2012年研究生土木工程专业英语词汇

2012年专业英语WORDSANDPHRASES1INTRODUCTIONTOREINFORCEDCONCRETEDESIGN11CONCRETE,REINFORCEDCONCRETE,ANDPRESTRESSEDCONCRETECONCRETE,REINFORCEDCONCRETE,PRESTRESSEDCONCRETE混凝土，钢筋混凝土，预应力混凝土CEMENT,AGGREGATE,SAND,GRAVEL水泥，骨料，砂砾，石砾FINEAGGREGATE,COARSEAGGREGATE细骨料，粗骨料HARDENV,HARDENINGN硬化的动词与名词形式FORM模板，文中也有用于指结构的“形式”MEMBERBEAM/COLUMN/ARCH,STRUCTUREBUILDING/BRIDGE/DAM/TANK/RESERVOIR,SYSTEM/FORM构件梁柱拱，结构（建筑桥梁大坝容器蓄水池），结构体系CONSISTOF,CONSISTCHIEFLYOFPAGE10,CONSISTCHIEFLYOFPAGE12构成，主要由构成的两种说法WORKABILITY,FORMABILITY和易性，易成形性REINFORCINGSTEEL,REINFORCEMENT,STEELROD不同语境，钢筋的几种表达法BAR/ROD,WIRE,STRAND,CABLE钢筋，钢线，钢绞线，索ADMIXTURE添加剂HIGHEARLYSTRENGTHCEMENT,PLASTICIZER,AIRENTRAININGAGENT早强水泥，加塑剂，加气剂CURING养护HUMIDITYANDTEMPERATURE湿度与温度AWIDERANGEOFPROPERTIES,AWIDEVARIETYOFPROPERTIES许多特性TOAVERYSUBSTANTIALDEGREE,TOAVERYSIGNIFICANTEXTENT很大程度上，很重要程度上THOROUGHNESS彻底性PLACEINTHEFORMS,BEDEPOSITEDANDMADETOFILLFORMS浇注于模板中SUBSTANDARDCONCRETE,HIGHEARLYSTRENGTHCONCRETE,HIGHSTRENGTHCONCRETE,ORDINARYCONCRETE次品混凝土，早强混凝土，高强混凝土，普通混凝土PROPORTIONING,MIXING,PLACING,CURING配比，混合，浇注，养护FIRERESISTANCE,WEATHERRESISTANCE抗火性，耐候性EVIDENTADVANTAGE显而易见的优点WITHTHEPOSSIBLEEXCEPTIONOFCEMENT可能例外的是，除了可能有例外，ATLOWCOST以较低的价格CONSTRUCTIONSITE施工场地COMPRESSIVESTRENGTH/STRESS/STRAIN,TENSILESTRENGTH/STRESS/STRAIN,FLEXURECOMPRESSIVEFORCE,TENSILEFORCE,BENDINGMOMENT,SHEARFORCE,TORSIONCOMPRESSION,TENSION,BENDING,SHEAR,TORSION拉压弯剪扭的几种形式BESUBJECTTOLOADS,CARRYLOAD承受荷载，主动与被动两种用法CROSSSECTION横截面TOOFFSETTHISLIMITATION为了克服这一限制TOREINFORCEVCONCRETE以加强混凝土CARRYINGCAPACITYOFTHEMEMBER构件的承载力INTERLOCKINGN,INTERLOCKV咬和的名词与动词形式STRENGTH,STIFFNESS,DUCTILITY强度，刚度，延性YIELDSTRENGTH,REPRESENTATIVEVALUE屈服强度，代表值LONGSPAN大跨DEFORMATION,DEFLECTION,CRACK,CORROSION变形，挠度，裂缝，腐蚀MOISTURE,HUMIDITY潮湿，湿度THISLIMITSV,THEREARELIMITSNTO这就限制了，在方面有所限制12STRUCTURALFORMSMONOLITHIC整体的，单块的FLAREDCOLUMNTOP柱帽FOLDEDPLATEROOF,CYLINDERCELLROOF波浪板式屋顶，圆柱壳形屋顶BEAM,GIRDER梁，托梁钢结构中多会用到BEHAVIOR,PERFORMANCE一般来说，构件的特性，结构的性能CABLESTAYEDBRIDGE,SUSPENSIONBRIDGE斜拉桥，悬索桥ONEDIMENSIONAL,TWODIMENSIONAL,THREEDIMENSIONALA一维的，二维的有时写为2D，三维的有时写为3D13LOADSBEDIVIDEDINTOCATEGORIES分为类DEADLOAD,LIVELOAD,ENVIRONMENTALLOAD,SUSPENDEDLOAD恒载，活载，环境荷载，吊挂荷载MAGNITUDE,LOCATION,DISTRIBUTION荷载的幅值，作用位置，分布THEWEIGHTOFTHESTRUCTURE结构的自重WITHGOODACCURACY,WITHPRECISION准确的，精确的FLOOR,ROOF,SLAB,CEILING楼面,屋顶，楼板，天花板BESPECIFIEDINTHEBUILDINGCODE在规范中有具体规定UNIFORMLYDISTRIBUTEDLOAD/UNIFORMLOAD,CONCENTRATEDLOAD均布荷载，集中荷载MINIMUMLOAD,MINIMUMVALUE,AVERAGEVALUE,MEANVALUE最小荷载，最小值，平均值，均值（概率论及随机）ONTHEPREMISETHAT在的前提下TABLEN,TABULATED表格，制表SNOWLOAD,WINDLOADINCLUDINGWINDPRESSUREANDSUCTION,EARTHQUAKEEFFECTSOMETIMESEARTHQUAKELOAD,SOILPRESSURE,REPAIRLOAD雪荷载，风荷载包括风压力与风吸力，地震作用有时仍见到“地震荷载”这一说法，土压力，检修荷载TEMPERATUREDIFFERENTIAL温度差异FORINSTANCE/FOREXAMPLE举例来说TOGIVEMUCHMOREDETAILEDINFORMATION给出更相信的信息UPPERLIMIT,LOWERLIMIT上限，下限SUMMARIZE总结为INFORMATIONPERTAININGTO关于的信息HORIZONTALFORCE,LATERALLOAD水平力，横向荷载HEIGHTOFTHESTRUCTURE,IMPORTANCEOFTHESTRUCTURE结构的高度，结构的重要性TOACCOUNTFOR解释了ELASTIC,INELASTIC弹性，弹塑性（有时用ELASTOPLASTIC）STATICANALYSIS,DYNAMICANALYSIS静力分析，动力分析GROUND,FLOORACCELERATION,VELOCITY,DISPLACEMENT地面，楼板加速度，速度，位移MASS,STIFFNESS,DAMPING质量，刚度，阻尼BASESHEAR基底剪力SOILCONDITION,THECONDITIONOFTHESITE土壤条件，场地土条件14SERVICEABILITY,STRENGTH,ANDSTRUCTURALSAFETYSAFETY,SERVICEABILITY,DURABILITY安全性，适用性，耐久性COLLAPSE倒塌,IFANY,如果有的话,TOLERABLELIMITS允许误差BEPREDICTEDACCURATELY准确的预计DIFFERFROM,BEDIFFERENTFROM与不同的两种形式ASSUMPTION,SIMPLIFICATION假定，简化PROGRESSHASBEENMADETOWARD在方面的进展RANDOMVARIABLE,PROBABILITYMODEL,PROBABILITYDENSITYFUNCTION,STATISTICDATA,MEANVALUE随机变量，概率模型，概率密度函数，统计量，均值ABSCISSA,HORIZONTALAXIS横坐标，水平坐标轴SHADEDAREA阴影面积APLOTOFMAYAPPEARASINFIG1,ISSHOWNINFIG1图如图1所示，如图1所示BELESSTHAN小于或少于WHEREAIS,BIS,ANDCIS/INWHICHAIS,BIS,ANDCIS（此句一般跟于公式下面）该式中A是,B是,C是。15DESIGNBASISRESISTLOAD/FORCE抗荷载/力MARGIN,MARGINOFSAFETY富余，安全余度THELIFEOFTHESTRUCTURE/THELIFETIMEOFTHESTRUCTURE结构的寿命WITHOUTFAILURE,CLOSETOFAILURE,ATFAILURE不破坏，接近破坏，破坏时STRENGTHDESIGN,ALLOWABLESTRESS,SERVICELOADDESIGN强度设计，许用应力法，服务荷载设计NONLINEAR,INELASTIC非线性，弹塑性INITIALELASTICRANGE,INITIALELASTICSTATE初始弹性区，初始弹性状态ELASTICDOMAIN,YIELDDOMAIN弹性范围，屈服范围NOMINALSTRENGTH名义强度ACCEPTABLEVALUE许用值SERVICEABILITY,WORKABILITY适用性，和易行RESULTFROM由得来WITHINSPECIFIEDLIMITS在规定限值内ASLONGAS只要INELASTICSTRESSSTRAINBEHAVIOR,INELASTICSTRESSSTRAINRELATIONSHIP弹塑性应力应变特性，弹塑性应力应变关系BEADJUSTEDTO调整为EXCLUSIVE,INCLUSIVE专有的，包括的转折类连词HOWEVER,ONTHEOTHERHAND,INCONTRAST并列类连词ASANALTERNATIVETO,ALSO,HENCE,THUS,INADDITION,FURTHERMORE2PRESTRESSEDCONCRETE21INTRODUCTIONPRESTRESSING,PRESTRESSFORCE/PRESTRESSINGFORCEP26,PRESTRESSINGSTEEL,PRESTRESSEDCONCRETE预应力法，预应力，预应力钢筋，预应力混凝土ECONOMICSTRUCTURE经济型结构IMPROVEDMETHOD,MODIFIEDFACTOR改进的方法，修正系数HIGHERSTRENGTHMATERIAL高强材料RESULTFROM,RESULTIN由而来，导致CONSEQUENTTHISRESULTINAREDUCTIONOFCROSSSECTIONALDIMENSIONSANDCONSEQUENTWEIGHTSAVINGS进而，由次引起REPRESENTASUBSTANTIALPARTOF占很大一部分MULTISTORYBUILDING多层建筑DEPTH/HEIGHTOFMEMBERS,HEIGHTOFBUILDINGS构件的截面高度，建筑物的高度THENUMBEROFSTORIES层数PLUMBINGRISERS提升装置ACCURATEAPPRAISAL,EVALUATION准确评估ATSERVICELOADS,UNDERSERVICECONDITIONS在使用荷载下，在使用条件下INTHAT由于TRIGGER,RESULTIN引起，导致PREMATUREFAILURE过早破坏DIAGONALTENSION,DIAGONALCRACK斜向受拉，斜裂缝REFINEDANALYSIS精确分析AGGRAVATEEGDEFLECTIONISFURTHERAGGRAVATEDBYCRACKING加剧例如，变形因开裂进一步加剧。FLEXURALSTIFFNESS抗弯刚度PERFORMANCE,BEHAVIOR结构的性能，构件的性能FEATURES,CHARACTERISTICS特点，特性TOBEDEFINEDAS定义为EXTERNALLOADING,INTERNALFORCE外荷载，内力TOCOUNTERACTCOUNTERMOMENT抵消；抵消弯矩DESIGNLOAD设计荷载INNOVATIVESTRUCTURALFORMS新型结构体系22EFFECTSOFPRESTRESSINGALTERNATIVE可选择的，不同的BEREDUCEDORELIMINATED,TOMINIMIZEORAVOID减少或自消除，最小或者避免EQUIVALENTLOAD,CONCENTRATEDLOAD等效荷载，集中荷载ASPECIALVARIATIONOFREINFORCEDCONCRETE钢筋混凝土的一种变化形式VIEWPOINT观点ANALYSISANDDESIGN分析与设计ILLUSTRATE举例说明ACONCRETESTRESSSCONTROLBYPRESTRESSINGPLAIN,UNREINFORCEDCONCRETE素混凝土，有时直接表示为PLAINCONCRETEATTHECENTEROFTHESPAN,MIDSPAN跨中处SELFWEIGHTOFTHEMEMBER构件自重ABENEGLECTED忽略了ATRANSVERSELOAD/LATERALLOAD,LONGITUDINALLOAD横向荷载构件层面或结构层面，纵向荷载ATTHEBOTTOMOFTHEBEAM在/位于梁底REACH达到NORESTRAINT没有受到约束COLLAPSE倒塌OTHERWISEADV否则；ADJ另外，其他IDENTICAL,TOBEIDENTICALTO完全相同的，与相同PRIORTO在之前VERTICALLOADING,VERTICALFORCE竖向荷载，竖向力UNIFORMAXIALCOMPRESSION均布轴向受压CROSSSECTIONALAREA截面面积ADJUST调整SUPERPOSITIONOFSTRESS应力叠加ZEROTENSILESTRESS不出现拉应力COMPENSATE补偿LOADINDUCEDTENSION/MOMENT荷载产生的拉力/弯矩DESIGNSPECIFICATION设计规定ABEAMWITHRECTANGULARCROSSSECTION,BOXSECTIONBEAM矩形截面梁,箱形截面梁ATTHELOWERTHIRDPOINTOFTHESECTIONDEPTH在/位于较低的三分点处ECCENTRICITY,VARIABLE/CONSTANTECCENTRICITY偏心距，变偏心距/常偏心距MOMENTOFINERTIA惯性矩ECCENTRICPRESTRESSING,CONCENTRICPRESTRESS偏心预应力，轴心预应力BEEMBEDDEDIN埋于INTUITIVELY,凭直觉,MOMENT,BENDINGMOMENT弯矩ONESUSPECTSTHAT我们猜想这是NATIVESPEAKER的用法，建议大家还是用常用用法，避免歧义TOBEACHIEVED/OBTAINED,TOATTAIN获得了FROMZEROATTHESUPPORTSTOMAXIMUMATMIDSPAN支座处为零，跨中达到最大值BESTTENDONPROFILE,PROFILEOFTHETENDON,最佳预应力筋包络图，预应力筋包络图MOMENTDIAGRAM弯矩图，注意区别DIAGRAM与FIGUREEXACTLY/JUSTEQUALANDOPPOSITETO大小相等、方向相反FLEXURALCRACKING,CRACK弯曲裂缝BEQUIVALENTLOADSVERTICALALIGNMENT竖向分布或布置，ALIGNMENT多指有一定排列方式的，区别于DISTRIBUTIONTENDONANCHORAGES预应力筋的锚固BELOOKEDUPONAS看作是CONCRETECENTROID,ATTHECENTROIDOF混凝土质心,在质心处UNIFORMSLOPE,VARIABLESLOPE等斜率，变斜率VERTICALPROPONENT,HORIZONTALPROPONENT竖向分量，水平分量PARABOLICPROFILE,AMOMENTENVELOPE抛物线型包络，弯矩包络ACCOUNTFOR考虑ANADVANTAGEOFISTHAT的优点在于PARTICULARLOADING某一特定荷载CPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEASAVARIATIONOFRCITISIMPLIEDTHAT暗示着意味着REMAINCONSTANT保持不变OCCUR发生，出现PREVAILUP文中指条件可以“满足”，少用EVENTUALLYEXCEED最终超过MODULUSOFRUPTURE断裂模量ATTHECRACKEDSECTION在/位于开裂截面处ATTHEMAXIMUMMOMENTSECTION在/位于最大弯矩截面INELASTICRANGE塑性阶段ATINCIPIENTFAILURE初始破坏FACTOREDLOAD极限设计荷载指考虑了组合系数的荷载，故用FACTOR一词UNDOUBTEDLY无疑INTERNALFORCECOUPLE内力偶THEMAINDIFFERENCEISTHATTHEMAINDIFFERENCELIESIN主要的不同在于SUFFICIENT足够的STRENGTHORSAFETYMARGIN强度或安全冗度FORMV形成；N模板，结构形式DEFLECT,DEFLECTION变形23SOURCESOFPRESTRESSFORCEPRETENSIONING,POSTTENSIONING先张法，后张法THERMALPRESTRESSING热预应力BEEMPLOYED,BEWIDELYUSED采用，广泛用于JACK,HYDRAULICJACK千斤顶，液压千斤顶PRINCIPALDIFFICULTY主要的困难DRASTICALLYREDUCE非常大的减小HOLLOWCONDUIT空心管道ATTAINMENT达到WEDGEV楔入动词REREMOVEDFORREUSE移开以重复使用NOTETHAT注意到SELFCONTAINED自包含的BEINDEPENDENTOF,BEDEPENDENTUPON,DEPENDUPON独立于不受的影响，依赖于，取决于RELATIVEDISPLACEMENT相对位移OTHERMEANSFORINTRODUCINGTHEPRESTRESSINGFORCE施加预应力的其他方法BEATTEMPTEDONANEXPERIMENTALBASIS在试验尝试阶段FRICTION,BOND摩擦,粘结THESTEELCOOLSANDTENDSTOCONTRACT钢筋冷却并会收缩。RESTRAINEDCONTRACTION，CONTRACTV收缩受限，收缩的动词形式PATENTEDSYSTEMS注册过专利的系统MASSAPRODUCTION大批量生产PORTABLE便携式的INTHISCOUNTRYANDABROAD在国内外DIFFERONLYINMINORDETAILS仅在细节上稍有不同ASFARASISCONCERNED就而言SPECIFYINDETAIL具体规定DESIGNER设计师CONTRACTOR,SUBCONTRACTOR承包商，分包商QUOTATION报价单SLEEVE套筒（管），管接头CONTEMPLATE仔细思考ACCOMMODATE适用V，少用ABUTMENT支座，区别于SUPPORTGROUT浆，水泥浆；灌浆24PRESTRESSINGSTEELSATTEMPTAT在方面作尝试SHRINKAGEANDCREEPINCONCRETE混凝土收缩与徐变HAVEMUCHLESSEFFECTON,THEINFLUENCEOFON,对的影响不大，对的影响LONGTERM,SHORTTIME/SHORTTERM长期的，短期的RELIEVE释放NETSTRAIN净应变CORRESPONDINGSTRESS相应的应力STRESSLOSS,FRICTIONLOSS,LOSTV应力损失，摩擦损失，损失动词INTHEFORMOF以的形式THESTAGEOFLOADING加载阶段YIELDSTRENGTH,ULTIMATESTRENGTH屈服强度，极限强度TRANSFER传递STRETCHINGOPERATION,TENSIONINGOPERATION张拉操作INEFFECT,INFACT实际上，如果不是位于句首而是句中，前用分号INADDITION另外,WHILE然而，多表前后并列的两内容之间，表现、特性等却不同这样的转折。RELAXATIONINTHESTEEL钢筋松弛TABLEA16,APPA,REF211,FIG213,SEC214表A16,附录A,参考文献211,图213,第214部分/节缩写时词后要加一个POINT，不缩写则写作TABLEA16,APPENDIXA,REFERENCE211,FIGURE213,SECTION21425CONCRETEFORPRESTRESSEDCONSTRUCTIONORDINARILY,NORMALLY一般来说，但ORDINARILY可用于句首，NORMALLY少有看到用于句首INITIALELASTICSTRAIN初始弹性应变SIZEOFTHEANCHORAGEFITTING锚件的大小FACILITATEV便于ASSUME假定VOLUMECHANGES体积改变DISCUSSINTHEDETAIL详细的进行讨论3EARTHQUAKESTHEIRIMPORTANCETOTHEENGINEEREARTHQUAKERESISTANCE抗震，抗震设计用SEISMICDESIGN，比如抗震规范封面写的就是CODEFORSEISMICDESIGNOFBUILDINGSINCONJUNCTIONWITH以及EXERTON作用于ABSORBTHEENERGY吸能，更常用的表达方式为耗能DISSIPATETHEENERGY,ENERGYDISSIPATIONVIBRATIONN,VIBRATIONAL/VIBRATORYMOVEMENTP35,36震动,震动THEORIGINOFANEARTHQUAKECRUST地壳FRACTURE,RUPTURE破裂，但后者程度重，尤其是突然破裂SLIPPAGE滑移WITHRESPECTTO相对于PRESSUREWAVE,SHEARWAVE,SURFACEWAVE压缩波（P波），剪切波（S波），面波INTHEDIRECTIONOFWAVETRAVEL,ATRIGHTANGLESTOTHEDIRECTIONOFWAVETRAVEL沿波的传播方向,垂直于波的传播方向MAJORDAMAGE主要破坏ANOBSERVATIONPOINT观测点EPICENTER,DISTANCETOTHEEPICENTER震中,震中距ACCELEROGRAM,ACCELEROGRAPH加速度谱，加速度仪ANABRUPTINCREASE突增GEOGRAPHICPOSITION地理位置ORIGINATEV源于FOCUS/HYPOCENTER，SHALLOWFOCUSEARTHQUAKE震源,浅源地震NUMEROUS若干AFTERSHOCK余震ENERGYRELEASE,ENERGYDISSIPATION能量释放，能量耗散TYPESOFEARTHQUAKEFAULTSFAULT断层BECLASSIFIEDINTERMSOF根据进行分类RELATIVEDISPLACEMENT相对位移TOBEOFTHISTYPE属于这种类型APPARENTLY,OBVIOUSLY显然GENERATEV产生BUCKLEV翘曲，局部屈曲用LOCALBUCKLINGFORCESEXERTEDBYANEARTHQUAKEHORIZONTAL/VERTICALCOMPONENT水平/垂直分量STRUCTURALENGINEER结构工程师ACCELERATEV,ACCELERATIONN，ACCELERATIONOFGRAVITY，MAXIMUMACCELERATION（P36）,PEAKGROUNDACCELERATIONP41加速，加速度，重力加速度，最大加速度，地面加速度峰值（缩写为PGA）GROUNDMOTION地面运动REVERSEV相反，颠倒PERIODICALLY周期性的ATSHORTINTERVALSOFTIME在较短的时间间隔内BODY物体NEWTONSSECONDLAWOFMOTION牛顿第二运动定律NONDIMENSIONAL无量纲的INPOUNDS，FEETPERSECONDPERSECOND以磅为单位，英尺/秒2EQUATION11公式11或表示为EQN11，首字母一般大写，缩写要增加一个“”EMPIRICAL经验的FREEFALLINGBODY自由落体WEIGHTN,WEIGHV,重量，重FORCONVENIENCE为方便起见ASEISMICCOEFFICIENT，FACTOR（P41）地震影响系数，影响因素CORRESPONDING相应的MULTIPLIEDBY,TIME乘以，倍数SEISMICFORCE地震力INANIRREGULARMANNER以不规则的形式LENGTHSOFFAULTSANDEXTENTOFEARTHMOVEMENTAPPROXIMATELENGTH近似长度VARYVVARIATIONN变化，不同AMONGDIFFERENTTHEREISAWIDEVARIATIONINDIFFERENTSHOWAWIDEVARIATIONIN不同在方面各有不同。STRONG/LARGE/SEVEREEARTHQUAKE强震，最常用的是STRONGEARTHQUAKEWHEREAS,WHILE然而ORIGINALPOSITION原来位置，ORIGINAL还有“原创的”含义ACTIVITYOFFAULTSACTIVE活动的，文中指地震断层的活动性UNDERGOV经历，遭受HAZARDREDUCTION,DISASTERREDUCTION,DISASTERMITIGATION减灾DEPOSITV，CONSOLIDATEV沉积，固结PLATETECTONICSPLATETECTONICS板块构造学UNDERLYINGMECHANICS潜在的机理BEASSUMEDTO假定为TONEATLYEXPLAIN巧妙的解释了EARTHQUAKEPRONERING/REGION,AREA地震多发带/区THERICHTERMAGNITUDEMAGNITUDEOFANEARTHQUAKE，HAVEAMAGNITUDEOF71（P39）震级，震级71BECOMMONLYDESIGNATEDBY通常以表示MAXIMUMAMPLITUDE,PEAKVALUE最大幅值，峰值SEISMOGRAPH,ACCELEROGRAPH（P39）地震仪，加速度仪LOGARITHMIC对数的ATENFOLDINCREASEOF增加十倍ITSHOULDBERECOGNIZEDTHAT应该认识到THEDIFFERENCEISTHAT差别在于DURATION,ALONGERDURATION持时，更长的持时MODIFIEDMERCALLIINTENSITYMODIFIED修正的，区别于REVISEDINTENSITY烈度SEEAPPENDIX见附录BECONSISTENT一致的EARTHQUAKEACCELERATIONSANDSTRONGMOTIONACCELEROGRAPHSEARTHQUAKERESISTANTDESIGN，SEISMICDESIGN抗震设计BEOFUSE有用HERETOFORE，THEREAFTER之前，之后，均为副词MERIT优点，科技论文中更常用的是ADVANTAGESTANDPOINT立场，观点ONTHEFIRSTFLOOR,INABASEMENT,ATMIDHEIGHT,ONTHEROOF位于首层，在基础上，在中部高度处，在屋顶上，注意副词及冠词DYNAMICANALYSISOFSTRUCTURE，STATICANALYSISOFSTRUCTURE结构动力分析，结构静力分析HAVESOMEDIRECTCORRELATIONWITH与有直接关系AFRACTIONOF一小部分LIQUEFACTIONLIQUEFACTION液化SOIL,SAND,SILT,CLAY土壤，砂土，粉土，粘土RESTON位于SUBSIDENCE,DIFFERENTIALSUBSIDENCE沉降，不均匀沉降REMEDIALMEASURE补救措施AHIGHWATERTABLE高水位LOWLYINGAREAS低洼地区SETTLE,TILT,COLLAPSEV沉降，倾斜，倒塌DELEGATIONTOANCONFERENCE参加会议的代表，注意TO为介词AHEAVILYPOPULATEDCITY人口密集城市SANDBOILS结合上下文，表示“喷砂冒水”的液化现象BEABOUT900FEETWIDEANDAMILELONG约900英尺宽，1英里长，形容词在后THEREARETWOREASONSINTHEFIRSTPLACE,ALSO,有两个原因，其一，其二。TSUNAMITSUNAMI海啸INDICATION，SIGN征兆LONGPERIODWAVE长周期波EARTHQUAKEPREDICTIONEARTHQUAKEPREDICTION地震预测PREMONITORYSIGN预兆GEOLOGICANDSEISMICSITEEVALUATIONOWNER,CONSULTANT业主，顾问AGEOLOGICSEISMICREPORT地震地质报告THEBUILDINGSITE建筑场地4APERFORMANCEINFIREOFSMALLSCALECFRPSTRENGTHENEDABSTRACTSMALLSCALE/INTERMEDIATESCALE/FULLSCALE缩尺，中尺，足尺FRPFIBREREINFORCEDPLASTIC/POLYMER纤维加固材料/聚合物INFRASTRUCTURE基础设施CELLULOSIC纤维质性质的FURNACE燃烧炉ADHESIVE胶粘剂RESIN树脂REGARDLESSOF无论有没有FIRERESISTANCE,FIRERESISTANTEARTHQUAKERESISTANCE,EARTHQUAKERESISTANT抗火；抗震（名词和形容词形式）INTRODUCTIONDETERIORATION劣化DEFICIENT不足的OBSOLETE报废的MANIPULATE操纵，控制ONSITE在现场STEELPLATEBONDING粘钢板ARAMID芳纶，一类有机聚合物INTHEEVENTOF当发生的时候BESUSCEPTIBLETO敏感的，易受影响的VISCOUS粘性的DEGRADATION降解MATRIX基质，矩阵INTHEORDEROF大约INTUMESCENCE膨胀，隆起COATING涂料CHARV烧焦；N焦炭EPOXY环氧树脂CLADDING覆面，覆层INSULATION隔离，绝缘，隔热SLURRY泥浆SPRAY喷涂NOZZLE喷嘴PETROLEUM石油SCENARIO情节，方案UNIDIRECTIONAL单向的BACKUP支持，后备PREVIOUSWORKCONFIGURATION结构，外形，构造，形式TROWEL泥铲ELEVATE提高CONDUCT开展，实施BEDUETO由于INTERIMADJ/N中间期（的）ASSEMBLY组合体，装配体INACCORDANCEWITH与一致RATING级别BESUBJECTEDTO经受EXPERIMENTALTESTPROGRAMDAMP潮湿的SOFFIT下端背面，拱腹，注意文中用法THESOFFITSOFTHEBEAMS,BEAMSOFFITSGRIT粗砂QUOTE引用PEEL皮PRIORTO在之前EMBEDDEDINSERT预埋件THREADEDBOLT螺纹杆WASHER垫片，垫圈LATH板条MESH（铁丝，钢筋）网片RESULTSSPECIMEN试件INTACT完整无缺的WHITISH,REDDISH,BUFF带点白色的，带点红色的，浅黄DISCOLORATION变色DEMONSTRATE说明，表明，证明UNZIP脱落，区别于日常应用中的（解压）STANDARDDEVIATION标准差EXPOSURE曝光于（火，侵蚀等）CONCLUSIONRECOMMENDATIONCOMBINATION组合MAINTAIN，MAINTENANCE维护（不同词性）LEVEL等级DEBONED去骨的4BEHAVIOROFREINFORCEDCONCRETEMEMBERSBYFINITEELEMENTABSTRACTFINITEELEMENTMETHOD,FINITEELEMENTANALYSIS有限元方法，有限元分析COMPLEXSTRUCTURE，COMPLETESTRUCTURE，OVERALLSTRUCTUREP51复杂结构，整体结构TOPROVIDEANALYTICSOLUTION提供解析解THEREOF它的，它们的CRUSHING，TENSIONSTIFFENING压碎，拉力刚化MULTIAXIAL,UNIAXIAL,BIAXIAL,TRIAXIALP58多轴的，单轴的，双轴的，三轴的THEINTENTISTO目的在于NONLINEARITY非线性INTRODUCTIONPREDICTION,ANTICIPATEV预计，估算EMPIRICALRULES经验方法SETALIMITATIONON限制了EXTRAPOLATION外推NEWTYPESOFSTRUCTURES新型结构UNCERTAINTY不确定性CONSERVATISM保守EMPLOYV应用，做此意时同USEORDINARYDESIGNOFMEMBERS普通构件设计DATABASE数据基础，编程中指数据库ENHANCED提高STRUCTURALANALYSIS结构分析QUANTIFYV使量化，确定（大小）GLOBAL/LOCALASSESSMENT整体/局部评估CONCEPTUALDESIGNPHASE概念设计阶段CONFIGURATION,CONFIGUREV配置EXPERIENCEV经历N经验DOMINATINGFACTOR控制因素GROSSSECTION总体截面IE相当于“THATIS”，那就是ETC等等EG例如HOMOGENEOUS,ISOTROPIC,LINEARLYELASTIC均匀的，各向同性的，线弹性的APPROXIMATION近似SERIOUSERROR严重的错误OMISSION,NEGLECT忽略ISCALLEDFOR需要FORESTALLV防止STRUCTURALDETAIL细部做法ACCOUNTFOR解释GEOMETRICIRREGULARITY几何不规则PIVOTAL/IMPORTANT/KEYPOINTS关键点TESTAPPARATUS,SETUP试验仪器，试验设备EDGEEFFECT边界效应TIE,STIRRUP,ANCHOR,LAP连结筋，箍筋，锚固，搭接DISCRETEAPPROACH离散方法STRESSBIAS应力奇异FINEGRID精细的网格TOPOLOGY拓扑学INTHEDIRECTIONPERPENDICULARTO在垂直于方向上PRINCIPALDISCREPANCY主要的差异PLATEBENDINGSYSTEMSINCORPORATEV包括ATOP在之上PROPAGATEVPROPAGATIONN传播，扩散PUNCHINGSHEARFAILURE冲剪破坏STEELPERCENTAGE配筋率ORTHOGONALDIRECTION正交方向COMPATIBILITYOFDISPLACEMENT位移协调INDEPENDENTUNKNOWN独立未知量INPLANE,OUTOFPLANE,INPLANESTIFFNESS平面内，平面外，平面内刚度WEAKAXIS弱轴UNDERREINFORCED配筋不足的SEVERALFOLD几重SMEARED/DISTRIBUTEDCRACK，DISCRETECRACK弥散式裂缝，分离式裂缝MESHV网格TRANSITIONALELEMENT过渡单元COARSE粗的COMMERCIALPROGRAM商业软件BEINGENERALAGREEMENTWITH与一致BASICCONCEPTSINNONLINEARREINFORCEDCONCRETEFINITEELEMENTANALYISISGENERALREMARKSDEPARTFROM并非COUPLEINTO耦合HADBETTERBECONSIDERED最好考虑ANALYTICALMODELSFORREINFORCEDCONCRETEAMENABLETO对负责ANALYTICALMODELSFOR的分析模型THEPROSANDCONS支持者与反对者，赞成与反对的论据ISOTROPIC,ORTHOTROPIC各向同性，正交各向异性PLAYANIMPORTANTROLEIN在中发挥了重要的作用NONLINEARELASTIC,HYPOELASTIC,PLASTIC非线性弹性，次弹性，塑性ISOTROPIC/KINEMATICHARDENING等向强化，随动强化ASSOCIATED/NONASSOCIATEDFLOWRULES关联的流动法则，不相关联的流动法则BECOMPUTATIONALLYINTENSIVE文中表“计算耗时”VERIFICATIONOFMATERIALMODELCONDUCTANEXPERIMENT实施试验THEPOINTISTHAT重点是SUMMARYPERTAINTO与相关MECHANICALPROPERTIES力学特性SLIP滑移LOADHISTORY荷载历史TRANSFERMECHANISM转换机理DOWELACTION销栓作用5DESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONOFCHINASTALLESTBUILDINGTHEJINMAOTOWERSHANGHAIWORDSANDPHRASESABSTRACTCOMPOSITESTRUCTURALSYSTEM组合结构体系TORESISTTYPHOONWIND/EARTHQUAKEFORCE/LATERALLOAD/GRAVITYLOAD抵抗台风/地震力/侧向力/重力ACCOMMODATEV适应SOILCONDITION场地土条件SUPERSTRUCTURE上部结构REINFORCEDCONCRETESHEARWALLCORE钢筋混凝土剪力墙核心筒COMPOSITEMEGACOLUMN,OUTRIGGERTRUSS组合巨型柱，伸臂桁架FOUNDATIONSYSTEM基础体系STEELPIPEPILE,REINFORCEDCONCRETEMAT,SLURRYWALLSYSTEM钢管桩，钢筋混凝土筏板，地下连续墙TEMPORARYRETENTION,PERMANENTFOUNDATION临时性支护，永久性基础THESTRUCTURALSYSTEMMAJORSTRUCTURALMEMBER主要结构构件TOPPEDOUT封顶ASPECTRATIO高宽比CENTRAL,EXTERIOR中部的，外围的FLANGEWALL,WEBWALL,ATRIUM翼墙，腹墙，中庭COMPOSITEMETALDECKSLAB组合楼板FOUNDATIONENGINEERINGUPPERSTRATA上部岩层HIGHCAPACITY高承载力BYFRICTION通过摩擦BEPOUREDCONTINUOUSLY连续浇注COOLINGPIPESYSTEM冷凝管系统INSULATINGSTRAWBLANKET隔热麦秸毯WATERTABLE,GRADE水位，地面SUBSOILDRAINAGESYSTEM地基排水系统WINDENGINEERINGULTRATALLSTRUCTURE,HIGHRISEBUILDING超高层结构，高层建筑ADDRESSV这里表示“说明，规定”WINDTUNNEL风洞CONSTRUCTIONOFPROXIMITYMODEL构建近似模型AEROELASTICTEST气弹试验100YEARRETURNWIND,RETURNPERIOD100年一遇的风，重现期CORRESPONDTO相一致SERVICEABILITYDESIGN适用性设计FUNDAMENTALTRANSLATIONAL/TORSIONALPERIOD基本平动/扭转周期PRINCIPALDIRECTION主轴方向STRUCTURALDAMPING,MECHANICALDAMPING,DAMPINGRATIO结构阻尼，机械阻尼，阻尼比EARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGSEISMICLOADING/EFFECT地震荷载/作用SAMPLING样本RESPONSESPECTRUM反应谱TIMEHISTORYACCELERATIONRECORDS,TIMEHISTORYANALYSIS加速度时程记录，时程分析GOVERNV,CONTROLLINGFACTOR控制，控制因素CONNECTION连接处REMAINELASTIC保持弹性UNIQUESTRUCTURALENGINEERINGSOLUTIONS/ONSITESTRUCTURALMONITORINGREDUNDANCY赘余度AXIALSHORTENING轴向压缩PIN,CIRCULARHOLE,SLOT铰，圆孔，滑槽APPRECIABLY略微SURVEYANDMONITORING调查与监测EXTENSOMETER,DISPLACEMENTTRANSDUCER,STRAINGAUGE,ACCELEROMETER变形计，位移计，应变片，加速度计MEASUREDSTRAINVERSUSCALCULATEDSTRAIN测量应变与计算应变CORRELATIONBETWEENTHEORETICALANDACTUAL理论值与实际值之间的关系LASER激光BENCHMARK基准点CONCLUSIONSASBUILT竣工6PROJECTMANAGEMENTANDADMINISTRATION101THENEEDFORPROJECTMANAGEMENTTIMESCHEDULE,COSTBUDGET,QUALITYREQUIREMENT时间安排，花费预算，质量要求NECESSITYN必需PUTGREATEMPHASISON十分重视BEPROFOUNDLYAFFECTEDBY深受影响UNREMITTING,DESIRABLE,IMPERATIVE不间断的，期望的，必要的102PROJECTORGANIZATIONMOREORLESS或多或少BEREPRESENTATIVEOF代表BERESPONSIBLEFOR负责OR