英语专业四级考试语法汇总.doc

独立主格结构独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的代词又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work being done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 用作条件状语Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 表示补充说明We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 *注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 形式1一般独立主格形式:与主句逻辑关系松散形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式 ; n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词; n. + 副词. ; 名词/主格代词+现在分词名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。 如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。 名词/主格代词+过去分词名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。 如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。 名词/主格代词+不定式名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。 如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。 名词/主格代词+形容词如： An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 名词/主格代词+副词如： He put on his sweater, wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。 名词/主格代词+介词短语如： The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand (=with a book in his hand). 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door (=back towards door). 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。 2with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密 形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. + 介词短语 3each引导的强调型独立主格:强调句尾的复数名词 形式为:句子 + 复数名词结尾 , each + 介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式 如: Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the companys basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive. 4其他形式 There being +名词（代词）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 It being +名词（代词）如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 特点1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。 如： Dont sleep with the windows open.别开着窗睡觉。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。 I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。 I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出门了。 特殊当独立主格与主句主语不同时可有：eg: We walking through the garden, the flowers are beautiful. 注意事项1.独立主格转换成状语从句，当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。 (2)在There being+名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。 3. 在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。) 示例请看下面一道题： Not far from the school there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选择A）。所以此题最佳答案选A。 请再看一个类似的例子： (1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，该句是典型的非限制性定语从句，因为该句修饰的是前面的novels，即指物，所以只能用which做of的宾语，故本题选C。 再请看下面一例： (3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。 请做做以下三题(答案均为B)： (1) There I met several people, two of _ being foreigners.（独立主格结构） A. which B. them C. whom D. that (2) There I met several people, two of _ were foreigners. （非限制性定语从句） A. which B. whom C. who D. that (3) There I met several people, and two of _ were foreigners.（两个句子） A. which B. them C. whom D. that非限制性定语从句的五个“不能”一、 非限制性定语从句通常不能用that引导。如： 1. I like the book, which was bought yesterday. 我喜欢这本书，这是昨天买的。 2. I like the book which / that was bought yesterday. 我喜欢昨天买的那本书。 二、 非限制性定语从句不能用why引导。要用for which代替why。如： 1. I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting. 我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。 2. I had told them the reason why I didnt attend the meeting. 我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。(限制性定语从句“the reason why.”是常见搭配。) 三、 非限制性定语从句置于句首时，不能用which引导。关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以放主句前，也可以放主句后。如： 1. As I expected, he didnt believe me. 正如我所预料的，他不相信我。 2. She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. 她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。 四、 非限制性定语从句由“介词+关系代词”引导时，其中的关系代词不能用as。如： 1. He bought the car for more than $20,000, with which his father was angry. 他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对此很生气。 2. I finished my work ahead of time, after which I sat some time reading the newspaper. 我提前干完了我的活，随后我坐着看了一会儿报纸。 五、 在非限制性定语从句中，指人的关系代词作宾语时，只能用宾格whom; 不能用who替换，也不能省略。如： 1. Do you know Tom, whom we talked about? 你认识汤姆吗? 我们谈到过他。 2. This book, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need. 这本书会给你提供所有你需要的资料，它在任何一家书店都能买到。(非限制性定语从句中引导词在从句中作宾语，无论指人还是指物都不能省略。)由who、whom、whose引导的非限制性定语从句1. who引导的非限制性定语从句Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。Then he met Mary，who invited him to a party.后来他遇到玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。2. whom引导的非限制性定语从句关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。如：Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。3. whose引导的非限制性定语从句whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。反义疑问句反义疑问句(The Disjunctive Question) 即附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。 反义疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。句型解释 1陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式 可记为 前肯后否定. 2陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式 可记为 前否后肯定. They work hard, dont they? 句子类型：一种是反义的附加疑问句，一种是非反义的附加疑问句。 读法规则附加疑问句陈述部分用降调，问句部分可升可降。提问者对陈述部分把握较大时，问句部分用降调；反之用升调。 速记方法前肯后否，前否后肯，前be后be，前无be后助,时态一致。 主语一般词语附加疑问句中主语用和主句一致的主语，用主格。 附加疑问句随从句。 不定代词当陈述部分的主语时 ( 1 )用one时，后面的疑问句可用one/he. (2)everything, anything, nothing, something时， 附加疑问句中主语用it 不用 they （3）this, that,或those, these时，附加疑问句中主语用it或they. （4）everyone，everybody，someone，somebody，anyone，nobody等，附加疑问句中主语一般用he（书面语）/they（口头语）. (5)不定式，动名词，其他短语，附加疑问句中主语一般用it。 （6）在there be句型中，附加疑问句中主语一般用be/情态动词/助动词+there。 特殊句型否定意义的词否定意义的词 (1)当陈述部分有never，seldom, hardly，few，little，barely, scarcely, nothing，none, rarely 等否定意义的词汇时，后面的反意疑问句则为肯定形式： There are few apples in the basket, are there? He can hardly swim, can he? They seldom come late, do they? (2)当陈述部分含有否定意思的词是unhappy, dislike, unfriendly, nothing等含有否定词缀的派生词，也就是有un, dis, no-前缀、less-后缀等含有词缀而意思否定的词，当做肯定句处理，疑问部分要用否定形式。如： He looks unhappy, doesnt he? 他看上去不高兴，不是吗？ The girl dislikes history, doesnt she? 这女孩不喜欢历史，不是吗？有less, fewer等词视为肯定词，疑问部分用否定形式。如：There will be less pollution, wont there? 表示主语主观意愿的词含有think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后接宾语从句构成的主从复合句在构成反意疑问句时，视情况不同有两种不同的构成方式。 (1)当主句的主语为第一人称时，其后的简短问句应与从句相一致。例如： I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, wont she/he? We suppose you have finished the project, havent you? 值得注意的是，当这些动词后接的宾语从句的否定转移到主句时，其仍属否定句，故其后的简短问句应用肯定式，而非否定式。例如： I dont believe that he can translate this book, can he? We dont imagine the twins have arrived, have they? 此类句子的回答同前否后肯型反意疑问句一样，如上述后一个句子，若双胞胎已经到了，则回答为Yes, they have.；若尚未到达，使用No, they havent.。 (2)当主句的主语为第二、三人称时，其后的简短问句则应与主句相一致（此时，否定只看主句，与从句无关）。例如： Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesnt she? You thought they could have completed the project, didnt you? They dont believe shes an engineer, do they? She doesnt expect that we are coming so soon, does she? (3)但如果主句的时态是过去时等等，疑问句应和主句的人称时态保持一致。 had better或have陈述部分有had better, 或其中的have表示完成时态时，疑问句应用hadnt等开头： Youd better get up early, hadnt you? 其他情况句中有have时疑问句应用dont等开头 如have表示“有”的时候，有两种形式：（have 表示有 可用do或 have来改写） -He has two sisters, doesnt he? =He has two sisters, hasnt he? -He doesnt have any sisters, does he? 祈使句当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达，分三种情况： 1）一般情况下用will you 或 wont you。 Give me a hand, will you? Leave all the things as they are, wont you? 2)以Lets开头的祈使句，前肯后可肯可否，前否后只用will you，疑问句必须用shall we;只有以Let us（听话人不被包括在“us”里面）或Let me开头的祈使句，问句才用will you。 Let us know the time of your arrival, will you? Lets try again, shall we? Let me help you, will you? Lets have a look on your book，shall we？ 3)当陈述句是否定的祈使句时，问句可用will you 或 can you 。 e.g. Dont make much noise, will/can you? There be句型There be 句型中，反义疑问部分必须为be 动词 + there There are some apples in the basket, arent there? There isnt any milk left, is there? must.当陈述部分有情态动词must，问句有4种情况： （1）mustnt表示“禁止，不可，不必”时，附加问句通常要用must. You mustnt stop your car here, must you? 你不能把车停在这地方，知道吗？ （2）must表示“有必要”时，附加问句通常要用neednt. They must finish the work today, neednt they? 他们今天要完成这项工作，是吗？ （3）当must用来表示对现在的情况进行推测时，问句通常要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式。 He must be good at English, isnt he? 他英语一定学得很好，是吗？ （4）当must+have done表示对过去的情况进行推测（一般句中有明确的过去时间状语），问句要根据陈述部分谓语的情况用“didnt+主语”或“wasnt/werent+主语”；如果强调动作的完成（一般没有明确的过去时间状语），问句要用“havent/hasnt+主语”。 She must have read the novel last week, didnt she? 她上星期一定读了这本小说，是吗？ You must have told her about it, havent you? 你一定把这事告诉她了，是吗？ 非反义疑问句非反义疑问句的陈述部分和疑问部分要么同是肯定的，要么同是否定的。这类反义疑问句有时带有感情色彩，表示惊奇，愤怒，讽刺，不服气等。例如：You call this a days work，do you？你说这就叫一天的活儿，是吗？ 回答反意疑问句的回答：前肯后否，正常回答；前否后肯，根据事实从后往前翻译。如： （1）They work hard, dont they?他们努力工作，不是吗？ Yes, they do.对,他们工作努力。/No, they dont.不，他们工作不努力 （2）They dont work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，