土木工程专业外语(重庆交通大学).ppt

土木工程专业外语 Civil Engineering Specialized English,重庆交通大学土木建筑学院,About the course,Why to offer? Throw a sprat to catch a whale What to learn? Translation, reading How to learn?,College English and Specialized English (大学英语与专业英语),序言(preface),基础,进阶,专业文献的阅读和翻译,日常应用,词汇、语法、 句型,目的,手段,一、大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization ),Archimedes first discovered the principle that water is displaced by solid bodies.阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.,Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实。,名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实,WHAT?,英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态结构。,比较下面两段短文：,We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads.,Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is measured in farads.电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板内。这样的装置称之为电容器。其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。,WHY?,强调与客观,使用时要注意：主要的信息置于句首 ;尽量避免使用第一、二人称,二、广泛使用被动语句(the passive),A) A direct current is a current which flows always in the direction. B)A direct current is a current flowing in the same direction.,三、非限定动词 (the nonrestrictive verb),在科技英语中，不常使用非限制定语从句，而使用非限定动词，即非谓语动词,A) In the communications, the problem of electronics is how information is conveyed from one place to another. B) In the communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey from one place to another.,使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句,四、后置定语(the postposition),The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted. 产生的热能等于浪费了的热能。 过去分词表被动在科技文中被广泛应用。尤其在一些并列结构的句子中。,The forces due to friction are called frictional forces. 由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。介词短语due to的使用避免了because从句的使用,In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light. 热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能 。,The force uptown equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level. 向下的力与向上的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。副词成对出现，大多表示相反的意思。,介词短语,形容词及形容词短语的使用,副词,分词,During construction, problems often arise which require design changes. 在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。,五、复合词与缩略词 （the compound and the abbreviation）,复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋向于任意构词,full-enclosed 全封闭的；work-harden 加工硬化； crisscross交叉着；on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的； anti-armored-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹； radiophotography无线电传真； colorimeter色度计（无连字符复合词）,复合词,math (mathematics)数学（裁减式缩略词）lab (laboratory)实验室 ft (foot/feet)英尺 CAD( computer aided design)计算机辅助设计,缩略词,定语从句,六、长句(the long complex sentence),To illustrate with reference to the beam just described, if the short-time peak load had been applied early in the life of the member, before time-depended deformations occurred, the sustained-load deflection of step 3 should be calculated using Ie based on the total load-moment diagram( sustained plus and peak load) because the cracking which would result from that load would permanently reduce the stiffness of the member.,为了说明这一点，参照上述的梁，如果短期峰值荷载在随时间推移而发生的变形出现之前就作用在梁上，第三步的持续荷载作用下的变形 就应根据总荷载弯矩图(持续荷载加峰值荷载)采用Ie来计算，这是因为在该荷载作用下产生的开裂将会在整修构件使用期内使构件刚度减小。,To illustrate是目的状语。 if the为条件状语从句。 beforeoccurred是时间状语从句，修饰条件状语从句的谓语had been applied。 he sustained-loadshould be calculated为本句的主句 becausewould permanently reduce是固原状语从句，其中which would result from that load 是cracking的定语从句。,七、多种方法表达数字和否定(the number and the negation),数字：数量和倍数。,The factory turns out 100,000 cars every year. A yard is three times longer than a foot.,否定：,The object did not move because I pushed on it.,常见而双比较复杂的问题，使用非常灵活为英语特点。,专业英语的听与说(listening and speaking),一、常用数字的英语读法 （English reading frequently-used numerals）,1/2 one half, a half, one over two 1/3 a third, one third, one over three 2/3 two thirds , two over three,1/10 a tenth ,one tenth, 1/4 a quarter, one quarter, one fourth, one over four 3/4 three quarters, three fourths,常用数字的读法,常用数学符号的读法,土木专业词汇的读法,文章的读法,Speaking,234/679 two hundred and thirty four over six hundred and seventy nine 0.3 zero point three, O point three, naught point three, point three. 0.03 zero point zero three, O point O three, naught point naught three, point naught three. 0.67 zero point six seven, O point six seven, naught point six seven, point six seven,two and a half,three and three fifths,one hundred thirty seven and three over four,zero point three recurring, point three recurring,five point eight six seven, six seven recurring,2% two percent 2 two per mille 3/8% three eighths percent, three eighths of one percent. 2/3m two thirds of a meter 3/4km three quarters of a kilometer 7.8m/s seven point eight meters per second 15 fifteen degree Centigrade 34 thirty four degrees Fahrenheit 10KN ten kilo Newton 20mm twenty millimeters,二、常用数学符号的读法(English reading for frequently-used mathematical symbols）,+ plus - minus multiplied by, times, divided by plus or minus is equal to, equals, is, is identically equal to, identically equals is approximately equal to, approximately equals,the absolute value of x,x bar, the mean value of x,b prime,b double prime, b second prime, b two prime,b subscript one, b sub one,b superscript two, b super two,x dot,x two dots,function f of x,Dee x ,differential x,the n th derivative of y with respect to x,the partial derivative of y with respect to x,del,integral between limits a and b,bracket a plus b bracket closed,the ratio of a to b,x square, x squared, the square of x, the second power of x, x to the second power,the square root of x,the fifth root of x square,nth del,integral,infinity,x cube, x cubed, the cube of x, the third power of x, x to the third power,log x to the base n,Factorial x,一、教学内容(the teaching content),Part Three Content and Method (教学内容和方法 ),二、学习方法(the learning method),建议,参考大学英语的学习方法：每个人都有依据自己特点的学习方法,学习进步之表现：英语能力的增强，即听、说、读、写。,词汇：学习词汇于句子中,句型：学习句型于段落中或文章中。,absent: adj. Not present; missing: absent parents.；不存在的；缺乏的（Not existent; lacking:）a country in which morality is absent.：心不在焉的，不在意的（Exhibiting or feeling inattentiveness）an absent nod；vt.（及物动词）To keep (oneself) away。They absented themselves from the debate；prep.（介词）Without:没有，缺乏：“Absent a legisl