时态和语态d 文档.doc

专题01 时态与语态-高考英语考纲解读及热点难点试题演练课程标准要求中学生掌握常见的十种时态用法。近三年来各地试题考查最多的是一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、现在完成进行时和现在完成时。高考中动词时态命题，每年每份试卷中都有23个小题，每小题均设置明确的语境。一般来说，命题人总是把易混淆或相近的时态放在一起，增加考题的难度。而被动语态的考点大都集中在被动语态的时态，近三年来考查最多的时态是现在完成时，其次是一般过去时。1 (2013福建，26)The girl has a great interest in sport and _ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.Atook Bis takingCtakes Dhas been taking2(2013北京，28)Hurry up! Mark and Carl _ us.Aexpect Bare expectingChave expected Dwill expect3(2013北京，32)So what is the procedure?All the applicants _ before a final decision is made by the authority.Ainterview Bare interviewingCare interviewed Dare being interviewed4(2013湖南，22)“What do you want to b？”asked Mrs.Crawford.“Oh, I_president，”said the boy, with a smile.Ahave been Bam Cwas Dwill be5(2013湖南，26)If nothing_，the oceans will turn into fish deserts.Adoes Bhad been doneCwill do Dis done6(2013湖南，34)I dont understand why you didnt go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.Im so sorry.But I_my homework.Ahad done Bwas doing Cwould do Dam doing7(2013江苏，21)Generally，students inner motivation with high expectations from others_essential to their development.Ais Bare Cwas Dwere8(2013江苏，25)Could I use your car tomorrow morning?Sure.I_a report at home.Awill be writing Bwill have writtenChave written Dhave been writing9(2013山东，27)Oh no! Were too late.The train_. Thats OK.Well catch the next train to London.Awas leaving Bhad leftChas left Dhas been leaving10 (2013辽宁，22)He was unhappy when he sold his guitar.After all，he_it for a very long time.A.has had Bhad had Chas Dhad【例1】 “Life is like walking in the snow，”Granny used to say，“because every step _.”Ahas shown Bis showing Cshows Dshowed【例2】 The fact that so many people still smoke in public places _ that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking.Asuggest Bsuggests Csuggested Dsuggesting一般现在时1经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语如every.，sometimes，at.等连用。I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2 客观真理、客观存在、科学事实或格言警句，若出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。The sun rises in the east and sets in the westColumbus proved that the earth is round.(客观真理)3一般现在时表将来下列动词：come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。多用于时间表，时刻表Id say goodbye to you, my train is leaving ,The train leaves at 8.30.4 if条件状语从句中，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。当然，一般现在时还可以用在由if, unless, even if ,引导的条件状语从句中。由when , before , until, ,as soon as ,the moment, once 引导的时间状语从句中。由no matter what/ who/which/when/where/ how 或what/who/where/which/when/where/how+ever引导的让步状语从句中这时，主句往往表将来（出现will/shall/can/must)或主句是祈使句。一句话语法-主将从现-I wont go there， if it rains tomorrow.I will go with you as soon as I finish my work-can I join your club, Dad?-You can when you get a bit older Dont try to run before you begin to walkTurn on the Tv and you will often see ads showing happy families注意：1.从句的概念 2.从句中的“现”包括一般现在和现在完成时(08北京)No decision ( ) about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed.A. will be made B.is made C.is being made D.has been made （2）Do you have any problem if _you this job?A. offer B.will offer C.are offer D.will be offered（3） Dont get off the bus until it _.A.has stopped B.stopped C.will stop D.shall stop5.在某些以here ,there 开头的句子中，用一般现在时表示正在进行的动作。6. -Is everyone here? -Not yet. Look, there _ the rest of our guests!A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming一般过去时（状语多为，then/yesterday/the other day,i 1978语境中表示“刚才， 在过去”暗示现在已“不再这样”-come in ,peter, I want to show you something-oh, how nice of you,I never thought you were going to bring me a gift-your phone number again? Ididnt quite catch it-it is 76544444-Nancy is not coming tonight-but she promised【例3】 The three of us _ around Europe for about a month last summer.Atravelled Bhave travelledChad travelled DTravel【例4】 When I got on the bus，I _ I had left my wallet at home.Awas realizing BrealizedChave realized Dwould realize【特别提醒】1 一般过去时也可与since和for引导的时间状语连用。表示叙述某一动作或状态在过去持续了一段时间后终止或过去某段时间发生了若干次时用一般过去时例如：Mary worked in this factory for 5yearsI went to beijing 3 times last yearI _ in London for many years，but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China.Alived Bwas livingChave lived Dhad lived2.句式(1)用于句型“Its / It has been + 一段时间 + since + 时间状语从句”中，译作“自从以来, 已经(时间)了”。如 Its / has been three months since he moved to this city. 要求：主句的谓v.用一般现在时或现在完成时；从句的谓v.用一般过去时，而且须是终止性动词。(2)用于句型“一段时间 + has passed since + 时间状语从句”中，译作“自从以来, (时间)已经过去了”。如上个例句还可写成：Three months has passed since he moved to this city. 要求：主句的谓v.用现在完成时，而且动词必须是has passed；从句的谓v.用一般过去时，而且须是终止性动词。（3）如果since从句的谓语动词是静态动词、延续性动词，则表示动作或状态已结束，不再持续下去。例如：Its two weeks since he was ill.他病愈已有两周了。Its a long time since she lived here.她好久不在这里住了。3.一般过去时还可与today，this week，this month，this year等时间状语连用，但这些时间状语显然是指不包括“现在”在内的过去时间。例如Did you see her today？你今天见到她了吗？一般将来时【例5】 Ann is in hospital.Oh，really？I _ know.I _ go and visit her.Adidnt；am going to Bdont；wouldCdont；will Ddidnt；will【例6】 Close the door of fear behind you，and you _ the door of faith open before you.Asaw Bhave seen Cwill see Dare seeing一般将来时的用法Will/ shall/ be going to /be to 1.Be going to 表示“计划性，打算性”还可以表示“根据现在的迹象，对未来进行判断”He is going to speak on Tv this moring Look at the dark clouds, it is going to rain.2.be about to do -when 3.be to(1)计划、打算She is to get married next month(2) 指令=should ,ought to ,must , have toYou are to report to the police(3) 想，打算=intend to do /want to doIf we are to be there before ten, well have to go now.(4) 在与be to 连用的结构中，see, find, congratulate 的不定式的被动式有特殊的用法The news is to be found in the evening paperHe is nowhere to be seenYou are be be congratulated4“willdo”表示从现在来看以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，指事物的固有属性或必然趋势。Fish will die without water.没有水鱼将会死。他们打算在校门口见面。5有些动词例如：go, come, begin, leave, arrive, return, take等，其一般现在时、现在进行时都可以表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作或状态。Im leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。过去将来Would/should do具体多用于宾从和间接引语中，表示从过去的观点看将来He promised he would come,but he didnt show up until now如果从句中讲的是真理，仍用一般现在时现在进行时Be doing/ be on the point of doing 【例7】 Im not finished with my dinner yet.But our friends _ for us.Awill wait BwaitChave waited Dare waiting【例8】 “The moment _ soon”，he thought to himself，waiting nervously. Acame Bhas comeCwas coming Dis coming现在进行时的用法(要靠语境或上下文暗示判断正在进行的动作）(1)表示说话时正在发生的动作；(2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作；(3)表示近期特定的安排或计划；(4)go，come等表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时。(5)常与always，often等频度副词连用，表示某种感情色彩。赞扬，表扬，抱怨，厌恶如：He is teaching English and learning Chinese.The girl is always talking loud in public.He is always thinking of others (6)事物作主语时，多用一般现在时表示按计划安排的活动；人作主语时，多用现在进行时表示计划要做的事。试比较：The train leaves at 10 pm.火车晚上10点开。I am leaving tonight.我今天晚上要走了。注意，下列动词不能用于进行时：感觉类：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear等；情感类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear等；思想类：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand，agree, know等；其他类：have, contain, win, hold, belong to等。7.表示动作的未完性Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is by no means easy because technology is changing so rapidly.-have you moved into the new house?-not yet.the room are being painted过去进行【例9】 After school we went to the reading room to do some reading，only to be told that it _.Awas decorated Bhad decorated Chad been decorating Dwas being decorated【例10】 When did the computer crash?This morning，while I _ the reading materials downloaded from some websites.Ahave sorted Bwas sortingCam sorting Dhad sorted 过去进行时的用法(1)表示过去某时正在进行的动作(不强调是否完成)；(2)表示某动作在过去某时间段内发生或经常发生；(3)在口语中，有时用过去进行时表示现在的想法，语气显得委婉。如：I was wondering if you could do me a favour.不知你能否帮我一个忙；(4) be doing -whenHe cant be tom, he has gone to beijing He has been in the army for 3years.(join)He joined the army in2004现在完成进行时【例11】 In order to find the missing child，villagers _ all they can over the past five hours.Adid Bdo Chad done Dhave been doing【例12】 Tom _ in the library every night over the last three months.Aworks BworkedChas been working Dhad been working现在完成进行时的用法（中间的时间可以是断断续续，但是是一个阶段即可）(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且现在还在进行。如：I have been learning English since three years ago.三年以来我一直在学英语。(现在还在学)The workers have been building the bridge for five months.工人们建造这座桥已经5个月了。(现在还在建)(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。如：Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere.你刚才去了哪里？我们一直在到处找你。将来进行时【例13】 I feel so excited！At this time tomorrow morning I _ to Shanghai.Awill be flying Bwill flyChave been flying Dhave flown【例14】 If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring，you _ fresh watermelon in the fall.Aeat Bwould eatChave eaten Dwill be eating将来进行时的用法(1)表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。(2)表示稍后的安排。(3)表示对将要发生的动作的预测。(4)将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow，from 1：30pm to 4：30pm tomorrow/the day after tomorrow现在完成时【例15】 Look！Somebody _ the sofa.Well，it wasnt me.I didnt do it.Ais cleaning Bwas cleaning Chas cleaned Dhad cleaned【例16】 I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me?Sorry，I _ the piano for years.Adont play Bwasnt playingChavent played Dhadnt played1表示过去的动作对现在造成的结果或影响，常与非延续性动词连用，常与其连用的词有already，just，never等。如：His brother has joined the Party already.他的兄弟已经入党了。2表示从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态，通常用延续性动词，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：Ive taught English for 15 years.我教过15年英语。Where have you been all these years?你这些年去哪里了？3表示过去的动作对现在来讲已成为经历或经验。Weve all played with snow and ice.我们都玩过雪和冰。4常用现在完成时的句型。It has been(is)一段时间since从句。This(That/It)is the first(second.)timethat从句。5与since连用的句子常用现在完成时，since后常接从句(需用过去时)或表示过去某一时间的短语。Ive lived in this house since I moved here.自从我搬到这，就住在这所房子里。1. Dont get off the bus until it _.A.has stopped B.stopped C.will stop D.shall stop6 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替将来完成时。【例1】 By the time Jack returned home from England，his son _ from college.Agraduated Bhas graduatedChad been graduating Dhad graduated【例】 We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody _ into the office during the night.Abroke Bhad brokenChas broken Dwas breaking7.has been to /gone to 过去完成（had done1过去完成时表示过去某一动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作(即表示“过去的过去”)。时间状语可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用时间状语从句或通过上下文的语境表示。He said that he had been abroad for three years.他说他在国外呆了3年。2表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常用的时间状语有：by then, by the end of, by the time, until, before等。Until then he had known nothing about it yet.直到那时为止，他对此仍一无所知。3用在It was the first/second/third .time that .句型中，that从句的谓语要用过去完成时。This was the first time they had met in thirtynine years.这是39年里他们第一次见面。4It was一段时间since从句。since从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们十年来从没这么高兴过。5表示愿望或打算一类的词，例如：intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.昨天我本来打算去看你，但我这来了个不速之客。6用在表示“刚刚就”的句型中：Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had主语done. when.did.；No sooner had主语done.than.did.。Hardly had she gone to bed when the bell rang.她刚一上床铃就响了。拓展：I was having supper when he came inHe fell off the bike while he was riding itI slid in when nobody was looking一个长动作为背景，被一个短动作打断，长动作往往用进行体，短动作用一般体。语态（一）【例】 In the near future，more advances in the robot technology _ by scientists.Aare making Bare madeCwill make Dwill be made【例】 His sister left home in 1998，and _ since.Ahad not been heard of Bhas not been heard ofChad not heard of Dhas not heard of1测试语态实际上也同时在测试时态。在做涉及动词的时态和语态的单项选择题时，分两步走：先确定语态，然后再敲定时态。如果主语是动作的执行者，就用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，则用被动语态。时态要根据上下文、句意和句子结构来确定，遵循“时态呼应”原则。2不及物动词，如happen，occur，belong，take place等没有被动语态。如The accident happened last night.昨夜发生了交通事故。The car belonged to Black.这辆车属于Black。3被动语态的助动词be有时可以换成get，构成“get过去分词”的被动结构。例如：They got married at last.他们最终结为伉俪。About 30 passengers got killed in that terrible traffic accident.在那次特大交通事故中约有30名乘客丧生。4短语动词的被动语态，不要丢掉动词后面的介词或副词。（二）【例】 The water _ cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.Awas felt Bis felt Cfelt Dfeels【例】 Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future _to the welleducated.Abelongs Bis belongedCis belonging Dwill be belonged主动形式表被动意义的用法 (2)动词blame，rent的不定式作表语时，主动式表被动意义。如：The house is to rent.(3)形容词worth doing中doing的主动式表被动意义。如：The story is worth reading.(4)某些及物动词如read，write，wash，sell，cut，lock等表示主语的某种属性；或表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如open，start，begin，move等都可用主动形式表被动意义。如：The meeting beg