figuresofspeech(英语修辞格复习总结)(最新整理)

1、5. figures of speech5.1 phonetic figures of speech (语音辞格)5.2 semantic figures of speech (语义辞格)5.3 logical figures of speech(逻辑辞格)5.4 syntactic figures of speech(句法辞格)5.1 phonetic figures of speech5.1.1 alliteration (头韵)it has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. it is a de

2、vice that repeats thesame sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called front rhyme. for instance: the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.5.1.2 assonance (押韵/部分谐音)it has to do with the repetition or

3、 resemblance of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of asequence of words, preceded and followed by different consonants. for instance: the curfew tolls the knell of parting day, the lowing herd wind slowly oer the lea;the plowman homework plods his weary way, and leaves the world to darkness and

4、 to me.5.1.3 consonance (尾韵)it has to do with the repetition of the final and identical consonants whose preceding vowels aredifferent. for instance: she tipped her loyal big dog a big hug.5.1.4 onomatopoeia (拟声)it is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or in

5、animate), orwhich are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement. for instance: on the roof of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.5.1.5 aposiopesis (说话中断法)it is a rhetorical device of suddenly stopping in mid-sentence, as if to say more would be superfluous.an exampl

6、e would be the threat get out, or else! this device often portrays its users as overcome with passion (fear, anger, excitement) or modesty.5.1.6 apostrophe (顿呼)in this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present,listening and understanding what is bei

7、ng said. for instance: england! awake! awake! awake!5.1.7 pun (双关)it is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. for instance: a cannon-balltook off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (here arms has two meanings: a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.)5.2 semantic

8、figures of speech5.2.1 simile (明喻)it is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least onequality or characteristic (特性)in common. to make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other

9、. for example: as cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.5.2.2 metaphor (隐喻)it is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, thiscomparison is implied rather than stated. for example: the world is a stage.5.2.3 metonymy (转喻)it

10、is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that ofanother. for instance: the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).5.2.4 synecdoche (提喻)it is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. for instance: theysay t

11、heres bread and work for all. she was dressed in silks.5.2.5 antonomasia (换喻)it has also to do with substitution. it is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. forexample: solomon for a wise man; daniel for a wise and fair judge; judas for a traitor.5.2.6 personification (拟人)it

12、gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). for example: the wind whistled through the trees.5.2.7 parody (戏仿)it is a kind of imitation which borrows the style and techniques of a text or writers idiolect

13、and fitsnew subject matter to it. it is often used for a humorous or satirical purpose. for example: to smoke or not to smoke, that is a question5.2.8 synesthesia (通感)it refers to the mixing of sensations or the stimulation of one sense that produces a mentalimpression associated with a different se

14、nse. for example: posner lipstick：music to your lips.5.2.9 transferred epithet (移就)it is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from thenoun it should rightly modify( 修 饰 ) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. for instance: i spent

15、sleepless nights on my project.5.3 logical figures of speech*5.3.1 allegory (讽喻)allegory is a story either in verse or in prose with a double meaning: surface meaninga story, andunder-the-surface meaninga hidden truth. in allegories, names of the characters and places are often symbols of certain qu

16、alities. in banyans pilgrims progress, from the names of the characters “christian”, “mr. blind-man”, mr. no-good”, the names of places “vanity fair”, “celestial city”, we can easily understand the meaning behind these names.*5.3.2 allusion (暗引)it is a casual, brief and implicit reference to a famou

17、s historical or literary figure or a well-knownhistorical event. for instance: she sat there all night as silent as the sphinx.5.3.3 hyperbole (夸张)it is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. for instance: healmost died laughing.5.3.4 understatement (含蓄陈述)it is the

18、opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. it achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact bydeliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. for instance: it is no laughing matter.5.3.5 irony (反语)it is a figure

19、 of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intendedmeaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. for instance: we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.5.3.6 innuendo (暗讽)it is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way

20、 at something disparaging(不一致)or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. for example: the weatherman said it would be worm. he must take his readings in a bathroom.5.3.7 euphemism (委婉)it is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend orsug

21、gest something unpleasant. for instance: we refer to die as pass away.5.3.8 oxymoron (矛盾修饰)it is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining( 结 合 ) of two contrasting, contradictory orincongruous(不协调) terms as in “bitter-sweet memories”, “orderly chaos” and “proud humility”.*5.3.9 analogy (类比)it

22、is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on onepoint of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.5.3.10 paradox (隽语)it is a figure of speech consisting of a statement o

23、r proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. for example: more haste, less speed.5.4 syntactic figures of speech5.4

24、.1 repetition (反复)it is a powerful rhetorical device which creates good rhythm and parallelism to make the languagemusical, emphatic, attractive and memorable. for example: one boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.5.4.2 anaphora (首语重复)it is the repetition of the same word at the begi

25、nning of successive clauses, sentences or verses,commonly in conjunction with climax and with parallelism. for example: out of sight, out of mind.5.4.3 epiphora (尾词重复)it is the repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of successive clauses. for example: graspall, lose all.5.4.4 simploce (首

26、尾同复)it is a combination of anaphora and epiphora: the repetition of two sets of words or phrases, one setrepeated at the beginning of, the other set repeated at the end of sentences or verse lines. the pattern is “ab, ab”. for example: broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes

27、: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.5.4.5 anadiplosis (蝉联)it is the repetition of the last part of one unit or sentence at the beginning of the next, whose patternis /a, a(b, bc, c.)/. for example: the king was bad tempered because he was

28、 often ill. he was often ill because he ate and drank too much.5.4.6 parallelism (平行结构)it refers to the method of expressing ideas of equal importance in the same grammatical form, andelements parallel in meaning should be parallel in syntactic structure. for example: rich and poor, intelligent and

29、ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman-it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.5.4.7 antithesis (对偶)it is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieveemphasis. for example: speech is silvern; silence is

30、golden.5.4.8 climax (层进法)it is derived from the greek word for ladder and implies the progression of thought at a uniform oralmost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. for example: i came, i saw, i conquered.5.4.9 anticlimax (突降法)it is the opposite

31、of climax. it involves stating ones thoughts in a descending order of significance orintensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. for instance: he lost his empire, hisfamily and his fountain pen.5.4.10 syllepsis(一笔两用法)it has two connotations. in the first case, it is a figure

32、by which a word, or a particular form orinflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applyingto or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). for example: he addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (here us is used to refer to you an

33、d me.) in the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. for example: while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (here to losing ones limbs in literal; to lose ones mind is figurative, and means t

34、o go mad.)5.4.11 chiasmus (交错法)it is a construction involving the repetition of words or elements in reverse order (a b : b a).beauty is truth, truth (is) beauty. for example: you can fool all the people some of the time, and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all th

35、e time.5.4.12 asyndeton (连词省略)it refers to the deliberate omission of the co-ordinator in a series of words, phrases or clauses. forexample: they spent the day wondering, searching, thinking, (and )understanding.5.4.13 polysyndeton (连词叠用)it is a stylistic device that uses several conjunctions (usually the same one)