英语美文50篇_第1页
英语美文50篇_第2页
英语美文50篇_第3页
英语美文50篇_第4页
英语美文50篇_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩28页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

01THELANGUAGEOFMUSICAPAINTERHANGSHISORHERFINISHEDPICTURESONAWALL,ANDEVERYONECANSEEITACOMPOSERWRITESAWORK,BUTNOONECANHEARITUNTILITISPERFORMEDPROFESSIONALSINGERSANDPLAYERSHAVEGREATRESPONSIBILITIES,FORTHECOMPOSERISUTTERLYDEPENDENTONTHEMASTUDENTOFMUSICNEEDSASLONGANDASARDUOUSATRAININGTOBECOMEAPERFORMERASAMEDICALSTUDENTNEEDSTOBECOMEADOCTORMOSTTRAININGISCONCERNEDWITHTECHNIQUE,FORMUSICIANSHAVETOHAVETHEMUSCULARPROFICIENCYOFANATHLETEORABALLETDANCERSINGERSPRACTICEBREATHINGEVERYDAY,ASTHEIRVOCALCHORDSWOULDBEINADEQUATEWITHOUTCONTROLLEDMUSCULARSUPPORTSTRINGPLAYERSPRACTICEMOVINGTHEFINGERSOFTHELEFTHANDUPANDDOWN,WHILEDRAWINGTHEBOWTOANDFROWITHTHERIGHTARMTWOENTIRELYDIFFERENTMOVEMENTSSINGERSANDINSTRUMENTSHAVETOBEABLETOGETEVERYNOTEPERFECTLYINTUNEPIANISTSARESPAREDTHISPARTICULARANXIETY,FORTHENOTESAREALREADYTHERE,WAITINGFORTHEM,ANDITISTHEPIANOTUNERSRESPONSIBILITYTOTUNETHEINSTRUMENTFORTHEMBUTTHEYHAVETHEIROWNDIFFICULTIESTHEHAMMERSTHATHITTHESTRINGHAVETOBECOAXEDNOTTOSOUNDLIKEPERCUSSION,ANDEACHOVERLAPPINGTONEHASTOSOUNDCLEARTHISPROBLEMOFGETTINGCLEARTEXTUREISONETHATCONFRONTSSTUDENTCONDUCTORSTHEYHAVETOLEARNTOKNOWEVERYNOTEOFTHEMUSICANDHOWITSHOULDSOUND,ANDTHEYHAVETOAIMATCONTROLLINGTHESESOUNDWITHFANATICALBUTSELFLESSAUTHORITYTECHNIQUEISOFNOUSEUNLESSITISCOMBINEDWITHMUSICALKNOWLEDGEANDUNDERSTANDINGGREATARTISTSARETHOSEWHOARESOTHOROUGHLYATHOMEINTHELANGUAGEOFMUSICTHATTHEYCANENJOYPERFORMINGWORKSWRITTENINANYCENTURY02SCHOOLINGANDEDUCATIONITISCOMMONLYBELIEVEDINUNITEDSTATESTHATSCHOOLISWHEREPEOPLEGOTOGETANEDUCATIONNEVERTHELESS,ITHASBEENSAIDTHATTODAYCHILDRENINTERRUPTTHEIREDUCATIONTOGOTOSCHOOLTHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENSCHOOLINGANDEDUCATIONIMPLIEDBYTHISREMARKISIMPORTANTEDUCATIONISMUCHMOREOPENENDEDANDALLINCLUSIVETHANSCHOOLINGEDUCATIONKNOWSNOBOUNDSITCANTAKEPLACEANYWHERE,WHETHERINTHESHOWERORINTHEJOB,WHETHERINAKITCHENORONATRACTORITINCLUDESBOTHTHEFORMALLEARNINGTHATTAKESPLACEINSCHOOLSANDTHEWHOLEUNIVERSEOFINFORMALLEARNINGTHEAGENTSOFEDUCATIONCANRANGEFROMAREVEREDGRANDPARENTTOTHEPEOPLEDEBATINGPOLITICSONTHERADIO,FROMACHILDTOADISTINGUISHEDSCIENTISTWHEREASSCHOOLINGHASACERTAINPREDICTABILITY,EDUCATIONQUITEOFTENPRODUCESSURPRISESACHANCECONVERSATIONWITHASTRANGERMAYLEADAPERSONTODISCOVERHOWLITTLEISKNOWNOFOTHERRELIGIONSPEOPLEAREENGAGEDINEDUCATIONFROMINFANCYONEDUCATION,THEN,ISAVERYBROAD,INCLUSIVETERMITISALIFELONGPROCESS,APROCESSTHATSTARTSLONGBEFORETHESTARTOFSCHOOL,ANDONETHATSHOULDBEANINTEGRALPARTOFONESENTIRELIFESCHOOLING,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ISASPECIFIC,FORMALIZEDPROCESS,WHOSEGENERALPATTERNVARIESLITTLEFROMONESETTINGTOTHENEXTTHROUGHOUTACOUNTRY,CHILDRENARRIVEATSCHOOLATAPPROXIMATELYTHESAMETIME,TAKEASSIGNEDSEATS,ARETAUGHTBYANADULT,USESIMILARTEXTBOOKS,DOHOMEWORK,TAKEEXAMS,ANDSOONTHESLICESOFREALITYTHATARETOBELEARNED,WHETHERTHEYARETHEALPHABETORANUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEWORKINGOFGOVERNMENT,HAVEUSUALLYBEENLIMITEDBYTHEBOUNDARIESOFTHESUBJECTBEINGTAUGHTFOREXAMPLE,HIGHSCHOOLSTUDENTSKNOWTHATTHERENOTLIKELYTOFINDOUTINTHEIRCLASSESTHETRUTHABOUTPOLITICALPROBLEMSINTHEIRCOMMUNITIESORWHATTHENEWESTFILMMAKERSAREEXPERIMENTINGWITHTHEREAREDEFINITECONDITIONSSURROUNDINGTHEFORMALIZEDPROCESSOFSCHOOLING03THEDEFINITIONOF“PRICE”PRICESDETERMINEHOWRESOURCESARETOBEUSEDTHEYAREALSOTHEMEANSBYWHICHPRODUCTSANDSERVICESTHATAREINLIMITEDSUPPLYARERATIONEDAMONGBUYERSTHEPRICESYSTEMOFTHEUNITEDSTATESISACOMPLEXNETWORKCOMPOSEDOFTHEPRICESOFALLTHEPRODUCTSBOUGHTANDSOLDINTHEECONOMYASWELLASTHOSEOFAMYRIADOFSERVICES,INCLUDINGLABOR,PROFESSIONAL,TRANSPORTATION,ANDPUBLICUTILITYSERVICESTHEINTERRELATIONSHIPSOFALLTHESEPRICESMAKEUPTHE“SYSTEM”OFPRICESTHEPRICEOFANYPARTICULARPRODUCTORSERVICEISLINKEDTOABROAD,COMPLICATEDSYSTEMOFPRICESINWHICHEVERYTHINGSEEMSTODEPENDMOREORLESSUPONEVERYTHINGELSEIFONEWERETOASKAGROUPOFRANDOMLYSELECTEDINDIVIDUALSTODEFINE“PRICE”,MANYWOULDREPLYTHATPRICEISANAMOUNTOFMONEYPAIDBYTHEBUYERTOTHESELLEROFAPRODUCTORSERVICEOR,INOTHERWORDSTHATPRICEISTHEMONEYVALUESOFAPRODUCTORSERVICEASAGREEDUPONINAMARKETTRANSACTIONTHISDEFINITIONIS,OFCOURSE,VALIDASFARASITGOESFORACOMPLETEUNDERSTANDINGOFAPRICEINANYPARTICULARTRANSACTION,MUCHMORETHANTHEAMOUNTOFMONEYINVOLVEDMUSTBEKNOWNBOTHTHEBUYERANDTHESELLERSHOULDBEFAMILIARWITHNOTONLYTHEMONEYAMOUNT,BUTWITHTHEAMOUNTANDQUALITYOFTHEPRODUCTORSERVICETOBEEXCHANGED,THETIMEANDPLACEATWHICHTHEEXCHANGEWILLTAKEPLACEANDPAYMENTWILLBEMADE,THEFORMOFMONEYTOBEUSED,THECREDITTERMSANDDISCOUNTSTHATAPPLYTOTHETRANSACTION,GUARANTEESONTHEPRODUCTORSERVICE,DELIVERYTERMS,RETURNPRIVILEGES,ANDOTHERFACTORSINOTHERWORDS,BOTHBUYERANDSELLERSHOULDBEFULLYAWAREOFALLTHEFACTORSTHATCOMPRISETHETOTAL“PACKAGE”BEINGEXCHANGEDFORTHEASKEDFORAMOUNTOFMONEYINORDERTHATTHEYMAYEVALUATEAGIVENPRICE04ELECTRICITYTHEMODERNAGEISANAGEOFELECTRICITYPEOPLEARESOUSEDTOELECTRICLIGHTS,RADIO,TELEVISIONS,ANDTELEPHONESTHATITISHARDTOIMAGINEWHATLIFEWOULDBELIKEWITHOUTTHEMWHENTHEREISAPOWERFAILURE,PEOPLEGROPEABOUTINFLICKERINGCANDLELIGHT,CARSHESITATEINTHESTREETSBECAUSETHEREARENOTRAFFICLIGHTSTOGUIDETHEM,ANDFOODSPOILSINSILENTREFRIGERATORSYET,PEOPLEBEGANTOUNDERSTANDHOWELECTRICITYWORKSONLYALITTLEMORETHANTWOCENTURIESAGONATUREHASAPPARENTLYBEENEXPERIMENTINGINTHISFIELDFORMILLIONOFYEARSSCIENTISTSAREDISCOVERINGMOREANDMORETHATTHELIVINGWORLDMAYHOLDMANYINTERESTINGSECRETSOFELECTRICITYTHATCOULDBENEFITHUMANITYALLLIVINGCELLSENDOUTTINYPULSESOFELECTRICITYASTHEHEARTBEATS,ITSENDSOUTPULSESOFRECORDTHEYFORMANELECTROCARDIOGRAM,WHICHADOCTORCANSTUDYTODETERMINEHOWWELLTHEHEARTISWORKINGTHEBRAIN,TOO,SENDSOUTBRAINWAVESOFELECTRICITY,WHICHCANBERECORDEDINANELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMTHEELECTRICCURRENTSGENERATEDBYMOSTLIVINGCELLSAREEXTREMELYSMALLOFTENSOSMALLTHATSENSITIVEINSTRUMENTSARENEEDEDTORECORDTHEMBUTINSOMEANIMALS,CERTAINMUSCLECELLSHAVEBECOMESOSPECIALIZEDASELECTRICALGENERATORSTHATTHEYDONOTWORKASMUSCLECELLSATALLWHENLARGENUMBERSOFTHESECELLARELINKEDTOGETHER,THEEFFECTSCANBEASTONISHINGTHEELECTRICEELISANAMAZINGSTORAGEBATTERYITCANSEEDAJOLTOFASMUCHASEIGHTHUNDREDVOLTSOFELECTRICITYTHROUGHTHEWATERINWHICHITLIVEANELECTRICHOUSECURRENTISONLYONEHUNDREDTWENTYVOLTSASMANYASFOURFIFTHSOFALLTHECELLSINTHEELECTRICEELSBODYARESPECIALIZEDFORGENERATINGELECTRICITY,ANDTHESTRENGTHOFTHESHOCKITCANDELIVERCORRESPONDSROUGHLYTOLENGTHOFITSBODY05THEBEGINNINGOFDRAMATHEREAREMANYTHEORIESABOUTTHEBEGINNINGOFDRAMAINANCIENTGREECETHEONMOSTWIDELYACCEPTEDTODAYISBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATDRAMAEVOLVEDFROMRITUALTHEARGUMENTFORTHISVIEWGOESASFOLLOWSINTHEBEGINNING,HUMANBEINGSVIEWEDTHENATURALFORCESOFTHEWORLDEVENTHESEASONALCHANGESASUNPREDICTABLE,ANDTHEYSOUGHTTHROUGHVARIOUSMEANSTOCONTROLTHESEUNKNOWNANDFEAREDPOWERSTHOSEMEASURESWHICHAPPEAREDTOBRINGTHEDESIREDRESULTSWERETHENRETAINEDANDREPEATEDUNTILTHEYHARDENEDINTOFIXEDRITUALSEVENTUALLYSTORIESAROSEWHICHEXPLAINEDORVEILEDTHEMYSTERIESOFTHERITESASTIMEPASSEDSOMERITUALSWEREABANDONED,BUTTHESTORIES,LATERCALLEDMYTHS,PERSISTEDANDPROVIDEDMATERIALFORARTANDDRAMATHOSEWHOBELIEVETHATDRAMAEVOLVEDOUTOFRITUALALSOARGUETHATTHOSERITESCONTAINEDTHESEEDOFTHEATERBECAUSEMUSIC,DANCE,MASKS,ANDCOSTUMESWEREALMOSTALWAYSUSED,FURTHERMORE,ASUITABLESITEHADTOBEPROVIDEDFORPERFORMANCESANDWHENTHEENTIRECOMMUNITYDIDNOTPARTICIPATE,ACLEARDIVISIONWASUSUALLYMADEBETWEENTHE“ACTINGAREA“ANDTHE“AUDITORIUM“INADDITION,THEREWEREPERFORMERS,AND,SINCECONSIDERABLEIMPORTANCEWASATTACHEDTOAVOIDINGMISTAKESINTHEENACTMENTOFRITES,RELIGIOUSLEADERSUSUALLYASSUMEDTHATTASKWEARINGMASKSANDCOSTUMES,THEYOFTENIMPERSONATEDOTHERPEOPLE,ANIMALS,ORSUPERNATURALBEINGS,ANDMIMEDTHEDESIREDEFFECTSUCCESSINHUNTORBATTLE,THECOMINGRAIN,THEREVIVALOFTHESUNASANACTORMIGHTEVENTUALLYSUCHDRAMATICREPRESENTATIONSWERESEPARATEDFROMRELIGIOUSACTIVITIESANOTHERTHEORYTRACESTHETHEATERSORIGINFROMTHEHUMANINTERESTINSTORYTELLINGACCORDINGTOTHISVIESTALESABOUTTHEHUNT,WAR,OROTHERFEATSAREGRADUALLYELABORATED,ATFIRSTTHROUGHTHEUSEOFIMPERSONATION,ACTION,ANDDIALOGUEBYANARRATORANDTHENTHROUGHTHEASSUMPTIONOFEACHOFTHEROLESBYADIFFERENTPERSONACLOSELYRELATEDTHEORYTRACESTHEATERTOTHOSEDANCESTHATAREPRIMARILYRHYTHMICALANDGYMNASTICORTHATAREIMITATIONSOFANIMALMOVEMENTSANDSOUNDS06TELEVISIONTELEVISIONTHEMOSTPERVASIVEANDPERSUASIVEOFMODERNTECHNOLOGIES,MARKEDBYRAPIDCHANGEANDGROWTHISMOVINGINTOANEWERA,ANERAOFEXTRAORDINARYSOPHISTICATIONANDVERSATILITY,WHICHPROMISESTORESHAPEOURLIVESANDOURWORLDITISANELECTRONICREVOLUTIONOFSORTS,MADEPOSSIBLEBYTHEMARRIAGEOFTELEVISIONANDCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGIESTHEWORD“TELEVISION“,DERIVEDFROMITSGREEKTELEDISTANTANDLATINVISIOSIGHTROOTS,CANLITERALLYBEINTERPRETEDASSIGHTFROMADISTANCEVERYSIMPLYPUT,ITWORKSINTHISWAYTHROUGHASOPHISTICATEDSYSTEMOFELECTRONICS,TELEVISIONPROVIDESTHECAPABILITYOFCONVERTINGANIMAGEFOCUSEDONASPECIALPHOTOCONDUCTIVEPLATEWITHINACAMERAINTOELECTRONICIMPULSES,WHICHCANBESENTTHROUGHAWIREORCABLETHESEIMPULSES,WHENFEDINTOARECEIVERTELEVISIONSET,CANTHENBEELECTRONICALLYRECONSTITUTEDINTOTHATSAMEIMAGETELEVISIONISMORETHANJUSTANELECTRONICSYSTEM,HOWEVERITISAMEANSOFEXPRESSION,ASWELLASAVEHICLEFORCOMMUNICATION,ANDASSUCHBECOMESAPOWERFULTOOLFORREACHINGOTHERHUMANBEINGSTHEFIELDOFTELEVISIONCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOCATEGORIESDETERMINEDBYITSMEANSOFTRANSMISSIONFIRST,THEREISBROADCASTTELEVISION,WHICHREACHESTHEMASSESTHROUGHBROADBASEDAIRWAVETRANSMISSIONOFTELEVISIONSIGNALSSECOND,THEREISNONBROADCASTTELEVISION,WHICHPROVIDESFORTHENEEDSOFINDIVIDUALSORSPECIFICINTERESTGROUPSTHROUGHCONTROLLEDTRANSMISSIONTECHNIQUESTRADITIONALLY,TELEVISIONHASBEENAMEDIUMOFTHEMASSESWEAREMOSTFAMILIARWITHBROADCASTTELEVISIONBECAUSEITHASBEENWITHUSFORABOUTTHIRTYSEVENYEARSINAFORMSIMILARTOWHATEXISTSTODAYDURINGTHOSEYEARS,ITHASBEENCONTROLLED,FORTHEMOSTPART,BYTHEBROADCASTNETWORKS,ABC,NBC,ANDCBS,WHOHAVEBEENTHEMAJORPURVEYORSOFNEWS,INFORMATION,ANDENTERTAINMENTTHESEGIANTSOFBROADCASTINGHAVEACTUALLYSHAPEDNOTONLYTELEVISIONBUTOURPERCEPTIONOFITASWELLWEHAVECOMETOLOOKUPONTHEPICTURETUBEASASOURCEOFENTERTAINMENT,PLACINGOURROLEINTHISDYNAMICMEDIUMASTHEPASSIVEVIEWER07ANDREWCARNEGIEANDREWCARNEGIE,KNOWNASTHEKINGOFSTEEL,BUILTTHESTEELINDUSTRYINTHEUNITEDSTATES,AND,INTHEPROCESS,BECAMEONEOFTHEWEALTHIESTMENINAMERICAHISSUCCESSRESULTEDINPARTFROMHISABILITYTOSELLTHEPRODUCTANDINPARTFROMHISPOLICYOFEXPANDINGDURINGPERIODSOFECONOMICDECLINE,WHENMOSTOFHISCOMPETITORSWEREREDUCINGTHEIRINVESTMENTSCARNEGIEBELIEVEDTHATINDIVIDUALSSHOULDPROGRESSTHROUGHHARDWORK,BUTHEALSOFELTSTRONGLYTHATTHEWEALTHYSHOULDUSETHEIRFORTUNESFORTHEBENEFITOFSOCIETYHEOPPOSEDCHARITY,PREFERRINGINSTEADTOPROVIDEEDUCATIONALOPPORTUNITIESTHATWOULDALLOWOTHERSTOHELPTHEMSELVES“HEWHODIESRICH,DIESDISGRACED,“HEOFTENSAIDAMONGHISMORENOTEWORTHYCONTRIBUTIONSTOSOCIETYARETHOSETHATBEARHISNAME,INCLUDINGTHECARNEGIEINSTITUTEOFPITTSBURGH,WHICHHASALIBRARY,AMUSEUMOFFINEARTS,ANDAMUSEUMOFNATIONALHISTORYHEALSOFOUNDEDASCHOOLOFTECHNOLOGYTHATISNOWPARTOFCARNEGIEMELLONUNIVERSITYOTHERPHILANTHROPHICGIFTSARETHECARNEGIEENDOWMENTFORINTERNATIONALPEACETOPROMOTEUNDERSTANDINGBETWEENNATIONS,THECARNEGIEINSTITUTEOFWASHINGTONTOFUNDSCIENTIFICRESEARCH,ANDCARNEGIEHALLTOPROVIDEACENTERFORTHEARTSFEWAMERICANSHAVEBEENLEFTUNTOUCHEDBYANDREWCARNEGIESGENEROSITYHISCONTRIBUTIONSOFMORETHANFIVEMILLIONDOLLARSESTABLISHED2,500LIBRARIESINSMALLCOMMUNITIESTHROUGHOUTTHECOUNTRYANDFORMEDTHENUCLEUSOFTHEPUBLICLIBRARYSYSTEMTHATWEALLENJOYTODAY08AMERICANREVOLUTIONTHEAMERICANREVOLUTIONWASNOTASUDDENANDVIOLENTOVERTURNINGOFTHEPOLITICALANDSOCIALFRAMEWORK,SUCHASLATEROCCURREDINFRANCEANDRUSSIA,WHENBOTHWEREALREADYINDEPENDENTNATIONSSIGNIFICANTCHANGESWEREUSHEREDIN,BUTTHEYWERENOTBREATHTAKINGWHATHAPPENEDWASACCELERATEDEVOLUTIONRATHERTHANOUTRIGHTREVOLUTIONDURINGTHECONFLICTITSELFPEOPLEWENTONWORKINGANDPRAYING,MARRYINGANDPLAYINGMOSTOFTHEMWERENOTSERIOUSLYDISTURBEDBYTHEACTUALFIGHTING,ANDMANYOFTHEMOREISOLATEDCOMMUNITIESSCARCELYKNEWTHATAWARWASONAMERICASWAROFINDEPENDENCEHERALDEDTHEBIRTHOFTHREEMODERNNATIONSONEWASCANADA,WHICHRECEIVEDITSFIRSTLARGEINFLUXOFENGLISHSPEAKINGPOPULATIONFROMTHETHOUSANDSOFLOYALISTSWHOFLEDTHEREFROMTHEUNITEDSTATESANOTHERWASAUSTRALIA,WHICHBECAMEAPENALCOLONYNOWTHATAMERICAWASNOLONGERAVAILABLEFORPRISONERSANDDEBTORSTHETHIRDNEWCOMERTHEUNITEDSTATESBASEDITSELFSQUARELYONREPUBLICANPRINCIPLESYETEVENTHEPOLITICALOVERTURNWASNOTSOREVOLUTIONARYASONEMIGHTSUPPOSEINSOMESTATES,NOTABLYCONNECTICUTANDRHODEISLAND,THEWARLARGELYRATIFIEDACOLONIALSELFRULEALREADYEXISTINGBRITISHOFFICIALS,EVERYWHEREOUSTED,WEREREPLACEDBYAHOMEGROWNGOVERNINGCLASS,WHICHPROMPTLYSOUGHTALOCALSUBSTITUTEFORKINGANDPARLIAMENT09SUBURBANIZATIONIFBY“SUBURB“ISMEANTANURBANMARGINTHATGROWSMORERAPIDLYTHANITSALREADYDEVELOPEDINTERIOR,THEPROCESSOFSUBURBANIZATIONBEGANDURINGTHEEMERGENCEOFTHEINDUSTRIALCITYINTHESECONDQUARTEROFTHENINETEENTHCENTURYBEFORETHATPERIODTHECITYWASASMALLHIGHLYCOMPACTCLUSTERINWHICHPEOPLEMOVEDABOUTONFOOTANDGOODSWERECONVEYEDBYHORSEANDCARTBUTTHEEARLYFACTORIESBUILTINTHE1840SWERELOCATEDALONGWATERWAYSANDNEARRAILHEADSATTHEEDGESOFCITIES,ANDHOUSINGWASNEEDEDFORTHETHOUSANDSOFPEOPLEDRAWNBYTHEPROSPECTOFEMPLOYMENTINTIME,THEFACTORIESWERESURROUNDEDBYPROLIFERATINGMILLTOWNSOFAPARTMENTSANDROWHOUSESTHATABUTTEDTHEOLDER,MAINCITIESASADEFENSEAGAINSTTHISENCROACHMENTANDTOENLARGETHEIRTAXBASES,THECITIESAPPROPRIATEDTHEIRINDUSTRIALNEIGHBORSIN1854,FOREXAMPLE,THECITYOFPHILADELPHIAANNEXEDMOSTOFPHILADELPHIACOUNTYSIMILARMUNICIPALMANEUVERSTOOKPLACEINCHICAGOANDINNEWYORKINDEED,MOSTGREATCITIESOFTHEUNITEDSTATESACHIEVEDSUCHSTATUSONLYBYINCORPORATINGTHECOMMUNITIESALONGTHEIRBORDERSWITHTHEACCELERATIONOFINDUSTRIALGROWTHCAMEACUTEURBANCROWDINGANDACCOMPANYINGSOCIALSTRESSCONDITIONSTHATBEGANTOAPPROACHDISASTROUSPROPORTIONSWHEN,IN1888,THEFIRSTCOMMERCIALLYSUCCESSFULELECTRICTRACTIONLINEWASDEVELOPEDWITHINAFEWYEARSTHEHORSEDRAWNTROLLEYSWERERETIREDANDELECTRICSTREETCARNETWORKSCRISSCROSSEDANDCONNECTEDEVERYMAJORURBANAREA,FOSTERINGAWAVEOFSUBURBANIZATIONTHATTRANSFORMEDTHECOMPACTINDUSTRIALCITYINTOADISPERSEDMETROPOLISTHISFIRSTPHASEOFMASSSCALESUBURBANIZATIONWASREINFORCEDBYTHESIMULTANEOUSEMERGENCEOFTHEURBANMIDDLECLASS,WHOSEDESIRESFORHOMEOWNERSHIPINNEIGHBORHOODSFARFROMTHEAGINGINNERCITYWERESATISFIEDBYTHEDEVELOPERSOFSINGLEFAMILYHOUSINGTRACTS10TYPESOFSPEECHSTANDARDUSAGEINCLUDESTHOSEWORDSANDEXPRESSIONSUNDERSTOOD,USED,ANDACCEPTEDBYAMAJORITYOFTHESPEAKERSOFALANGUAGEINANYSITUATIONREGARDLESSOFTHELEVELOFFORMALITYASSUCH,THESEWORDSANDEXPRESSIONSAREWELLDEFINEDANDLISTEDINSTANDARDDICTIONARIESCOLLOQUIALISMS,ONTHEOTHERHAND,AREFAMILIARWORDSANDIDIOMSTHATAREUNDERSTOODBYALMOSTALLSPEAKERSOFALANGUAGEANDUSEDININFORMALSPEECHORWRITING,BUTNOTCONSIDEREDAPPROPRIATEFORMOREFORMALSITUATIONSALMOSTALLIDIOMATICEXPRESSIONSARECOLLOQUIALLANGUAGESLANG,HOWEVER,REFERSTOWORDSANDEXPRESSIONSUNDERSTOODBYALARGENUMBEROFSPEAKERSBUTNOTACCEPTEDASGOOD,FORMALUSAGEBYTHEMAJORITYCOLLOQUIALEXPRESSIONSANDEVENSLANGMAYBEFOUNDINSTANDARDDICTIONARIESBUTWILLBESOIDENTIFIEDBOTHCOLLOQUIALUSAGEANDSLANGAREMORECOMMONINSPEECHTHANINWRITINGCOLLOQUIALSPEECHOFTENPASSESINTOSTANDARDSPEECHSOMESLANGALSOPASSESINTOSTANDARDSPEECH,BUTOTHERSLANGEXPRESSIONSENJOYMOMENTARYPOPULARITYFOLLOWEDBYOBSCURITYINSOMECASES,THEMAJORITYNEVERACCEPTSCERTAINSLANGPHRASESBUTNEVERTHELESSRETAINSTHEMINTHEIRCOLLECTIVEMEMORIESEVERYGENERATIONSEEMSTOREQUIREITSOWNSETOFWORDSTODESCRIBEFAMILIAROBJECTSANDEVENTSITHASBEENPOINTEDOUTBYANUMBEROFLINGUISTSTHATTHREECULTURALCONDITIONSARENECESSARYFORTHECREATIONOFALARGEBODYOFSLANGEXPRESSIONSFIRST,THEINTRODUCTIONANDACCEPTANCEOFNEWOBJECTSANDSITUATIONSINTHESOCIETYSECOND,ADIVERSEPOPULATIONWITHALARGENUMBEROFSUBGROUPSTHIRD,ASSOCIATIONAMONGTHESUBGROUPSANDTHEMAJORITYPOPULATIONFINALLY,ITISWORTHNOTINGTHATTHETERMS“STANDARD“COLLOQUIAL“AND“SLANG“EXISTONLYASABSTRACTLABELSFORSCHOLARSWHOSTUDYLANGUAGEONLYATINYNUMBEROFTHESPEAKERSOFANYLANGUAGEWILLBEAWARETHATTHEYAREUSINGCOLLOQUIALORSLANGEXPRESSIONSMOSTSPEAKERSOFENGLISHWILL,DURINGAPPROPRIATESITUATIONS,SELECTANDUSEALLTHREETYPESOFEXPRESSIONS11ARCHAEOLOGYARCHAEOLOGYISASOURCEOFHISTORY,NOTJUSTABUMBLEAUXILIARYDISCIPLINEARCHAEOLOGICALDATAAREHISTORICALDOCUMENTSINTHEIROWNRIGHT,NOTMEREILLUSTRATIONSTOWRITTENTEXTS,JUSTASMUCHASANYOTHERHISTORIAN,ANARCHAEOLOGISTSTUDIESANDTRIESTORECONSTITUTETHEPROCESSTHATHASCREATEDTHEHUMANWORLDINWHICHWELIVEANDUSOURSELVESINSOFARASWEAREEACHCREATURESOFOURAGEANDSOCIALENVIRONMENTARCHAEOLOGICALDATAAREALLCHANGESINTHEMATERIALWORLDRESULTINGFROMHUMANACTIONOR,MORESUCCINCTLY,THEFOSSILIZEDRESULTSOFHUMANBEHAVIORTHESUMTOTALOFTHESECONSTITUTESWHATMAYBECALLEDTHEARCHAEOLOGICALRECORDTHISRECORDEXHIBITSCERTAINPECULIARITIESANDDEFICIENCIESTHECONSEQUENCESOFWHICHPRODUCEARATHERSUPERFICIALCONTRASTBETWEENARCHAEOLOGICALHISTORYANDTHEMOREFAMILIARKINDBASEDUPONWRITTENRECORDSNOTALLHUMANBEHAVIORFOSSILIZESTHEWORDSIUTTERANDYOUHEARASVIBRATIONSINTHEAIRARECERTAINLYHUMANCHANGESINTHEMATERIALWORLDANDMAYBEOFGREATHISTORICALSIGNIFICANCEYETTHEYLEAVENOSORTOFTRACEINTHEARCHAEOLOGICALRECORDSUNLESSTHEYARECAPTUREDBYADICTAPHONEORWRITTENDOWNBYACLERKTHEMOVEMENTOFTROOPSONTHEBATTLEFIELDMAY“CHANGETHECOURSEOFHISTORY,“BUTTHISISEQUALLYEPHEMERALFROMTHEARCHAEOLOGISTSSTANDPOINTWHATISPERHAPSWORSE,MOSTORGANICMATERIALSAREPERISHABLEEVERYTHINGMADEOFWOOD,HIDE,WOOL,LINEN,GRASS,HAIR,ANDSIMILARMATERIALSWILLDECAYANDVANISHINDUSTINAFEWYEARSORCENTURIES,SAVEUNDERVERYEXCEPTIONALCONDITIONSINARELATIVELYBRIEFPERIODTHEARCHAEOLOGICALRECORDISREDUCETOMERESCRAPSOFSTONE,BONE,GLASS,METAL,ANDEARTHENWARESTILLMODERNARCHAEOLOGY,BYAPPLYINGAPPROPRIATETECHNIQUESANDCOMPARATIVEMETHODS,AIDEDBYAFEWLUCKYFINDSFROMPEATBOGS,DESERTS,ANDFROZENSOILS,ISABLETOFILLUPAGOODDEALOFTHEGAP12MUSEUMSFROMBOSTONTOLOSANGELES,FROMNEWYORKCITYTOCHICAGOTODALLAS,MUSEUMSAREEITHERPLANNING,BUILDING,ORWRAPPINGUPWHOLESALEEXPANSIONPROGRAMSTHESEPROGRAMSALREADYHAVERADICALLYALTEREDFACADESANDFLOORPLANSORAREEXPECTEDTODOSOINTHENOTTOODISTANTFUTUREINNEWYORKCITYALONE,SIXMAJORINSTITUTIONSHAVESPREADUPANDOUTINTOTHEAIRSPACEANDNEIGHBORHOODSAROUNDTHEMORAREPREPARINGTODOSOTHEREASONSFORTHISCONFLUENCEOFACTIVITYARECOMPLEX,BUTONEFACTORISACONSIDERATIONEVERYWHERESPACEWITHCOLLECTIONSEXPANDING,WITHTHENEEDSANDFUNCTIONSOFMUSEUMSCHANGING,EMPTYSPACEHASBECOMEAVERYPRECIOUSCOMMODITYPROBABLYNOWHEREINTHECOUNTRYISTHISMORETRUETHANATTHEPHILADELPHIAMUSEUMOFART,WHICHHASNEEDEDADDITIONALSPACEFORDECADESANDWHICHRECEIVEDITSLASTSIGNIFICANTFACELIFTTENYEARSAGOBECAUSEOFTHESPACECRUNCH,THEARTMUSEUMHASBECOMEINCREASINGLYCAUTIOUSINCONSIDERINGACQUISITIONSANDDONATIONSOFART,INSOMECASESPASSINGUPOPPORTUNITIESTOSTRENGTHENITSCOLLECTIONSDEACCESSINGORSELLINGOFFWORKSOFARTHASTAKENONNEWIMPORTANCEBECAUSEOFTHEMUSEUMSSPACEPROBLEMSANDINCREASINGLY,CURATORSHAVEBEENFORCEDTOJUGGLEGALLERYSPACE,ROTATINGONEMASTERPIECEINTOPUBLICVIEWWHILEANOTHERISSENTTOSTORAGEDESPITETHECLEARNEEDFORADDITIONALGALLERYANDSTORAGESPACE,HOWEVER,“THEMUSEUMHASNOPLAN,NOPLANTOBREAKOUTOFITSENVELOPEINTH

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论