柯勒律治和司各特.ppt

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) “Kubla Khan”,Walt Scott (1771-1832) Ivanhoe,Portraits of Coleridge,Biography of Coleridge,family: the tenth son of a poor clergyman Education: a London charity school for children of the clergy; Cambridge uni. health: poor; opium-addicted Associates: Robert Southey planning for an abortive “Pantisocracy” in US; collaborating with William Wordsworth in Lyrical Ballads. politics: a radical turning to conservative in matters of the French Revolution. marriage: unhappy Later life: patient, literary critic Honors: fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1824.,2 cardinal points of poetry,The power of exciting the sympathy of the reader by a faithful adherence to the truth of nature The power of giving the interest of novelty by the modifying colors of imagination.,Coleridges task,My endeavor should be directed to persons and characters supernatural,yet so as to transfer from our inward nature a human interest and a semblance of truth sufficient to procure for these shadows of imagination, which constitutes poetic faith. Wordsworth, was to give the charm of novelty to things of every day, and to excite by awakening the minds attention from lethargy of custom and directing it to the loveliness and the wonders of the world before us.,Works,3 poems of demonism, all using exotic images and supernatural themes. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”1798 “Khubla Khan” 1816 “Christabel” Biographia Literaria (1817) containing accounts of his literary life and critical essays on philosophical and literary subjects, presenting in particular his theories of the creative imagination,文学传记 a series of lectures on Shakespeare,Position and achievements,A great romanticist, One of the most important poets and critics in the English language. His poetry has been called “pure poetry” colorful imagery, subtle language, charming musicality. His poetry communicates a sense of the mysterious, supernatural and extraordinary world created out of imagination. The finest critic of his day.,Origin of the poem,Kubla Khan or, a Vision In a Dream: A Fragment “忽必烈汗，或梦中之见：碎片” Created in a dreamlike state under medication while reading a passage about the court of Kubla Khan from Samuel Purchass Pilgrimage; 54 lines recollected out of 2-300 lines after interruption.,Form of “Kubla Khan”,iambic tetrameter and alternating rhyme schemes. The first stanza is written in iambic tetrameter with a rhyme scheme of ABAABCCDEDE, alternating between staggered rhymes and couplets. The second stanza follows the same rhythmical pattern but with a slight change in rhyme scheme as aabcbc The third stanza expand into pentameter with break from iambic. The rhythmical pattern grows to be more irregular, pentameter and tretemeter, iambic and trochee confused. The rhyme scheme goes as ABAABCCDDFFGGHIIHJJ KLKLMM () The fourth stanza continues the tetrameter of the third and rhymes ABCCBDEDEFGFFFGHHG.,Questions for “Kubla Khan”,Can you find any contrasting images in every stanza? What are they? How is the last stanza related to the previous 3 stanzas about the pleasure dome of Kubla Khan? Or who is the “I” in the poem, how is “I” related to Kubla Khan, an emperor? What is the poem about? What is the rhythmical pattern and rhyme scheme in each stanza? How does the prosody of each stanza serve the meaning? (音韵如何服务主题的表达),His theory on imagination,More than being the living power and prime agent of all human perception, Imagination to Coleridge is activated by a free and deliberate will. Its an autonomous willful act of the mind. It is vital and transformative. The imagination of poetic genius would invariably sought to achieve “organic harmony” btw fixed, objective reality and individual ideal, or in another word, to idealize and unify. Imaginative forces, though derived from the natural world, was organic and creative. Hence, art piece is higher and better than crude reality.,Possible thematical concerns,Metaphor for poetic creation Illustration of his theory about imagination and art piece.,Kubla Khan, or a vision in a dream: a fragment,In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure-dome decree: Where Alph, the sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea.,忽必烈汗在上都曾经 下令造一座堂皇的安乐殿堂： 这地方有圣河亚佛流奔， 穿过深不可测的洞门， 直流入不见阳光的海洋。,Tamed nature within the pleasure-dome,So twice five miles of fertile ground With walls and towers were girdled round: And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills, Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree; And here were forests ancient as the hills, Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.,有方圆五英里肥沃的土壤， 四周给围上楼塔和城墙： 那里有花园，蜿蜒的溪河在其间闪耀， 园里树枝上鲜花盛开，一片芬芳； 这里有森林，跟山峦同样古老， 围住了洒满阳光的一块块青青草场。,But oh! that deep romantic chasm which slanted Down the green hill athwart a cedarn cover! A savage place! as holy and enchanted As eer beneath a waning moon was haunted By woman wailing for her demon-lover!,但是，啊！那深沉而奇异的巨壑 沿青山斜裂，横过伞盖的柏树！ 野蛮的地方，既神圣而又着了魔 好象有女人在衰落的月色里出没， 为她的魔鬼情郎而凄声嚎哭！,Wildness, Violence, mystery of nature,And from this chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething, As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing, A mighty fountain momently was forced: Amid whose swift half-intermitted burst Huge fragments vaulted like rebounding hail, Or chaffy grain beneath the threshers flail:,巨壑下，不绝的喧嚣在沸腾汹涌， 似乎这土地正喘息在快速而强烈的悸动中， 从这巨壑里，不时迸出股猛烈的地泉； 在它那时断时续的涌迸之间， 巨大的石块飞跃着象反跳的冰雹， /或者象打稻人连枷下一撮撮新稻；,And mid these dancing rocks at once and ever It flung up momently the sacred river. Five miles meandering with a mazy motion Through wood and dale the sacred river ran, Then reached the caverns measureless to man, And sank in tumult to a lifeless ocean:,从这些舞蹈的岩石中，时时刻刻 迸发出那条神圣的溪河。 迷乱地移动着，蜿蜒了五英里地方， 那神圣的溪河流过了峡谷和森林， 于是到达了深不可测的洞门， 在喧嚣中沉入了没有生命的海洋；,Strange but miraculous harmony,And mid this tumult Kubla heard from far Ancestral voices prophesying war! The shadow of the dome of pleasure Floated midway on the waves; Where was heard the mingled measure From the fountain and the caves. It was a miracle of rare device, A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice!,从那喧嚣中忽必烈远远地听到 祖先的喊声预言着战争的凶兆！ 安乐的宫殿有倒影 宛在水波的中央漂动； 这儿能听见和谐的音韵 来自那地泉和那岩洞。 这是个奇迹呀，算得是稀有的技巧， 阳光灿烂的安乐宫，连同那雪窟冰窖！,Evoked by imaginary music and vision, the poet creates the pleasure-dome,A damsel with a dulcimer In a vision once I saw: It was an Abyssinian maid, And on her dulcimer she played, Singing of Mount Abora. Could I revive within me Her symphony and song, To such a deep delight twould win me, That with music loud and long,有一回我在幻象中见到 一个手拿德西马琴的姑娘： 那是个阿比西尼亚少女， 在她的琴上她奏出乐曲， 歌唱着阿伯若山。 如果我心中能再度产生 她的音乐和歌唱， 我将被引入如此深切的欢欣， 以至于我要用音乐高朗又久长,I would build that dome in air, That sunny dome! those caves of ice! And all who heard should see them there, And all should cry, Beware! Beware! His flashing eyes, his floating hair!,在空中建造那安乐宫廷， 那阳光照临的宫廷，那雪窖冰窟！ 谁都能见到这宫殿，只要听见了乐音， 他们全都会喊叫：当心！当心！ 他飘动的头发，他闪光的眼睛！,Weave a circle round him thrice, And close your eyes with holy dread, For he on honey-dew hath fed, And drunk the milk of Paradise.,织一个圆圈，把他三道围住， 闭下你两眼，带着神圣的恐惧， 因为他一直吃着蜜样甘露， 一直饮着天堂的琼浆仙乳。 屠岸译文,Sigmend Freuds tripartite of human mind,notes,（1）Xanadu：又作Xamdu，上都，在今内蒙古自治区内。忽必烈汗定都大都（北京）后，上都仍为行宫。 （2）pleasure-dome：逍遥宫，是decree（下令修建）的宾语，dome=stately building. （3）Alph：诗人梦中的河 （4）twice five miles：十英里。twice five即2*5 （6）blossomd:blossomed （7）incense-bearing：开着香花的 （8）enfolding:enclosing：围起 （9）athwart:across,（10）a cedarn cover:松林.cedarn是诗的用语，即cedar,雪松。cover,覆盖物，此处意为wood.弥尔顿曾写过，“And west winds with musky wing/ About the cedarn alleys fling/Nard and cassias balmy smells“(Comus);丁尼生也曾写过，“The carven cedarn doors”（Arabian Nights）。 （11）savage: wild荒野的 （12）eer:ever,第1516行描写经常徘徊在下弦月下哭着等待阴间情人(demon-lover）的女人，增添了这片荒山野地(a savage place)的浪漫奇幻的（romantic,第12行）气氛。 （13）thick pants:频频急促的喘息，指泉水好像是因大地急促呼吸而喷涌出来似的。 （14）a waning moon:下弦月，据迷信说法是不祥的征兆。 （15）A mighty fountain momently was forced:每时每刻都喷出强有力的泉水，momently即every moment.,（16）swift half-intermitted burst:几乎毫不间断的迸发。 （17）mid:amid,第29行同。these dancing rocks在喷涌的泉水冲激下，岩石看上去也像在跳跃一。 （18）It:是主语the sacred river的重复，即The sacred river it(flung up momently）。 （19）Five miles meandering with a mazy motion：迷宫般蜿延曲折地流淌五英里。此行由于m音多而加强了溪水缓慢流淌的意味。 （20）Kubla heard from far/Ancestral voices prophesying war：忽必烈汗称帝之前或之后，都战功赫赫，以军事才能闻名于世。 （21）measure:rhythm,（22）damsel:maiden的古用法。自此行起，先后描写了一位操琴的少女和一位迷狂的诗人，虽与忽必烈汗毫无关联，但作为梦境的片断，在浪漫奇幻的情调上与诗的前一部分仍是一致的。 （23）dulcimer:类似于扬琴的一种古乐器。 （24）Abyssinian maid:阿比西尼亚女郎。Abyssinia位于非洲东部，现称Ethiopia（埃塞俄比亚）。 （25）Mount Abora:诗人梦中的山 （26）Could I revive：If I could revive （27）To such a deep delight /twould win me:正常的结构是：twould(=it would)win me to (=bring me)such sa deep delight.,（28）His flashing eyes, his floating hair:眼睛闪光，头发飘扬，如同神灵附体而发狂。相传这是诗人获得灵感时的表现。 （29）Weave a circle round him thrice：巫师或女巫在施法时都以某种方式与3这个神秘的数（mystic number）相联系。在古舟之咏中，柯勒律治为制造一神秘气氛曾反复使用过这个数字，如：“And he stopped one of three”（第3行），“And listens like a three yearschild”（第15行），“Quoth she ,and whistles thrice”（第198行），“I saw a third-I heard his voice”（第508行）。另外，3的倍数9也是传统上所谓神秘的数，如莎士比亚麦克白（I。有）中女巫的话：“Thrice to thine, and thrice to mine,/And thrice again to make up nine。” （30） the milk of Paradise：天堂的乳汁。据伯拉图伊安篇（534 ab）所说，有灵感的诗人如同酒神的狂女，从诗神（the Muses）的河里汲取乳蜜。,Appendix,忽 必烈汗那首片段的抒情诗（54行合辙压韵、长短不等、韵律铿锵的诗句）是英国诗人柯尔律治在1797年一个夏天梦中偶得之作。柯尔律治写道，他在埃克斯 穆一个农庄小住时，由于身体不适吃了鸦片不久便睡着了；入睡前他正好在看珀切斯的一篇游记，其中谈到因马克波罗的介绍而在西方出名的元世祖忽必烈汗修建宫 殿的事。在柯尔律治的梦中，脱口而出的诗句纷至沓来；睡觉的人直接看到一系列形象，听到一连串写景状事的词句；几小时后他醒来了，满有把握地认为自己已经 作好或者传授了一首三百行左右的长诗。他记得出奇的清晰，转录了现存在他作品中的那个片段。一位不速之客打断了他的工作，之后，他怎么也回忆不起其余的诗 句。“我相当惊骇地发现，”柯尔律治写道，“我只是模模糊糊地记得大概的情景，除了八九行零散的诗句外，其余的统统消失，仿佛水平如镜的河面被一块石头打 碎，它反映的景象怎么也恢复不了原状。”辛伯恩认为记录下来的片段是英语韵律中最高的典范，象天空的彩虹一样不可能加以解析（济慈语）。以音乐性为基本特 点的诗歌是难以翻译或概括的，翻译或概括只能损害原著；现在我们只消记住柯尔律治是在梦中得到光彩夺目的诗篇。,Appendix 2,不 论柯尔律治讲述的情形是否确实，忽必烈汗表现的确是浪漫主义的梦幻式的意境，而不是历史现实或具体故事。忽必烈汗即元世祖，是元朝统一全中国并建都北 京的皇帝；上都则是他建都北京前在内蒙建的都城。柯尔律治对中国、对忽必烈汗和上都了解得都很少，在诗中可以看出，他并不企图摹写真实，只是借东方题材作 为驰骋想像力、渲染异国情调的广阔天地而已。 忽必烈汗在浪漫主义诗歌中，属于非理性色彩较浓的一类，但细读起来，其中也有意义结构，其大体脉络是： 第一节表现宁静的创作欲，或对艺术王国的向往； 第二节转入下意识的强烈冲动或迷狂境界，诗中幻景表现着狂暴能量的迸涌宣泄； 第三节复归宁静，情感和精致的艺术共同凝结成奇迹之宫； 第四节描绘了柯尔律治的缪斯形象和获得灵感的诗人的神采。诗人如有神助，变成了先知，竟使大家恐惧和崇拜。,Appendix 3,这一形象，柯尔律治想必是从柏拉图的伊安篇中得来的： “优美的诗歌本质上不是人的制作而是神的诏语；诗人只是神的代言人。”伊安篇中还说，酒神的女信徒在迷狂中，可以从河里汲取乳和蜜；抒情诗人也和她们一样，会“飞到诗神的国里，从流蜜的泉源吸取精英，来酿成他们的诗歌”。 这样看来，忽必烈汗与布瓦洛的诗的艺术或蒲伯的批评论一样，也可说是一篇诗体的诗论，但又与古典主义的诗体诗论构成强烈对照。与古典主义诗人用诗作议论不同，柯尔律治不仅在诗中提出“表现说”诗学，而且忽必烈汗本身也是“表现说”的实践。,Appendix 4,忽 必烈汗的音乐性引人注意。华兹华斯和柯尔律治都摆脱了古典主义的严谨整齐的诗体（英雄双行体），但华兹华斯倾向于诗的散文化，柯尔律治则倾向于诗的音乐 化。他认为：“心灵里没有音乐的人，决不能成为真正的诗人。”采用长短句，韵式不定，靠梦幻般的韵律烘托梦幻的气氛，是这首诗获得成功的重要因素。对古典 主义诗人德莱顿的音乐手法，柯尔律治倒是不无继承的。（选自诗海世界诗歌史纲传统卷）,Portraits of Scott,Life of Walter Scott,Birth: born in Edinburgh, the son of a solicitor Interest: early interest in the old Border tales and ballads Education: attending Edinburgh High School, studying at Edinburgh University arts and law Career: professional lawyer; running a printing and publishing house to supplement his income; writing to earn money and pay debt. Honors: baronet in 1820,Writing career,Making his name known as a poet. The Lay of the Last Minstrel Winning great popularity by historical fiction. Most famous fiction: Waverley dealing with the rebellion of 1745, which attempted to restore a Scottish family to the British throne Ivanhoe set in the reign of Richard I and depicted the rivalry between the King and his wicked brother John.,Position and achiev