英语写作分类手法classification.ppt

Writing Presentation,From: 03110405 朱美硕,Methods of organization:,Exemplification - P1 Process Analysis - P26 Cause-Effect Analysis - P51 Comparison/Contrast - P77 Classification - P100 Definition - P127 Analogy - P149,Definition,What is definition?,Definition is the explanation of the meaning of a word or concept.,Definition is also a method of developing an essay.,Standard/Formal definition,Type 1,Types of definition,Connotative/Personal definition,Type 2,Extended definition,Type 3,Standard/Formal definition:,It gives a brief, explicit, precise, and objective dictionary meaning of a term. Such a definition consists of three parts: The term itself ; The class to which the term belongs ; The characteristics that distinguish the term from all others in its class .,Examples:,Connotative/Personal definition:,It explains what you mean by a certain term or concept that could have different meanings for others.,Examples:,Extended definition:,It is an essay-length piece of writing using this method of development.,What is definition used for?,Standard/Formal definition is used to explain a term or concept your audience or reader may not know or understand, e.g. eco-friendly products, “half of the sky”, “well-off society”, etc.,Connotative/Personal definition is used to explain any word or concept that doesnt have the same meaning foe everyone, e.g. freedom, honor, faith, friendship, love, etc.,Extended definition is used to explore a topic by examining its various meanings and implication.,How to write an extended definition?,Give a standard definition or a brief explanation of the term in the introduction. Make this definition precise, objective and to the point. Develop the definition using facts and personal experience, or using other patterns of development. Include sufficient distinguishing characteristics and supporting details.,Patterns of development:,Facts and personal experience; Narrative the history of the term; Describe what the term stands for; Analyze how the item the term stands for works its process; Compare or contrast the term to similar terms; Classify a term or divide it into its parts; Examine the causes or effects of the term; Explain what the term is not (using negation).,Exercise,Courage is the willingness to take a risk when the outcome is uncertain，and when the risk taken may involve harm，loss，or danger to the one taking itFor example，in a Los Angeles suburb，a twelveyearold girl ran into a burning house to rescue her baby brother，pulled him unconscious out of the burning bedroom，and dragged him down the stairs and outside to safetyThis was arousing display of courageThe girl had been safe outside the flaming house when she remembered her sleeping brotherDisregarding her personal safety，she plunged into the flaming house to save him,Find out what method is used to expand the definition,Exemplification,Answer:,Find out what method is used to expand the definition,A pencil is an instrument for writing on paperIt is of cylindrical shape and can be held between the first two fingers of the handIt is about 6 inches long and 14 inch wideAt the end there is usually an eraser attached to the pencil by a surrounding metal bandLead is the material which is used in making the marks on the paper，and a sharpener is needed to keep the pencil in good working orderPencils are made of various kinds of wood,Formal description,Answer:,How to organize an extended definition essay?,Title,Introduces the term Provides background information Presents the thesis statement, which gives the standard definition and reveals the importance or significance of the term,Distinguishing chara