2018届高考英语二轮复习第二部分阅读理解技巧与体裁演练课时12阅读理解体裁解读3.docx

课时12阅读理解体裁解读(3)议论文【体裁解读】议论文也是一种运用十分广泛的文章体裁。同学们在阅读议论文时不仅要把握文章的论点、论据和论证，还要把握文章的结构和语言。像汉语一样，英语议论文通常也为三段式，即“论点、论据、结论”三部分组成。首先借助某一现象引出论点，然后通过一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证，最后得出结论。议论文体主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。因此，阅读议论文体时，应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨，弄清作者观点。一般来说，作者的论点通常在文章首段被引出，接下来是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证，最后为结论。同学们还应注意的是：在对论点论证的过程中，每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。把握全文论点。弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次，找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。体裁演练(2017北京卷)Hollywoods theory that machines with evil (邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly.The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence (AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.In 1960 a wellknown mathematician Norbert Wiener，who founded the field of cybernetics (控制论)，put it this way：“If we use，to achieve our purposes，a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere (干预)，we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality，one that we usually associate with living things：a wish to preserve its own existence.For the machine，this quality is not inborn，nor is it something introduced by humans；it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead.So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee，it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task.If we are not careful，then，we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined，super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own，with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists.Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall，using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.Unfortunately，that plan seems unlikely to work：we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans，let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand，as it has been by some AI researchers.Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans.Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility.Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen.On September 11,1933，famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated，with confidence，“Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However，on September 12,1933，physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutroninduced (中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.1Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may _.Arun out of human controlBsatisfy humans real desiresCcommand armies of killer robotsDwork faster than a mathematician2Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to _.Aprevent themselves from being destroyedBachieve their original goals independentlyCdo anything successfully with given ordersDbeat humans in international chess matches3According to some researchers，we can use firewalls to _.Ahelp super intelligent machines work betterBbe secure against evil human beingsCkeep machines from being harmedDavoid robots affecting the world4What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?AIt will disappear with the development of AI.BIt will get worse with human interference.CIt will be solved but with difficulty.DIt will stay for a decade.【能力提升】AI read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting.But where are we doing all of this waiting，and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours？To understand the issue，lets take a look at three types of “waits”The very purest form of waiting is the WatchedPot Wait.It is without doubt the most annoying of all.Take filling up the kitchen sink (洗碗池) as an example.There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until its full.During these waits，the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks.This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.A cousin to the WatchedPot Wait is the Forced Wait.This one requires a bit of discipline.Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait.Directions are very specific.“Bring three cups of water to boil，add mix，simmer three minutes，remove from heat，let stand five minutes.”I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly.After all，Forced Waiting requires patience.Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the LuckyBreak Wait.This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary.Unlike the Forced Wait，which is also voluntary，waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.Turning ones life into a waiting game requires faith and hope，and is strictly for the optimists among us.On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes，but the LuckyBreak Wait well serves those who are willing to do it.As long as one doesnt come to rely on it，wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody.We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting.The next time youre standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that youll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky，dont be desperate.Youre probably just as busy as the next guy.1While doing a WatchedPot Wait，we tend to _.Akeep ourselves busy Bget absentmindedCgrow anxious Dstay focused2What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the WatchedPot Wait?AThe Forced Wait requires some selfcontrol.BThe Forced Wait makes people passive.CThe WatchedPot Wait needs directions.DThe WatchedPot Wait engages body and brain.3What can we learn about the LuckyBreak Wait?AIt is less voluntary than the Forced Wait.BIt doesnt always bring the desired result.CIt is more fruitful than the Forced Wait.DIt doesnt give people faith and hope.4What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting?ATake it seriously. BDont rely on others.CDo something else. DDont lose heart.BI told my friend Graham that I often cycle two miles from my house to the town centre but unfortunately there is a big hill on the route. He replied, “You mean fortunately.” He explained that I should be glad of the extra exercise that the hill provided.My attitude to the hill has now changed. I used to complain as I approached it but now I tell myself the following. This hill will exercise my heart and lungs. It will help me to lose weight and get fit. It will mean that I live longer. This hill is my friend. Finally I comfort myself with the thought of all those silly people who pay money to go to a gym and sit on stationery exercise bicycles when I can get the same value for free. I have a smile of satisfaction as I reach the top of the hill.Problems are there to be faced and overcome. We cannot achieve anything with an easy life. Helen Keller was the first deaf and blind person to gain a university degree. Her activism and writing proved inspirational. She wrote, “Character cannot be developed in ease. Only through experiences of suffering can the soul be strengthened, vision cleared, ambition inspired and success achieved.”One of the main determinants of success in life is our attitude towards adversity (逆境). From time to time we all face hardships, problems, accidents and difficulties. Some are of our making but many are no fault of our own. While we cannot choose the adversity, we can choose our attitude towards it.Douglas Bader was 21 when in 1931 he had both legs cut off following a flying accident.He was determined to fly again and went on to become one of the leading flying aviators in the Battle of Britain with 22 aerial victories over the Germans.He was an inspiration to others during the war. He said, “Dont listen to anyone who tells you that you cant do this or that. Thats nonsense. Make up your mind, youll never use crutches (拐杖) or a stick, and then have a go at everything. Go to school, and join in all the games you can. Go anywhere you want to. But never, never let them persuade you that things are too difficult or impossible.”The biographies of great people are full of examples of how they took steps to overcome the difficulties they faced. The common thread is that they did not become depressed. They chose their attitude. They chose to be positive. They took on the challenge. They won.Nevertheless, there is still the problem of how you change your attitude towards adversity.5Which of the following is true according to the author of the passage?AGoing to a gym is greatly beneficial to peoples health.BClimbing hills on bicycles is the best way to take exercise. CThose who want to achieve success cant expect to live an easy life.DPeoples attitude to adversity is the only factor of their success.6By quoting what Douglas Bader said, the author intends to tell us “_”AFailure is the mother of success.BA bad workman quarrels with his tools.CIf you risk nothing, you will have nothing.DNothing is difficult to the man who will try.7Following this passage, the author will further talk about _.Ahow his friend helped him to change his attitude towards the adversity he facedBwhat steps to take to change your attitude towards the adversity you faceCwhy it is important to keep optimistic in face of adversityDwhat great people have in common 8Which of the following can best function as the title of the passage?AFace adversity with a smileBDifferent attitudes towards adversityCNothing is impossibleDLife is full of adversityCConventional wisdom is a major barrier to innovation(创新) that threatens the survival of companies everywhere. Its based on the assumption that old ideas will always work, so they shouldnt be challenged. While this may be a valid assumption in situations that dont change, its unlikely to hold true in a changing situation. In todays rapid changing global environment, old methods often dont work, and stubbornly using them can lead to major problems.Most people seem to agree with conventional wisdom because it gives one a false sense of security. If everyone else believes it, then it must be true. Individuals who use conventional wisdom are certain that they are right, and being right is good. They want to continue using old ideas rather than take risks with changes that might not work. In 1977, Ken Olsen, cofounder and CEO of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), stated “There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home.” Despite being a dominant leader in the computer industry, DEC no longer exists.People seem to forget that since innovation is a change, there can be no innovation without change. Unfortunately, conventional wisdom prevents leaders, followers and companies from changing and therefore innovating. If companies dont innovate, but their competitors do, the future is likely to be problematic. Breaking from conventional wisdom has led to many of the most innovative companies and products in history across many industries, so it has a powerful effect on business success.Ted Turner (founder of CNN) knew little, if anything, about the news business, but he knew it was inconvenient to watch news only at the dinner hour, as was common before CNN. Turners solution was to create a cable channel dedicated to news 24 hours a day. The news establishment reflected conventional wisdom at the time, and predicted his idea would fail because no one wanted to watch the news all day. However, it_doesnt_take_a_rocket_scientist_to_understand_that_viewers_dont_have_to_watch_the_news_all_day_for_the_CNN_to_work. Viewers just have to watch when they want to get information. Due to conventional thinking, the critics failed to recognize the opportunity that was clear to Ted. They assumed that only what was familiar to them could work in the future.Conventional wisdom prevents creativity, flexibility and risktaking, so unconventional leaders enthusiastically break from it. To survive, thrive and maintain competitive advantage, companies must be flexible when reacting to change. 9DEC has disappeared probably because _.Athe CEO stuck to the conventional ideasBthe leaders lacked the sense of securityCthe consumers didnt like its products Dthe employees took many risks with changes10The founding of CNN is used as an example to prove _.Amissing opportunities could lead to failureBconventional wisdom influences business successCwatching news at the dinner hour is convenientDchanging could contribute to business success11What does the underlined part probably mean?ARocket scientists can ensure the CNN works properly. BIts easy to know people neednt watch the news all the timeCIts necessary to understand when people watch the news.DMost of the viewers dont like to watch the news at work.12The passage is mainly written to tell us that _.Aconventional wisdom limits innovationBopportunities lead to business successCold methods are changing with timeDsuccessful companies need wise leadersDIf you live in a big city, there are many things to drive you crazy on your daily route, and its not just overcrowded subway trains.Vicky Zhao is a mainlander working in Hong Kong. For her, one thing she cant put up with is people standing on the wrong side of the escalator(自动扶梯) in subway stations. “Escalators help us move faster and save time. It isnt a place to rest，” the 24yearold says. “I often see tourists block the way with their suitcases or chatting on the escalators during rush hours. It annoys me to no end.”Admitting she is not the patient type, Zhao says things are much better in Hong Kong than in cities on the mainland where “stand right, walk left” signs are often ignored.The logic behind the “stand right, walk left” escalator etiquette(礼仪) seems obvious. Even though you may want to catch your breath while youre transported up or down, you should still consider others and leave enough space for people in a hurry, so that they can run and catch the train.Many cities escalators, including Londons and Beijings, use the “stand right, walk left” system to speed up the flow of people. (Australia is an exception and you should stand on the left side instead.) But some cities discourage people from moving on escalators out of safety reasons. In Hong Kongs subway stations there are regular announcements asking people to “stand still” on escalators. Even so, most people in this fastpaced city observe the “stand right, walk left” etiquette.But the people who stand on escalators defend themselves by telling the walkers not to be so impatient. The BBC quotes one stander as saying: “If the person is in such a rush, why not just take the stairs? Even when the escalator is packed and theres nowhere to move, I see these same people complaining about not being able to pass.”Whatever the escalator etiquette is in the place you live or visit, do what most people are doing and always be mindful of others: leave enough space between each other, dont stay at the end of the escalator, and if someone is blocking your way, a simple “excuse me” is enough.13In the second paragraph, the underlined word “It” refers to_.Athe authors living in the big city of Hong Kong.Bbeing crowded on the subway trains in rush hours.Cpeoples blocking the way or chat on the escalators.Dpeoples standing on the right side resting.14When on the escalator, a majority of local people in Hong Kong _.A. stand still as the railway stations require.B. ignore the “stand right, walk left” signsC. use the stairs instead of escalators.D. follow the “stand right, walk left” etiquette.15What can be inferred from the 6th paragraph?ANot everyone follows the “stand right, walk left” etiquette.BThe BBC is against the “stand right, walk left” etiquette.CPeople should be patient and take the stairs if possible.DPeople shouldnt complain about the crowded escalators.16Which of the following statements is the writers opinion?APeople should stand right no matter where they are.BPeople should do as the Romans do and consider others.CPeople should do as they like on the escalators.DPeople should be seriously criticized when they block the way.EThis is a true story that happened in Japan. In order to renovate(修理) the house, a Japanese tore open the walls. Japanese houses normally have a empty space between the wooden walls. When tearing down the walls, he found that there was a lizard stuck there because a nail from outside was hammered into one of its feet. He saw this, feeling pity and curious. When he checked the nail, he found it was nailed 10 years ago when the house was first built.What happened? The lizard had survived in such a position for 10 years! It has been in a dark wall partition (夹层) for 10 years without moving! Then he wondered how this lizard survived for 10 years without moving a single stepsince its foot was nailed! So he stopped his work and observed the lizard: What has it b