英译汉Chapter 1 Introductionppt课件

TheoryandTechniquesofTranslation,Lecture1,1,CourseDescription,ThiscourseprovidesanintroductiontothetheoryandtechniquesofEnglish-Chinesetranslationwithspecialreferencetoandfocusonthecommontranslationstandardsandprinciples,commonly-usedtranslationtechniques,andhowtoapplythemtotranslationpracticesoastohelpthestudentsacquirethetranslationabilityaswellastranslationknowledge.,2,Whatobjectivemustwesetandreach?,高等学校英语专业高年级教学大纲（试行本）第9页规定“通过各种问题的翻译实践、运用翻译基础理论，训练学生在词义、语序、语法形式、句子结构、篇章结构、习惯表达法、修辞手段等方面对比汉、英两种不同语言，掌握翻译的基本技巧，从而培养学生独立从事英译汉的能力。”,3,Ourfinalobjectiveshouldbe:Thestudentsmustacquirethetranslationabilitythatallowthemtotranslateapassageconsistingof300EnglishwordsintoacceptableChinesewithmistakesminimizedtolessthan10%.,Whatobjectivemustwesetandreach?,4,TimeAllotment:48periods(3periodsperweek,fallsemester)Textbook:新编大学英译汉教程（华先发、邵毅编，上海外语教育出版社）Supplementaryreadings:张培基等：英汉翻译教程（上海外语教育出版社，1999）；陈廷佑：英文汉译技巧（外语教学与研究出版社，1982）；林相周：英语理解与翻译讲话（上海译文出版社，1985）；钱歌川：翻译的基本知识（中外出版社，1984）；乔海清：翻译新论（北京语言学院出版社，1993）；喻云根：英美名著翻译比较（湖北教育出版社，1996）Assessment:Studentswillbeassessedonclassparticipation,assignments,classattendance(30%)andfinalexam(70%).,5,Howdowelearntranslation?,ReadtheTextbookcarefullyfromthefirstpagetothelastpageandtrytogetyourselvesfamiliarwiththetheories,principlesandtechniquesdiscussedormentionedinit,andatthesametimedoasmanyaspossibleexercisesdesignedbothbytheteacherandyourselvesaftereachpartofanychapter.Trytodigestthetheories,principlesandtechniqueswhilereadingthebookbyintegratingthemwiththeexamplesdiscussedinthetextbook.Trytodoalltheexercisesofferedinthetextbookandcompareyourversionswiththosesuppliedforreferenceinthebackofthetextbook.Trytodoasmanytranslationexercises(passagesorwholetexts)outsidetheclassasyoucanandcompareyourversionswithourfamoustranslatorsversionstoseewhatstrongpointsandwhatweakpointsandwhatproblemsyouhaveinyourversions.,6,Chapter1Introduction,7,Questions:,Whatistranslation?Whatisthenatureoftranslation?Andwhatistheroleoftranslationinourlife?Howmanytypesoftranslationandhowtoclassifythem?Whataretheprerequisitesforqualifiedtranslators?Howmanytypesoftranslationstandardsorprinciples?Andwhatarethey?Whatarethetranslationprocedures?,8,Whatistranslation?,Translationmeans“representingaccuratelyandcompletelyinthetargetlanguagewhatisexpressedinthesourcelanguage.”Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle(Nida,1969:12).,9,Whatisthenatureoftranslation?,Translationcanbeviewedfromdifferentstandpointswhichresultindifferentanswerstothisquestion:ScienceArtCraft/skillAmatteroftaste,Acomprehensivecoursesubjectwhichiscloselyrelatedtosuchdisciplinesaslinguistics,literature,informationtheory,psychology,sociology,philosophyandeducation.,10,Whatistheroleoftranslationinourlife?,Translationplaysaveryimportantroleintheinternationalpolitical,economic,culturalandscienceandtechnologyexchange;Translationisaveryimportantmethodoftenusedinforeignlanguageteaching;Translationplaysaveryimportantroleincomparativeliteratureandcomparativelinguistics;Translationcanhelpenrichourcultureandlanguageandlearnforeignnewthingssuchasadvancedscienceandtechnology.(cf.pp.1-2),11,Howmanytypesoftranslationandhowtoclassifythem?,Bylanguagesinvolvedintranslation,translationcanbeclassifiedintotranslationfromthenativelanguageintotheforeignlanguageorviceversa(cf.p.1)Bysignsinvolvedintranslation,translationcanbeclassifiedintointralingualtranslation,interlingualtranslationandintersemiotictranslation.Bymediumusedintranslation,translationcanbeclassifiedintowrittentranslation(translation),oraltranslation(interpretation),andmachinetranslation(computer-aidedtranslation,CAT).Bygenres,translationcanbeclassifiedintospecialized-subjecttranslation,literarytranslationandgeneraltranslation.Bymodes,translationcanbeclassifiedintoabsolutetranslation,selectivetranslationandtranslationwithreconstruction(edition-translation).,12,Whataretheprerequisitesforqualifiedtranslators?,Languagecompetence:Atranslatormusthaveanexcellentcommandofbothsourceandtargetlanguagestoensurethathis/hercomprehensionisaccurateandhis/herrenderingsaresmoothandfaithfultotheoriginaltext.Goodexpressionsshouldbegrammaticallycorrect,rhetoricallysound,logicallyacceptable,andculturallyappropriate.Multi-dimensionalcontrastivestudiesofEnglishandChineseareveryimportantforatranslatortodevelophis/herinterlingualawarenessofthedifferentfeaturesbetweenthetwolanguages.,13,Examples:Improveorcorrectthefollowingtranslations:,(1)Poortranslationsduetoinaccuratecomprehension:1.Thiswillgoalongwaytowardsovercomingthedifficulty.在克服困难上要走很远的路。改：这对克服困难很有帮助。（goalongwaytowardssomething/doingsomething=helpgreatlyinachievingsomething）2.Goitwhileyouareyoung.去吧，当你年轻的时候。改：趁你还年轻的时候，加油吧！/青春不再，趁早努力。（goit=actinamannerthatisquicker,morelively,impatient,etc.,thanisusual）,14,3.Icoulddowithmoreleisuretime.有更多的空闲时间我就能做了。改：我需要更多空闲的时间。（coulddowithsomething=needorwantsomething）4.Thisfailurewasthemakingofhim.这次失败是他造成的。改：这次失败促使他成功。（themakingof=ameansofgaininggreatimprovementorsuccess）5.Iwishpeacecouldbesavedattheeleventhhour.我希望在第十一点钟和平可以得救。改：我盼望在最后一刻可以挽救和平。（theeleventhhour=theverylastmoment）,15,（2）Poortranslationsduetoinappropriaterepresentation:1.Thisisa100-hourreliableengine.这是一台100小时可靠的发动机。改：这是一台可以连续运转100小时而不出毛病的发动机。（原译只注意字面对应，没有根据意思增补）2.TheOEDisthefinalcourtofappealinallmattersconcerningEnglishwords.牛津英语词典是有关英语单词一切问题的最后申诉法院。改：牛津英语词典是有关英语单词的一切问题的最高权威。/有关英语单词的一切问题，只有牛津英语词典才能解决。（原译注意字面对应，没有适当引申）,16,3.Hewantedtolearn,toknow,toteach.(BrianCrozier:DeGaule)a)他要学习，知道和教。b)他渴望博学广闻，喜欢追根穷源，并且好为人师。改：他想学习，增长知识，也愿意教人。/他想学习知识，增长知识，也想传授知识。（原译a）只注意字面机械对应；b)发挥过头）4.Lindaisagoodsingerandagooddancer,agreatactressandagreatjoker.琳达是一位好歌手、好舞蹈家、一位伟大的演员和伟大的开玩笑家。改：琳达能歌善舞，很会演戏，又很会开玩笑。（原句的名词应转换为动词）5.Somehowourpathtookustowardsthepark.不知怎么搞的，我们的路把我们带到公园了。改：我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。（非人称主语宜转换为人称主语）,17,Assignment:Improveorcorrectthefollowingtranslations:,(1)Poortranslationsduetoinaccuratecomprehension:1.Sheknewathingortwoaboutit.她对此事略知一二。改：她对此事很了解。（knowathingortwoaboutsomebody/something=knowalotaboutsomebody/something）2.Sheistooreadytospeak.她准备得太充分以至于讲不出来。改：她真是爱说话。/她太喜欢说话了。（ready=willingtodo）3.Newscamethroughonthewirelessofarichoilfielddistrict.从该地区某一丰富油田的无线电中传来了消息。改：无线电传来了该地区发现大油田的消息。（of-短语修饰news,也可修饰wireless）,18,4.Hewasconvincedonthebasisofwhathadbythenappearedthattherewouldbealongandadifficultstruggle.他深信当时已出现以后会有场漫长而艰苦的斗争的基础。改：他根据当时已出现的情况，深信以后会有一场漫长而艰难的斗争。（wasconvinced+that-从句，onthebasisof短语修饰convinced）5.WhataretheperspectivesofthenationalliberationmovementandtherelationsbetweenChinaandtheThirdWorldcountries?民族解放运动的前途以及中国同第三世界国家之间的关系是怎样的呢？改：民族解放运动的前景以及中国同第三世界国家之间的关系的前景是怎样的呢？/民族解放运动以及中国同第三世界国家之间的关系，其前景是怎样的呢？（perspectives是复数形式，被2个修饰语修饰）,19,（2）Poortranslationsduetoinappropriaterepresentation:1.Howstheworldtreatingyou?世界如何对待你？改：你最近过得如何？/近来还可以吧？/近况如何？（宜改变说法）2.TheMayFourthMovementof1919sawthebeginningsofthe“NewRedology”representedbyscholarssuchasHuShiandYuPing-bai.1919年的“五四”运动看到了由像胡适、俞平伯这样的学者所代表的“新红学”（研究红楼梦）的开始。改：1919年“五四”运动以后，开始了“新红学”时代，代表人物有胡适、俞平伯等这样一些学者。（应转换非人称主语，拆译）,20,3.Thelittlechapsgood-naturedhonestfacewonhiswayforhim.(VanityFair)这小伙子的老实、脾气又好的脸蛋为他开辟了一条路。改：这小伙子面相老实，性情随和，（因此）到处吃得开（有人缘）。（应转换非人称主语，引申词义）4.Greatwastheexcitementasprocessionafterprocessionpoureditseagermassesintothetown.当一队又一队把热心的群众倾倒到镇上时，激动是很剧烈的。改：一批又一批的热切群众涌入镇里，情绪非常激动。（应转换非人称主语，引申词义）5.Thecolorfulsurroundingsoftherestoredtowninspiredthephotographersintheteamastheylineduptheping-pongplayersinfrontofthecamerastoshoutencouragementsof“Xiao!Xiao!”(“Smile!Smile!”)这座复兴城镇的五彩缤纷的环境激励随队的摄影记者在他们把乒乓球选手们列队在照相机前的时候高声鼓励他们要“笑！笑！”。改：这座色彩缤纷、古意盎然的城镇，触发了随队摄影记者的灵感。他们要乒乓球选手列队拍照，不时高声要他们“笑！笑！”（应拆译）,21,CulturalCompetenceAqualifiedtranslatorshouldbenotonlybilingual,butalsobicultural.Itisalwaysassumedthattranslatorsareatleastbilingual,butthisisreallynotenough.Tobeafullycompetenttranslator,onealsoneedstobebiculturalinorderto“readbetweenthelines”.Atranslatormustbeabletosensewhatispurposelyleftimplicitinthesourcetextandwhatcanandshouldbemadeexplicitinthetranslatedtext.Biculturalismissomethingthatmustbeabsorbedandexperiencedinalivingsituation.Thereare,however,somecompetenttranslatorswhohaveneverhadtheprivilegeoflivinginthecountryinwhichthesourceortargetlanguageisspoken,andaccordingly,theyhavehadtodependuponvoluminousreading(Nida2001:99)Multi-dimensionalcomparativestudiesofWesternandChineseculturesareveryimportantforatranslatortodevelophis/herinterculturalawarenessofthedifferentfeaturesbetweenthetwocultures.,22,Examples:1.Johncanbereliedon.Heeatsnofishandplaysthegame.他忠实得斋日不吃荤，凡事都循规蹈矩。2.Didntsheswearshedneveragainbelieveanythingintrousers?(BetrayedSpring)她不是发誓从此以后再也不相信男子了吗？3.AsthewisestoftheCommissionershimselfremarked,somepartofwhattheywereshowninCeylonsmackedalittlebitofPotemkin.正如调查团中最精明的一位团员所说的那样，他们在锡兰被邀请参观的地方，其中一部分不免多少使人联想到波将金的虚假浮夸作风。,23,Drills:Translatethefollowing,payingattentiontotheknowledgeinvolved:1.TheJapaneseimperialiststriedtomakehellwhilethesunshines.日本帝国主义者想趁着末日来到之前抓紧时机，垂死挣扎。（makehellwhilethesunshines从谚语makehaywhilethesunshines=makegooduseofopportunitieswhiletheylast变来，含双关意义）2.NotwithoutreasonMr.DulleswascalledabullintheIndo-Chinashop.难怪人们说杜勒斯先生在印度支那问题上像一头闯进瓷器店里的公牛，一动就闯祸。（abullintheIndo-Chinashop从习语abullinachinashop=apersonwhoisroughandclumsywhenskillandcareareneeded变来）3.ThegovernmentofGabonconsidersthisquestionofadmissionofthePeoplesRepublicofChinatotheUnitedNationsasoftheutmostimportance,callingforspecificactionunderArticle18oftheU.N.Charter.(FromtheUnitedNationsdocuments,1970)加蓬政府认为，联合国接纳中华人民共和国是一个极其重要的问题，这必须按照联合国宪章第18条的规定，采取特定的行动。（句中的措辞“admission”而不是“restorationofthelawfulright”，以及联合国宪章第18条关于接纳新成员国的规定，可以看出加蓬政府当时的政治立场：把恢复中华人民共和国在联合国的合法席位看作是联合国接纳新成员国的问题。译时要注意发言人的立场，不能犯政治性的错误。）,24,4.HiswritingsaredevouredbyArabsfromthecastlesofMoroccototheoilderricksofthePersianGulf,bydiplomatsfromFoggyBottomtoPeking.从摩洛哥城堡到波斯湾油井架旁的阿拉伯人，从华盛顿到北京的外交人士，都如饥似渴地阅读他的作品。（FoggyBottom雾都伦敦雾谷，美国国务院。FoggyBottom是美国华盛顿特区一沼泽地名，国务院等政府机构所在地，用以称国务院，也有影射其某些政策的朦胧隐晦之意，此处译为华盛顿，与北京相称。）5.HewastheactingpresidentoftheOrganizationofAfricanUnity.他当时是非洲统一组织的执行主席。（这里不是“代理主席”，因该组织无固定主席，主席轮流担任。Acting在两本词典里有两种解释：1）appointedtocarryoutthedutiesofanofficeorpositionforashorttime被委派短期执行官方或某项职务；2）doingthedutiesofanotherpersonforatime暂时代理别人职务。）,25,KnowledgeofTranslationTheoryandTechniquesfrequentdrillsTranslatorswithagoodskillininformationtechnologycanproducemoretranslationsinashortertime:theproficiencyisthusimproved,andthetime,effort,andcostareless.Maximumresultsmaybeachievedwithminimumwork.,26,27,TranslationCriteriaandPrinciples,Fivetranslationprinciplesorstandards:Thesource-language-orientedtranslationprinciple;Thetarget-language-orientedtranslationprinciple;Theauthor-and-reader-orientedtranslationprinciple;Theaesthetic-orientedtranslationprinciple;Thesociosemiotic-orientedtranslationprinciple.,28,1.Thesource-language-orientedtranslationprincipleTranslatingbysacrificingtheformalelementsoftheTLandeventheintelligibilityoftheTLforthesakeofpreservingwhatthetranslatorregardsastheintegrityoftheST.ItiskeenlyorientedtowardstheSTstructureoftenwithscholarlyfootnotes,allowingthereceptortogaincloseaccesstotheSLandcultureasithasgreaterfocusuponthesourcetextthanthereadersoftheTT.Thisorientationisoftenconnectedwith“literaltranslation”(word-for-word,line-for-line)andtransliterationanditsstrategyisforeignization.,TranslationCriteriaandPrinciples,29,Representativesofthisorientation中国西晋时期的佛经翻译家竺法护（约230-309）、15世纪德国翻译家尼古拉斯封维尔（NicolasvonWyle,生卒年不详）、近代的美国作家赛珍珠（PearlBuck,1892-1973）。Thisorientationhasbeenparticularlypopularamongthetranslatorsofclassicliterature,fortheyhavevaluedgreatlytheformofsuchtexts.Peopleengagedintranslatingreligiousdocumentshavealsotendedtosacrificethetargetlanguageforthesakeofreflectingtheformofthesourcetextsincereligionoftentendstopromotewordworship.Thesamethingisalsotrueoftranslatingpoliticalorlegaldocuments.,30,CommentsonthisorientationStrengths:IthelpsborrownewthingsfromSLintoTLifappropriatelyused.Eg.poker(扑克),tank(坦克)，humor(幽默).Weaknesses:Itisrelatedtotheoveruseofforeignizationandnegligenceofthereceptorsofthetargetlanguageandculture.,31,Healwayslivesaheadofhissalary.他总是生活在他的工资之前。改译：他的生活开销总是超过他的工资收入。Hevisitedmanyplaces,inallofwhichhewasreceivedwithunusualenthusiasmwhichattendedhisarduouslabor.他访问了许多地方，他在所有这些地方都受到了对他的艰苦努力所一贯表示的热情欢迎。改译：他访问了许多地方，到处受到热情的欢迎。他的艰苦努力是经常受到欢迎的。,32,2）Thetarget-language-orientedtranslationprincipleTranslatingbysacrificingtheformofthesourcelanguageforthesakeofeleganceandintelligibilityinthetargetlanguage.Thisorientationhasgreaterfocusuponthereceptorsofthetargetlanguagethanthesourcelanguageandisoftenconnectedwith“free/liberaltranslation”.Andthestrategyforitisdomestication.,33,Representativesofthisorientation我国古代三国时期的支谦和康曾会、东晋时期的鸠摩罗什、古罗马的西塞罗（MarcusTulliusCicero,公元前106-43）、贺拉斯（QuintusHoratiusFlaccus,公元前65-8）以及欧洲文艺复兴时期的文学翻译家。美国当代翻译理论家尤金奈达（EugeneNida）早年提出的以读者反应对等（equivalentresponsefromthereceptors）的原则基本上也是以读者为取向的。,34,CommentsonthisorientationStrengths:Thisprincipleissuitabletothetranslationofpopularnews,advertisinglanguage,TVprogramsorseriesandmovies,etc.Weaknesses:Thisprincipleiscloselyconnectedwiththeoveruseofdomestication,thussacrificingalltheforeignflavoroforaddingsomethingofthetranslatorhimselfordeletingsomethingordistortingthemessageofthesourcetextsoastomaketheversionsuitthetasteofthetargetlanguagereadersandculture.,35,Examples:Spring,thesweetspring,istheyearspleasantking.春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜。（郭沫若译）WhenGreekmeetsGreek,thencomesthetugofwar.Version1.张飞杀岳飞，杀得满天飞。Version2.两雄相遇，其斗必烈。,36,3）Theauthor-and-reader-orientedtranslationprincipleTranslatingbypreservingthemessageoftheSLforthesakeofbothfaithfulnesstotheSLandintelligibilitytotheTLreaders.ThisorientationisfocusednotonlyonthefaithfulnesstotheSLbutalsoonthesmoo