基础语法：时态.ppt

基础语法：时态,中国石油大学远程与继续教育学院 刘 焱 2013. 4.,基础语法：动词-形式,动词是表示动作和状态的词。 动词（整体）有时态、语态和语气3种形式的变化。 动词分类：按词义和句中的作用分为： 实义动词：work, study, sleep, fly 及物动词（直接带宾语） 不及物动词 （不能直接带宾语） 系动词: am, is, are 情态动词: can, may, must 助动词: do/does/did , have/has,动词（个体）的4种基本形式： 动词原形 动词第三人称变化形式 现在分词：-ing 过去式: 规则变化- ed / 不规则变化 过去分词：,动词（个体）的基本形式,1、原形 work go 2、第三人称单数 works goes 3、过去式 worked went 4、现在分词 working going 5、过去分词 worked gone,五种基本句型,1、主语+系动词+表语： He is a student. We are friends. 2、主语+谓语（不及物动词）： We work every day. Time flies. 3、主语+谓语（及物动词） +宾语： We study English hard. Henry bought a dictionary.,4.主语+谓语（及物动词） +宾语+宾语补足语 We call him Tom. Traveling makes us happy. 5.主语+谓语（及物动词） +间接宾语+直接宾语 I sent him a book. He bought May a book.,动词时态,只要学习红色的时态，绿色的不考，蓝色的已经被淘汰了！,一般现在时(be / do / does),一、构成 除主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词要变化外，一律用动词原形。 二、句型 1. He is a professor. We are Chinese. 2. We often watch TV on Sundays. He watches TV on Sundays.,动词第三人称单数变化形式,元音字母：a, e, i, o, u,一般现在时,二、用法 1. 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语 every day, usually, always, often, sometimes, on Sunday等连用。如： I go to school at 6 every morning. 每天早上我七点去上学。 He goes to school at 6 every morning. 2. 表示客观存在及普遍真理；如： Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。 The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。,考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如： I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时，常用的引导词有： 时间：when I see him tomorrow, I will tell him the news. 条件：If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.,一般过去时(was / were / did),一、构成方法： 用动词过去式 (规则和不规则）。 二、用法说明： 1. 表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态。常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等连用。如： He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。 What did you do yesterday? 2. 在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。如： We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。 注意：一般过去时只说明过去，与现在无关。,动词的过去式和过去分词形式,特别注意： 1. 时态的一致性： They often played football together when they were at school. While I was at college, I wrote to my parents once a month. 2. 客观真理如果出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如： When I was in primary school， I learned that the earth goes around the sun. 我在小学就学过地球是围绕太阳转的。,used to do: 过去常常(暗含现在已经不那样了） be / get used to doing：习惯于做某事 When I was young, I _ football. used to played B. am used to playing C. used to play D. was used to play,一般将来时,一、构成: will+动词原形， shall+动词原形(主语是第一人称) 二、用法: 表示将来发生的事。常与tomorrow, next year等时间状语连用。 The students will have five English classes per week this term. 学生们这学期一周有5节英语课。 Ill (shall/will) do a better job next time. 下次我要干得好些。 其他表示将来的结构：be going to do, be to do, be about to do,现在进行时,一、构成：am/is/are+现在分词（二者缺一不可） 二、用法 1. 表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。如： They re having a meeting. 他们在开会。 2. 表示计划或安排好了的将来动作，常与一个表示将来的时间状语连用。如： They re having a party next week.,动词的现在分词形式,过去进行时,一、构成：was/were+现在分词 二、用法: 表示在过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在发生的动作。 What were you doing this time yesterday? 昨天这个时候你在做什么？ During the summer of 1999 she was traveling in Europe. 1999年夏天她在欧洲旅行。,过去将来时,一、构成：would+动词原形 二、用法 表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情。 I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。 I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切。,现在完成时,一、构成：have/has+过去分词 二、用法: 1. 表示目前已完成的动作或刚刚完成的动作，常与just, already, yet, recently, before, twice, three times等时间状语连用，如： I have seen the film already. 我已经看过那部电影了。 2. 表示从过去某一刻发生，现在仍延续着的动作或情况。 He has lived here since 1949. 自从1949年以来，他一直住在这儿。 注意：此时态强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响。,注意： 1. 非延续性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等的完成时，在肯定句中不能与for或since等引导的时间段连用。 Tom has died for 3 years. Tom died 3 years ago. Tom died in 2007. ,He_ the Communist Party _ 2002. A. has joined, in B. has joined, since C. joined, on D. joined, in It _hard when I left the house. A. is raining B. rains C. was raining D. will rain,注意： 2. “since+时间点”/ “for+时间段” She has been a dancer for ten years. She has been a dancer since 2000. 她已当了十年的舞蹈演员了。,现代完成时与一般过去时的区别：,1.现在完成时不与yesterday, last week, two days ago, in1983, just now, when等表示具体的过去时间的状语连用。 I have finished my homework yesterday. ,2. 一般过去时只强调在过去发生过某事；关注的是动作发生的时间、地点、方式等； 而现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在的影响。 -我买了一本字典。 -在哪儿买的？ -在学校旁边的书店。 -什么时候买的？ -上星期。,-我买了一本字典。 -在哪儿买的？ -在学校旁边的书店。 -什么时候买的？ -上星期 -I have bought a dictionary. -Where did you buy it? -The bookstore next to our school. -When did you buy it? -Last week.,过去完成时,一、构成: had+过去分词 二、用法: 表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。如： She said she had been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。 注意：过去完成时是一种相对时态，一定要有一个作参照的过去时间或过去动作做比较，否则，就不能用过去完成时。,下列3种情况虽然含有先后发生的两个过去动作，却用一般过去时：,1. 先后发生的一系列动作，但并不强调先后时，如： On Saturday afternoon, Mrs Green went to the market, bought some bananas and visited her cousin. 星期下午，格林夫人去了市场，买了些香蕉，然后去看望了她的表姐。 2. 两个动作是紧接着发生的，可用一般过去时。如： When I heard the news, I was very excited. 我听到那个消息时，非常高兴。 3. 叙述历史事实，可用一般过去时。如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 我们老师告诉我们哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。,使用过去完成时的特殊句型,一就: hardlywhen no soonerthan I had hardly opened the door when he told me. Hardly had I opened the door when he told me. 我刚开开门，他就告诉了我（消息）。 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. No sooner had he bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。,现在完成时与过去完成时,通过下列例句区分两种完成时： By the end of last month, they had studied twenty passages. By now, they have studied twenty passages.,时态练习,When Lily came home at 5 p.m. yesterday, her mother _ dinner in the kitchen. A. cooked B. was cooking C. cooks D. has cooked,时态练习,When Lily came home at 5 p.m. yesterday, her mother _ dinner in the kitchen. A. cooked B. was cooking C. cooks D. has cooked 解析：B。此题意思为：当Lily昨天下午五点回家时，妈妈正在厨房里做饭。用过去进行时。,时态练习,Johns father _ mathematics in this school ever since he graduated from Harvard University. A. taught B. teaches C. has taught D. is teaching,时态练习,Johns father _ mathematics in this school ever since he graduated from Harvard University. A. taught B. teaches C. has taught D. is teaching 解析：C。此题意思为：约翰的父亲自从哈佛大学毕业后就一直在这所学校读书，这种状态一直持续到现在，所以句子用现在完成时。,时态练习,I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I _ to half a dozen other groups before. A. was giving B. am giving C. had given D. have given,时态练习,I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I _ to half a dozen other groups before. A. was giving B. am giving C. had given D. have given 解析：C。凡是表示过去动作之前的动作要用过去完成式“had done”。根据题意可知had given的动作发生在was giving之前，所以用过去完成时。,时态练习,I fell and hurt myself while I _ basketball yesterday. A was playing B am playing C play D played A long time ago, I _ in London for three years. A had lived B have lived C lived D have been living,时态练习,I fell and hurt myself while I _ basketball yesterday. A was playing B am playing C p