2019年高考英语语法必考考点9数词及主谓一致含解析.docx

2019年高考英语语法必考考点（9）：数词及主谓一致含解析李仕才【考点解读】一、数词 1. 基数词(1)注意几个不规则的基数词的写法。如eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty等。(2)注意英语中的数量以三位为一个单位，一般对应阿拉伯数字的写法每三位加一个逗号，分别是thousand, million和billion。如：ten thousand10,000; one hundred million100,000,000。(3)数词hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score表示确切数目时不加s，但若表示不确切数目时，要用复数形式，与of构成短语。如：一万：ten thousand；成千上万的：tens of thousands of；两打鸡蛋：two dozen eggs。(4)年代表达方式有两种写法。如：20世纪90年代：in the 1990s或in the 1990s。2. 序数词(1)序数词前面一般加the，多数序数词由基数词加th构成。如：the fifteenth; 以y结尾的基数词变化时，先把y改成i，再加eth。如：twentieth。注意几个不规则的序数词的写法。如：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth等。(2)序数词常可缩写，其形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母。如：1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th。3. 小数小数点用point表示，小数点后的数用个位基数词表示。如：0.567zero point five six seven。4. 分数分子用基数词，分母用序数词，如果分子大于1，分母须加s。如：1/5one fifth/onefifth; 3/4three fourths/threefourths。5. 百分数百分号用percent(per cent)或%表示。如：19.56%nineteen point five six percent。6. 倍数表达法(1)倍数as形容词/副词(原级)as。This bridge is three times as long as that one.(2)倍数形容词或副词的比较级than。This bridge is three times longer than that one.(3)倍数the size/length/weight .of表示比较对象的This bridge is three times the length of that one.(4)倍数what引导的从句。The college is twice what it was 5 years ago.(5)倍数thatof表示比较对象。The money he earns is three times that of hers.主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数方面需和主语保持一致。主谓一致主要遵循语法形式一致、意义一致以及就近一致三个原则。1. 句子谓语用单数的情况(1)单数名词或代词、不可数名词、动词不定式或动词ing形式或单个从句等作主语时。To go swimming is helpful for shaping your body.【点睛】what引导的名词性从句作主语时，若表语是复数形式，则谓语动词用复数。(2)由and连接的两个名词若表示单一概念时。A knife and fork is what you need when having a meal.(3)由and连接的并列单数主语前有every, each, no, many a时。Each man and each woman was asked to give a performance at the party.(4)表示时间、重量、距离、长度、价格、金额、体积等名词的复数作主语或主语部分是一个算式时。To me, 20,000 dollars is not a small sum of money.One plus one is/equals two.(5)each, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing等不定代词作主语时。Everyone has his own interest.Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.(6) one (every one, any one, either, neither, each one, each)of名词复数时。One of the guests in the party is from South Africa.Every one of us likes the novel.(7)more than one/a单数名词作主语，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语须用单数形式。More than one student was chosen to compete in the contest.2. 句子谓语用复数的情况(1)某些集体名词(如：people, police, staff, cattle等)作主语时，谓语通常用复数。The police are searching the woods for the lost child.(2)由and, both . and连接两个并列主语时。What he says and what he does do not agree.Both the president and the prime minister have attended the lecture.(3)当主语是clothes, trousers, shorts, shoes, jeans, glasses, scissors, compasses等只有复数形式的名词时。My trousers have been washed already.【点睛】若这类名词前有pair of修饰时，其谓语动词的单复数取决于pair的单复数形式。(4)“the形容词/过去分词”结构(如：the dead/old/rich/injured/unemployed等)多指某一类人。主语由该结构充当时，谓语动词一般用复数。The blind were given aids by the volunteers outside the theatre.【点睛】该结构也有表示一类事物的情况，此时谓语动词用单数。The old always gives way to the new.3. 就近一致的情况(1)在there be结构中。There is a pen and three books on the desk.(2)当or, either .or, neither .nor, whether .or, not only .but also .等连词连接两个并列主语时。Not only his brothers but also he is good at painting.4. 其他情况(1)主语后面有as well as, rather than, with, together with, along with, like, but, except等插入成分，谓语的数与主语保持一致。The Smiths, together with their daughter, are to arrive on the evening flight.Nobody but three students was in the laboratory at that time.(2)某些集体名词(如：family, team, audience, class, committee, crowd, government, group, party, public等)作主语时，若作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数；若指集体中所有的成员时，谓语用复数。Her family is small, but the family are advanced workers.(3)以s结尾的名词(如：学科名词politics, 不可数名词news, 或单复数同形的means, works等)，要分清其数的关系，才可决定其谓语的单复数形式。Physics seems to be very difficult to many girl students.Different means of transport are available in the city.(4)none, some, all, the rest, half等作主语时，谓语动词根据其所指意义决定单复数。The rest of the story was dull and all the students were bored.主谓一致是历年高考试题中的测试重点之一。一般与其它知识综合起来考察。近几年语境综合化程度越来越高。分数、百分数、不定式、动名词、定语从句等场合下的主谓一致问题仍将会是今后高考命题的热点。主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持人称与数的一致关系。有些句子不易直接看出主语的单复数，需仔细推敲。处理主谓一致要注意语法一致，意义上一致和就近一致。高考重点要求：1. 根据主谓一致的三个原则 (语法一致,意义一致，就近一致), 判断和确定句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致2. 掌握固定词组作主语,谓语动词的数与主语保持一致考生在掌握主谓一致的基本原则的同时，也要特别注意语法一致的原则，而且分数、百分数、不定式、动名词、定语从句等场合下的主谓一致问题仍将会是今后高考命题的热点。复习时需注意的要点1、 集体名词看作整体时，谓语动词用单数，看作各个成员时，谓语用复数。例如：His family isnt large.His family are all fond of music.2、 些名词如news, maths, physics等虽然有词尾“s”但意义上是单数，谓语动词要用单数。例如：The news is wonderful.Physics is an interesting subject.3、 由数词+表示重量、里程、时间、金钱等名词所构成的复数名词主语，是当作一个整体看待的，后面用单数动词。例如：Five minutes is too short.Ten dollars is enough.4、 主语后面跟有介词with或together with 引导的短语时，谓语动词一般与前面的主语的人称和数一致。例如：The teacher together with ten students is doing an experiment in the lab.5、 主语前有every或each修饰时，无论有几个主语，谓语动词用单数。例如：Every teacher and every student in our school has been to the Century Park.【真题分析】一、单项选择1. (2017 江苏卷) The publication of Great Expectations, which _ both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens status as a leading novelist.A. is B. are C. was D. were【答案】C【解析】考查主谓一致。先行词是Great Expectations，“Great Expectations”是书名，看做单数，所以定语从句的谓语也要使用单数形式；根据“strengthened”可知，说的是过去，故选C。句意：远大前程的出版获得了广泛的认可和高度的赞扬，这坐实了狄更斯作为前沿小说家的地位。2. (2017天津卷) Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, _ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.A. regard B. is regarded C. are regarded D. regards【答案】B3. (2016湖南卷) Listening to loud music at rock concerts _ caused hearing loss in some teenagers.A.isB.areC.hasD.have【答案】C【解析】考查主谓一致以及时态语态。句意：在摇滚音乐会听嘈杂的音乐会会引起一些青少年的听力丧失。主语为动名词listening，谓语动词用单数。4.（2016四川）Such poetsasShakespeare_widelyread,ofwhoseworks,however,some _difficultto understand.A.are;areB.is;isC.are;isD.is;are【答案】A【解析】前句的主语是poets，后句的主语是some (works)，都需要复数形式的谓语动词。5. (2015湖南卷) It is important to remember that success _ a sum of small efforts made each day and often _ years of achieve.A. is; takesB. are; takesC. are; takeD. is; take【答案】A6. (2014湖南卷) All we needa small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.A.are B. was C. is D. were【答案】C【解析】考查主谓一致及时态用法。句中的主语为代词all，代指的是物，故谓语动词用单数形式。再根据从句中的can可以判断用一般现在时。句意：我们所需要的是一小块土地，在整个一年的生长季节，我们能够种各种不同的水果树。故C正确。7. (2013湖南卷) The university estimates that living expenses for international students _ around $8，450 a year, which _ a burden for some of them. A. are; is B. are; areC. is; are D. is; is【答案】A【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：那所大学估计，对国际学生来说，一年的生活开销大约是8450美元，这对他们中某些学生来说是一个负担。第一空的主语是 living expenses，是复数，因此谓语动词用复数；第二空的主语是 which，指代的是前面整个句子，因此谓语动词用单数。8. (2013江苏卷) Generally, students inner motivation with high expectations from others _ essential to their development.A. is B. are C. was D. were【答案】A9. (2013福建卷) The famous musician, as well as his students, _ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.A. were invited B. was invited C. have been invited D. has been invited【答案】B【解析】考查主谓一致。 as well as, together with like等介词或介词逗语连接并列主语时，谓语动词应该与介词或介词短语之前的主语保持一致。此句复含介词前的主语是 musician，故可先排除B和C，句中有明确的过去时间，动词应用一般过去时，所以答案为B。10. Among the crises that face humans the lack of natural resources.A. is B. are C. is there D. are there【答案】A【解析】考查主谓一致。这是个倒装句，主语是the lack，谓语动词用单数。二、单句填空1. (2018新课标I卷) While running regularly cannt make you live forever, the review says it _64_ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.【答案】【解析】考查动词的时态及主谓一致。医学报告显示：跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个事实，故用一般现在时。故填is。2. (2017新课标I卷) Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt;【答案】is【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。此处是对客观情况的描述，应用一般现在时；分析句子结构可知，该句缺少谓语动词，又因主语为Fast food. 故填is。3. (2016新课标II卷) Leaving the less important things until tomorrow 63 (be) often acceptable.【答案】is4. (2016新课标III卷) Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 69 (be) too violent for use at the table. 【答案】were【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。根据句中的“believed”可知，此处描述的是过去的情况，应用一般过去时；从句主语为knives，谓语动词应用复数。故填were。三、单句改错1. (2018新课标III卷) The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.【答案】includes【解析】考查主谓一致。that作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数includes。2. (2018新课标II卷) In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I took driving lessons.【答案】eighteeneighteenth。【解析】考查序数词。“我的18岁生日”, 应用序数词eighteenth。3. (2014四川卷) Today, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off.【答案】gogoes【解析】考查主谓一致。根据从句主语“a fire alarm”可知, 从句的谓语动词要用单数形式。故将go改为goes。4. (2016浙江卷) He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.【答案】waswere。【解析】考查主谓一致。根据we可知, 谓语动词应该用复数形式, 故改为were。5. (2014陕西卷) Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the sky they looked like rain!【答案】waswere。6. (2013浙江卷) Good night and remember, you, dear diary, is my only souvenir from my past life andmy only friend.【答案】isare。【解析】考查主谓一致。此处主语是you, 所以系动词用are。7. (2012陕西卷) What I liked best were the free high-speed Internet connection in the room.【答案】werewas。【解析】考查主谓一致。There be句型的就近原则, a student poll为单数。【对点测试】一、单项选择1. My family as well as I _ glad to see you. A. am B. are C. is D. was【答案】B【解析】as well as连接两主语时，谓语与前面一个主语取得一致，此处family强调成员，选B。2. Of particular interest to visitors _ the large number of bookstores that sell books in different languages. A. have been C. is B. are D. were【答案】C【解析】该句是倒装结构。“the number of 复数名词”作主语，谓语用单数。3. I think John, _ you, _ to blame. A. as well as；are C. rather than；isB. or；is D. except；are【答案】C 【解析】as well as / rather than / except连接两主语，谓语一般与前面的主语一致。 4. The students in our school each an English dictionary.A. have C. have had B. has D. are having【答案】A 【解析】此处each为同位语，谓语需与主语students相一致，可排除B，作“有”解的have一般不用进行时，可排除D，句中说的是现实情况，不用完成时，排除C。故选A。5. Both bread and butter _ sold out in this shop yesterday. A. was C. have been B. were D. has been【答案】B【解析】both.and连接两并列主语时，谓语一般用复数，所以选B。注：如果将句中的both去掉，该选A。6. Thirty percent of the cattle _ thin, but the rest _ fat. A. are；are C. is；are B. is；is D. are；is【答案】A 【解析】cattle为集合名词，谓语要用复数，故选A。7. What he says and does _. A. resist to each other C. does not agreeB. do not agree D. are seldom right【答案】B 8. The secretary of the Party branch and director of that factory often _ with the workers. A. works C. is working B. work D. are working【答案】A【解析】director前无冠词，说明and 连接的是同一个人，and可译为“兼”，谓语用单数。如选C，需将often置于is working之间。9. Large quantities of fruit _ all over the world from China today.A. is shipped C. has shippedB. are shipped D. have shipped【答案】B 【解析】quantity of作主语时，谓语一般需根据quantity本身的单复数来决定。10. What he _, to be frank, please us present. A. does do C. do do B. does does D. do does【答案】B13. Have you heard about the new school?No. When and where to build the new one _ yet. A. isnt decided C. hasnt decidedB. arent decided D. havent decided【答案】A【解析】此处应用被动，排除C、D，主语部分虽然有两个疑问副词when和where，但when and where to build the new one还只能算一个不定式，所以谓语该用单数，排除B。故选A。二、单句填空1. (2017北京四校联考) Neither I nor Amy_(be)to attend the business conference if we are busy.【答案】is【解析】句意：如果我们忙的话，我和埃米就都不去参加商务会议了。neithernor连接两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词与最近的名词或代词保持一致。设空处的单复数形式应与Amy一致，根据从句的时态可知应用一般现在时。故填is。2. (2017湖南十三校联考) Ourschoolalongwithmanyotherbrothermiddleschools_(be)totakeanotherjointtestnextmonth.【答案】is【解析】句意：我们学校连同其他很多兄弟学校下个月还要有一次联考。当主语后有alongwith连接的成分时，谓语动词的数应与主语保持一致，故应与Ourschool一致，所以谓语动词用单数。故填is。3. All we need _ (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.【答案】is【解析】we need是一个省略了关系代词that的定语从句。先行词all即句子的主语，是不定代词，且由设空后的a small piece of land可知，谓语动词需用单数形式is。4. Either you or one of your students _ (be) to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.【答案】is5. Dr Smith, together with his wife and daughters, _ (be) going to visit Beijing this summer. 【答案】is【解析】句意：今年夏天，史密斯博士，要和他的妻子和女儿们一起游览北京。together with his wife and daughters短语补充说明主语，谓语动词应和主语保持一致。6. Mr Black, as well as the professor who _ (come) from Beijing University, _ (be) to attend our school meeting.【答案】comes; is【解析】第一空为定语从句的谓语动词，应与先行词一致，the professor是单数，故谓语动词用单数；第二空是主句的谓语动词，主语是Mr Black，谓语动词用单数，且本句描述一般情况，应用一般现在时。7. The population of Jiangsu _ (have) grown to more than twice what it was in 1949. The figure is now approaching 74 million. 【答案】has【解析】The population of . “的人口”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。8. 40% of the students in our school _ (be) from the other parts of Hunan, which _ (be) a relatively large number.【答案】are; is【解析】句意：我们学校百分之四十的学生来自湖南的其他地方，这是一个相对较大的数量。分数或百分数作主语时，谓语动词应依据分数或百分数所指代的名词而定，本句第一空40%指代的是the students，故谓语动词应用复数；第二空which指代的是先行词40%本身，故谓语动词应用单数，且句子描述一般事实，应用一般现在时。9. Why is the chemical plant closed?Because large quantities of waste water _ (release) into the Yangtze River.【答案】have been released10. A teacher of English and class teacher _ (tell)us something about volunteer workers.【答案】is telling【句意】句意：一位英语老师兼班主任将给我们讲一些关于志愿者的事情。本句的主语是A teacher of English and class teacher 这是一个老师，既是英语老师也是班主任。所以谓语动词使用单数形式。三、单句改错1. (2018安徽合肥八中第一次段考) The airport bus leaves every 30 minute and will take you right to the Friendship Hotel. _ 【答案】minuteminutes【解析】minute前面有数词30修饰，应用复数形式。2. (2018广东汕头高三质检) Friendship is very important to everyone, especially to me. Now, I would like to describe one of my best friends whose name are Petou. 【答案】areis【解析】考查主谓一致。whose引导的定语从句的先行词是代词“one”，因此谓语动词应该用单数。3. (2018山西省太原市) In the early twenty century, homeless people were often brought up in orphanages, in that they received little love. 【答案】twentytwentieth【解析】考查数词。表示第几世纪要用序数词，故twenty改为twentieth。4. Large quantities of water is needed for irrigation.【答案】isare【解析】句意：灌溉需要大量的水。quantities of无论修饰不可数名词还是修饰可数名词复数，作主语时，谓语动词用复数，且此句描述一般事实，谓语动词应用一般现在时。5. Every possible means have been used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.【答案】havehas【解析】句意：已采取了各种各样的措施预防空气污染，但天空还是不清亮。means单复数同形，但是当means由every, each或no修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。6. Hank as well as the other children who have no parents are being taken good care of in the center.【