干扰能力，较低的成本，这也是和离线式计算机的（比如家用pc）的主要区别。 单片机是靠程序运行的，并且可以修改。通过不同的程序实现不同的功能，尤其是特殊的独特的一些功能，这是别的器件需要费很大力气才能做到的，有些则是花大力气也很难做到的。一个不是很复杂的功能要是用美国50年代开发的74系列，或者60年代的cd4000系列这些纯硬件来搞定的话，电路一定是一块大pcb板！但是如果要是用美国70年代成功投放市场的系列单片机，结果就会有天壤之别！只因为单片机的通过你编写的程序可以实现高智能，高效率，以及高可靠性！ 由于单片机对成本是敏感的，所以目前占统治地位的软件还是最低级汇编语言，它是除了二进制机器码以上最低级的语言了，既然这么低级为什么还要用呢？很多高级的语言已经达到了可视化编程的水平为什么不用呢？原因很简单，就是单片机没有家用计算机那样的cpu，也没有像硬盘