非谓语动词(语法专题复习9).ppt

2006高考英语语法复习专题(9) 非谓语动词,一、考点聚焦 1、非谓语动词的句法功能,2、动词不定式使用时应注意的几个问题 （1）不定式作表语与“be + to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。 His job is to guard.(说明内容) be + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事) （2）带不定式作宾语的词语。 下列词语常不定式作宾语：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。 下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find out、advise、discuss等。 （3）如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。,动词see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。 常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况： 主语 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth. 主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider / imagine / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done 主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth. （4）不定式作定语的特殊用法。,下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、 way、the first、 opportunity、the second、the last、the only等。 不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。 There is no one to look after her. 不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。 She is now looking for a room to live in. （5）不定式作状语的用法。 不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。 We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .,in order (not) to, so as (not) to用来引导目的状语, enough, too, so as to do, such + 名词 as to do作结果状语，如:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus. Im not such a fool as to believe that. （6）不定式的完成时的特殊用法。 表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。 The novel was said to have been published. I regret to have been with you for so many years. seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。,此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。 Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等） Im sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久） 不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。（A）should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时。 （B）was / were to + 不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。 （C）expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。,（7）不定式的省略。 同一结构并列由and或or连接。 I want to finish my homework and go home. Im really puzzled what to think or say. 特例：To be or not to be,this is a question. He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比) 不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。 What he did was lose the game. 句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。 Dont do anything silly, such as marry him. 主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。,Why not、had better、would rather、cant but等词后省to。如： He could not but walk home. （8）不定式的替代。 多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如： Susan is not what she used to be. You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework. I know I ought to have. 常见的有：Id like / love / be happy to.,3、动名词复习中应注意的几个问题 （1）动名词作宾语。 下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, permit。 下列动词短语接动名词：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。 介词后要接动名词。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介词后接动名词。注意on / upon doing sth. = as soon as 引导的从中。作此意讲时on / upon后也可以接名词。如on his arrival。,动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别： begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, cant stand,remember, forget, regret, try,want, require, need,4、分词复习应注意的几个问题 （1）现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。 时间状语（分词作状语前面可加when, while等） Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy. Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her. 原因状语 Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note 伴随状语 The girls came in, following their parents. 结果状语 The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.,注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。 时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。 语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。 人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。 （2）分词作表语。 S. + be + 动词-ed表示被动，主语是人；S. + be + 动词-ing表示主动，主语是物。分词作宾补不定式作宾补的区别： 感官动词 动词原形做了某事 S+ + 宾语 + 现在分词正在做某事 使役动词 过去分词做了或被做,5、复习过去分词应注意的几个问题 过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，有来说明原因、时间、条件等。 （1）过去分词作原因状语 Tired by the trip, he soon feel asleep. = Because he was tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep. Lost in thought , he almost ran into a car. =As he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car. （2）作时间状语 Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden. =When the city is seen from the hill, it looks like a garden.,（3）作条件状语 Given more time, I would have worked out the problem. =If I have been given more time, I would have worked out the problem. （4）伴随状语 The teacher came in, followed by some students. =The teacher came in and was followed by some students. 分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。如： Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.,二、精典名题导解 选择填空 1. _such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. (NMET 2001) Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered,解析：答案为A。本题考查分词短语作状语的用法。分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，而本句的主语看似是it,其实它为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式，而不定式省略了逻辑主语for people，所以应用现在分词，又因already，应用完成时。,2. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.(2001年春季高考) correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct,解析：答案为B。本题考查动名词作介词宾语的用法。介词by意为“通过，凭”，后面常接