2020年高考英语语法考点——形容词和副词.doc

【考点解读】一、基本用法形容词的基本用法如下表：句法功能例句作定语The research lacks solid evidence and therefore its conclusions are doubtful. (2012浙江高考)作表语Trains are fast and convenient but rush hours can be terrible.作宾语补足语Life is hard there and the mountains make communications difficult.作主语补足语The upper closet was found empty.作主语或宾语(与the或所有格连用)On buses the young offer their seats to the old the sick and the disabled.作伴随状语The survivors lay on the beach exhausted and shocked.副词的基本用法如下表：句法功能例句作状语修饰动词We used to see each other regularly but I havent heard from him since last year. (2012辽宁高考)修饰形容词Wang Wei can be really stubborn.修饰其他副词Neither Tom nor Susan can swim very well.修饰全句Obviously there is much room for improvement in our work.作表语Michael is abroad.作定语Which is the way out？作宾语补足语I am very glad to see you back.二、形容词和副词的比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级、比较级和最高级。1比较级和最高级的构成(1)规则形式单音节以及少数以ow(如narrow)结尾的双音节形容词或副词，在原级后加er est构成。如：clever cleverer cleverest。其他特殊变化见下表：特殊情况构成方式例词以e结尾加r和stbrave braver bravest以“辅音字母y”结尾变y为i 再加er和esthappy happier happiest以重读闭音节结尾双写词尾，再加er和esthothotterhottest多音节和部分双音节形容词和副词，在原级前加more most构成。active more active most activehappily more happily most happily(2)不规则形式good/well better bestfar farther/further farthest/furthestbad /ill /badly worse worstold older/elder oldest/eldestmany/much more mostlittle less least2基本用法(1)两者相比(甲乙)，用“as原级as”表示。For cheerleaders their sport is just as serious as baxxxxseball or football.【温馨提示】在同等比较级中，若同时出现形容词修饰单数可数名词，其语序为：asadj.an.as。I have never had as boring a day as today.(2)两者相比(甲乙)，用“比较级than”表示，(甲乙)用“less原级than”表示。Seeking information on the Internet is more convenient than searching in a library.【温馨提示】在实际运用中，than从句常常省略，要通过上下文来理解。Traveling from place to place is now so much cheaper and easier.(4)三个或三个以上的人或事物比较，表示最高程度时，用“the最高级比较范围”表示。During the 1990s Michael Jordan was probably the best-known basketball plaxxxxyer in the world.【温馨提示】有时形容词最高级前不用the，句中的most相当于very 意为“非常；十分”。如：I am most happy to get your email.3特殊用法(1)“比较级and比较级”和“more and more原级”表示“越来越”，其反义词组为“less and less原级”。In many ways my disability has made me grow more and more independent.(2)“the比较级，the比较级”表示“越，就越”。The more upset I got the less I was able to concentrate.(3)“more原级than”表示“与其说不如说”。The girl was more frightened than hurt.(4)“more than主语can谓语”表示“非所能；不能”。The beauty of the city is more than I can describe.(5)形容词比较级前一般不用冠词，但如果出现表示范围的短语时，就需要加定冠词。Of the two sisters Mary is the cleverer.4比较级形式表示最高级含义(1)在某个特定范围内，同类事物对比，可用以下比较级结构表示最高级含义：比较级thanany of the other复数名词(anyone/anything else)China is the largest country in Asia. Thats it is larger than any other country in Asia.(2)never.a形容词比较级单数名词/nothing.形容词比较级。I have never heard a better voice. / Nothing is better than the voice.5. 以下形容词及其副词无比较级和最高级：relative absolute perfect entire senior golden afraid unique present simply right wrong sure round empty wonderful等。形容词、副词是每年高考必考点之一，近几年语境综合化程度越来越高，难度加大。高考热点有：形容词、副词词义辨析；原级、比较级、最高级的使用；倍数的表达方法；比较等级的修饰语；多个形容词的排列顺序；常见形容词、副词的惯用法等。关于形容词与副词考点，主要考查以下几个方面：考点1： 在具体的语境中辨析形容词与副词的语义从复现的频率来看，此点是高考对形容词、副词考查的第一大热点。解答此类题关键是要分析具体的语境，结合基本词义、搭配等来选择正确的答案。经过统计，常见常考的形容词和副词有(按频度排列)：even; interested; interesting; yet; hardly; just; therefore; though; too; very; common; effective; either; ever; fair; however; less; more; nearly; only; purposefully; rather; still; such; surprised; surprising还有以下形容词和副词应当熟悉和掌握： a good many; a number of; acceptable; accidentally; actively; adequately; already; another; anxious; anyway; ashamed; attentively; bad; badly; besides; better; but; careful; changeable; cheap; comfortable; convenient; eagerly; easy; encouraging; equal; even though; eventually; fairly; far; fewer; following; formally; friendly; generously; gradually; heavily; historic; hopefully; immediately; inaccessible; individual; inevitable; initial; instead; invisible; largely; never; next; no; normal; nowadays; obviously; ordinary; other; otherwise; patient; plenty of; practical; promoting; proper; quickly; readily; reasonable; remote; seldom; seriously; short; so; stimulating; traditional; unavailable; unavoidable; unfavorable; unfortunately; usual; various; weak; well。考点2：考查形容词、副词的比较级、最高级及前面的修饰语【备考清单】1) 比较级、最高级的选用及应用范围比较级、最高级常用于表示两者或多者间的比较。复习中须注意如下句型的用法： as + 原级adj. / adv. + as表示“和一样”及not as / so + 原级adj. / adv. + as表示“不如”。例如：(94全国) John plays football as well as if not better than David.The piano in the other shop will be cheaper but not as good. as + 原级adj. + a(n) + n. + as表示“跟一样”。例如：Its generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.Our neighbour has as big a house as ours.比较级 + than表“比更”及less . than表示“不如”。例如：This year they have produced less grain than they did last year.This road is wider than that one. the + 比较级， the + 比较级表示“越，就越”。例如：(93上海) Its believed that the harder you work the better result youll get. the +比较级+ of the + 名词 / 代词表示两者中“较的”。例如：Who is the younger of the two boys?比较级 + 比较级(越来越)。_ 例如：Our country is getting stronger and stronger.Things became worse and worse from then on.用the last表示“最不可能的”、“最不适合的”、“最不希望的”等。例如:The last thing I want to do is to offend you.我最不愿意做的就是惹你生气。He is the last man I want to see.他是我最不希望见的人。2) 形容词、副词原级、比较级、最高级前的程度状语注意一些形容词或副词前的特定修饰语。例如：Sometimes it was a bit boring to work there because there wasnt always that much to do. (那样多)I quite like it. They are quite different / wrong.quite possible / impossibleMy hometown is much changed.much to my surprise(很让我吃惊)be well worth doing (很值得做)比较级前常可用still even much far a lot / little / few / bit rather any a great deal so far by far no等词修饰。(注意more不用于修饰比较级)。例如：If there were no examinations we should have a much happier time. Youre standing too near the cinema. Can you move a bit farther?This is by far the better.最高级可用序数词、much、 by far、 nearly、 almost等词修饰。例如：Africa is the second largest continent.The Pacific is by far the largest ocean.I like this film the very best / much the best.考点3：形容词作表语，形容词、副词作后置定语【备考清单】1) 形容词用于系动词后作表语在最近几年高考试题中系动词加形容词作表语的情况出现过很多次。高考对此点的考查集中于区别到底是系动词还是一般动词并选择合适的形容词，而不是副词作表语。常见的联系动词有如下三类：表示感觉的系动词：sound look taste appear smell feel seem等表示变化的系动词：become fall get turn grow make come go等表示状态存在的系动词：remain keep stay continue prove lie stand等。例如：2) 形容词、副词作后置定语【备考清单】常见的几种修饰语后置的情况有： 形容词修饰something nothing anything everything等不定代词时要后置。present作“出席的”时只作后置定语。表语形容词如alive asleep awake alone等只能作后置定语。副词修饰动词时 放在动词之后。修饰形容词或副词时 放在被修饰词之前。enough修饰形容词、副词时要后置，修饰名词时可放在名词的前后。形容词短语修饰名词作主语时要后置。用and或or连接的形容词作定语时要后置 起强调作用。表数量的词作定语时要后置。副词修饰形容词的特殊词序 “so as how too + 形容词 + 单数可数名词”。考点4：倍数表达法【备考清单】三种常见倍数表达法：1) 倍数 + as + 原级形容词 + as .。例如：This road is three times as long as that one.2) 倍数 + the size / length / width / depth / height of .。例如：The river is five times the width of that one.3) 倍数 + 比较级 + than + 被比较对象。例如：The sun is a million times larger than the earth.考点5： 多个形容词作定语时的排序问题及语序不同意义不同的词组【备考清单】1) 多个形容词作定语时的排序问题多个形容词作定语时的排序一般遵从如下规律：如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多，则音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后。例如：a small wonderful gift常用的顺序为：限定词+描绘性形容词(beautiful)+大小、长短、高低等形容性形容词+(large long high)+新旧(old)+颜色(red)+产地(Chinese)+材料(wood)+用途(writing)+被修饰名词(desk)记住以上规则是必要的，但还应多阅读、多体会，增强语感是关键。例如：all these last few days 最近的这些日子some beautiful little red flowers 一些美丽的小红花a high red brick wall 一堵高高的红砖墙a beautiful white Japanese military jeep 一辆漂亮的白色日本军用吉普车其中限定词的排列顺序为：all / both / half / double / 倍数词 / 分数词 + 冠词 / 指示代词 / 物主代词 / 名词所有格 / some / any / no / every / each +基数词 / 序数词 / little / few / last / next / other / another / more，形容词的排列顺序为：大小、长短、高低、新旧、颜色、产地、材料、用途、类别等。尽管以上给出了排序的基本规律，但由于所涉及的词太多，想要记清楚确实有难度。下面给出四句口诀辅助记忆：所有这些词， 顺序往后数;美小圆旧黄，法国木书房。上面口诀中前两句主要用于解决排在最前边的多个限定词之间的顺序。它可以应用于all (所有) these (这些) last (顺序) few (数量) days短语中。这个短语基本上可以体现多个限定词之间的先后顺序。口诀后两句可对应一句话“This is a charming small round old yellow French wood reading room.”其中多个形容词之间的先后顺序基本上可以在这一句中得以体现，而且汉语歌诀的形式将使记忆更形象、更深刻。利用以上歌诀时最好是“抓两头”，即牢记排在最前边的限定词及排在最后边的形容词，如产地、材料、用途等，则能轻松突破此难点。考点6： 考查形容词与副词区别 易混词带有-ly的形容词、副词及复合形容词【备考清单】1) 注意如下有无-ly的形容词和副词的意义区别：wide / high / deep(具体的意义)宽 / 高 / 深 widely / highly / deeply(抽象意义)广泛地 / 高度地 / 深深地most十分、非常 / 最多(大)的mostly主要地、绝大多数地、多半close靠近地closely密切地、仔细地late迟的，迟到的lately最近、近来direct直接(主要用于谈论路程和时间和straight意思相同) directly直率地、立即2) 注意合成形容词本质上是一个形容词，其合成部份中的名词不能变为复数形式。例如：He wrote a two-thousand-word report.His uncle is 6 feet tall. He is a forty-year old man.3) “名词+ ly”构成的是形容词，而不是副词。这类形容词有friendly lovely weekly monthly daily等4) 有些词既可以作形容词也可以作副词。例如:He got up late so he was late for school again.Can you see that straight road? Go straight along this road youll find the supermarket at the end.This maths problem was hard. I thought hard and got the answer at last.【真题分析】一、单项选择1. (2018江苏) Despite the poor service of the hotel the manager is _ to invest in sufficient training for his staff.A. keen B. reluctant C. anxious D. ready【答案】B2.(2017江苏卷) Only five years after Steve Jobs death smart phones defeated _ PCs in sales.A. controversial B. contradictory C. confidential D. conventional 【答案】D3.(2017江苏卷) The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. But _ explanations are hard to find.A. alternative B. aggressive C. ambiguous D. apparent 【答案】A【解析】考查形容词的辨析。A. alternative可供替代的；B. aggressive好斗的，有进取心的；C. ambiguous 有野心的，耗时的；D. apparent显而易见的。句意：恐龙的消失未必是由天体灾害引起的，但是也很难找到其它的解释。故选A。4.(2017天津卷) I want to see Mr. White. We have an appointment.Im sorry but he is not _ at the moment for the meeting hasnt ended.A. busy B. active C. concerned D. available【答案】D【解析】考查形容词。句意：-我想见怀特先生我们有约。-对不起他现在没空因为会议还没有结束。A.忙碌；B.积极，活跃；C.关心；D.有空。根据语境选D。5.(2016江苏) His comprehensive surveys have provided the most _statements of how and on what basis data are collected.A. explicitB.ambiguousC.originalD.arbitrary【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。形容词explicit明晰的，清楚的；ambiguous模棱两可的，含糊不清的；original原始的，最初的；arbitrary任意的，专制的；句意：对于如何以及在什么基础上收集数据，他的综合调查提供了最清晰的说明。故A正确。6.(2016江苏) His comprehensive surveys have provided the most _statements of how and on what basis data are collected.A. explicitB.ambiguousC.originalD.arbitrary【答案】A7.(2016浙江) In this article you need to back up general statements with _ examples.A. specific B. permanent C. abstract D. universal【答案】A 【解析】考查形容词辨析。句意：在文章中，你需要用具体的例子来支持总的观点。A.具体，明确的；B.永久的；C.抽象的；D.全球的，共通的。故选A。8.(2015浙江) Listening is thus an active not a behavior consisting of hearing understanding and remembering.A. considerate B. sensitive C. reliable D. passive【答案】D【解析】考查形容词。句意：因此听是一种主动的，而不是被动的行为。它包含听，理解和记忆。A. considerate意为考虑周全的， B. sensitive意为敏感的，C. reliable意为可靠的，D. passive意为被动的。根据not可以知道前后是反义表达，所以选D。此题的关键是有一个not这是表示否定的，这表明跟前面的active是反义的关系，根据4个选项的意思不能得出答案是 D. passive被动的。9. (2015四川) Andy is content with the toy. It is he has ever got.A. a better B. the better C. a best D. the best【答案】D【解析】考查最高级和比较级。根据上一句话可知，Andy对这个玩具很满意，故选择D，意为：这是他曾得到的最好的玩具。10 (2015福建) It was _of Michael to inform us of his delay in case we got worried.A. careless B. considerateC. patient D. generous【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A. careless不小心的；B. considerate体贴的；C. patient有耐心的；D. generous慷慨的。该句意思为：麦克真是体贴，他通知我们他会迟点来以防我们着急。故选B二、单句填空1. (2018新课标III卷) He screams the _63_(loud)of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.【答案】loudest【解析】考查最高级。根据后面的of all可知，他声音最大，所以用最高级loudest。2. (2018新课标II卷) A taste for meat is _63_ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens pigs and cattle.【答案】actually【解析】考查副词。句意：对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因。句子结构完整，用副词修饰句子，故填actually。3. (2018新课标II卷) According to the World Bank China accounts for about 30 percent of total _67_ (globe) fertilizer consumption.【答案】global【解析】考查词性转换。句意：中国约占全球化肥总消费量的30%。fertilizer consumption是名词短语，故应该用形容词修饰，故填global。4. (2018新课标I卷) According to a review of evidence in a medical journal runners live three years _61_(long) than non-runners.【答案】longer5. (2018 新课标I卷) Running is cheap easy and its always_69_(energy).【答案】energetic【解析】考查词形变化。跑步总是让人充满活力的。根据its可知，系动词后用形容词作表语。故填energetic。6. (2018 浙江卷) The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be _62_ (afford) but doing this most days adds up. 【答案】affordable【解析】考查形容词。此处表示一周一两次外出吃饭是负担得起的。系动词be后用形容词作表语，表示“负担得起的”，故填affordable。7. (2018 浙江卷) There could be an even _63_ (high) cost on your health.【答案】higher【解析】考查形容词比较级。此处修饰名词cost用形容词，even表示程度，修饰比较级，故填higher。8. (2017新课标I卷) Even 66 (bad) the amount of fast food that people eat goes up【答案】worse【解析】考查比较级。短语Even worse意为“更糟糕的是”，表示意义的递进。故用worse。9. (2017新课标I卷) However be 69 (care) not to go to extremes【答案】careful【解析】考查形容词。此处为形容词作表语，故填careful“当心的”构成系表结构。10. (2017新课标II卷) Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been 66 (fair) unpleasant for the passengers，with all the smoke and noise【答案】fairly 【解析】考查副词。副词修饰形容词unpleasant，故在其前填fairly。三、单句改错1. (2018新课标III卷) I was afraid to speak in front of a larger group of people.【答案】largerlarge2. (2018新课标I卷) My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved.【答案】happilyhappy 【解析】考查形容词作表语。他们的生活有了很大提高，我感到很高兴。felt在此是系动词，要用形容词作表语，故将happily改成happy。3. (2017 新课标I卷) A few minutes late，the instructor asked me to stop the car 【答案】latelater。【解析】考查副词。late意为“迟，晚”。“一段时间+later”表示“一段时间之后”，故把late改为later。4. (2017 新课标I卷) It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road【答案】suddenlysudden。【解析】考查形容词。该句中的名词stop应用形容词修饰，所以把suddenly改为sudden。5. (2017新课标II卷) In their spare time they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden which is on the rooftop of their house.【答案】interestinginterested【解析】考查形容词。因为是描述主语they的心理状态，所以使用interested“对感兴趣的”。6. (2017新课标II卷) They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.【答案】earlierearly。【解析】考查副词。此处没有比较的含义，所以用early的原级。7. (2017新课标卷) I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the late music albums.【答案】differencedifferent。latelatest。8. (2016 新课标I卷) My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.【答案】honesthonesty。【解析】考查名词。根据语境“我叔叔告诉我他成功的关键在于诚实”可知，此处该用名词形式作表语。9. (2016 新课标I卷) Instead he hopes that his business will grow steady.【答案】steadysteadily。【解析】考查副词。修饰动词grow该用副词，所以应用steady的副词形式steadily。10. (2016新课标III卷) The teenage years from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. They were also the best and worse years in my life.【答案】worseworst。【解析】考查形容词最高级。句中有表示范围的in my life，同时应与前面的best保持一致。【对点测试】一、单项选择1. (2018天津市一中) The criminal was very cunning(狡猾). We have to make a search of the forest so that he wont escape again.A. temporary B. tentative C. tense D. thorough【答案】D2. (2018江苏扬州中学) Shes added a few characters and changed some names but this is a true story.A. completely B. necessarily C. gradually D. essentially【答案】D【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：她又加了几个角色，改了几个名字。但基本上，这是个真实的故事。A. completely完全 B. necessarily必要 C. gradually渐渐 D. essentially本质上 选D。3. (2018江苏泰州中学)The police officers decided to conduct a thorough and review of the case.A. comprehensive B. complicatedC. conscious D. crucial【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。句意：警官决定对这起案件进行一次彻底全面的审查。A项“综合的，全面的，有理解力的”；B项“复杂的”；C项“有意识的”；D项“至关重要的”。故选A项。4. (2018江苏启东中学) The language in the companys statement is highly _ thus making its staff confused.A. ambiguous B. apparentC. appropriate D. aggressive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词。句意：公司的声明中用的语言非常含糊，因此使得职员们非常困惑。ambitious含糊的，不明确的；apparent明显的；appropriate适当的；aggressive有进取心的。由后面的“making the staff confused”可知，公司的声明非常的含糊，故A选项正确。5.常熟中学) Whether the building in this area should be pulled down has remained ; people are still looking for other possible solutions.A. unchallenged B. relevantC. controversial D. contradictory【答案】C6. 南京师大附中) Even though the way Lin Daiyu expresses her feelings may be _ to a modern audience it is rooted in her character and makes who she is.A. allergic B. foreignC. sensitive D. fundamental【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。句意：尽管林黛玉表达感情的方式可能对现代观众来说是陌生的，但它根植于她的性格之中，塑造了她的性格。A. allergic过敏的B. foreign异质的；C. sensitive敏感的；D. fundamental基本的。此处指对现代观众是陌生的，故选B.7. (2018北京精华学校) They came back from their long walk and went into bed .A. tiredly but relaxing B. tired but relaxingC. tiredly but relaxed D. tired but relaxed【答案】D【解析】考查形容词作状语。句意：他们从长距离步行后回来，就上床睡觉了，累但是很放松。tire和relax都是及物动词，分别意为“使人疲劳”；“放松”，这里是形容词作状语说明主语的特征，选D。8. (2018天津耀华中学) Young parents are advised to choose natural food _free of chemicals for their children to make sure of their health.A. rarely B. occasionallyC. absolutely D. mostly【答案】C【解析】考查副词。A. rarely 很少；B. occasionally 偶尔；C. absolutely绝对地； D. mostly主要地。句意：建议年轻的父母为孩子选择绝对不含化学物质的健康食品。故选C。9. (2018天津耀华中学) Last night Mr. Crook didnt come back at the usual time. _ he met some friends and stayed out until midnight.A. Meanwhile B. ThereforeC. Instead D. Somehow【答案】C10. (2018江苏泰州中学) Im not surprised that he became a