初中英语语法知识汇编3形容词、冠词、数词.doc

初 中 英 语 语 法 知 识 汇 编形 容 词 和 副 词形容词和副词的句法作用：形容词：用于名词前作定语、用于联系动词后作表语（主语补语）或宾语后作宾语补语。 e.gThis is the most interesting book I have ever seen. （定语）The dish tastes delicious. Would you like some? （表语）What he said made all of us happy. （宾补）副词：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词以及整个句子，在句中作状语，说明时间、地点、程度等。在句中的位置较灵活，可位于句首、句尾或句中（特殊动词后，谓语动词前）；修饰形容词或副词时，应位于其前。 e.gJim usually goes to school with his friend by bus.（频率）Yesterday Lucy bought a new skirt.（时间）Could you come here to have dinner with me this evening?（地点）This piece of music sounds very beautiful.（程度）考点要求：一、形容词和副词的判断：主要要求判定是否应使用形容词（考虑同名词或动词的关系）。根据形容词的句法作用，下属情况必须使用形容词：位于名词前作定语；位于联系动词后作表语；位于必须带复合宾语的动词后的宾语后作宾补。除此之外，用副词。 e.gHe got a lot of presents on his birthday. He is a _ boy.A. luckB. luckyC. luckily（此句的参照词为boy，其前用形容词作定语，排除名词luck和副词luckily）Linda looks _ in that skirt. I wonder where he bought the skirt.A. beautyB. beautifulC. beautifully（此句的参照词为look，为联系动词，其后带形容词作表语，排除A、C）What he did made his father _.A. angryB. angrilyC. happily（此句的参照词为make，作使役动词，其后应带复合宾语，因此用形容词作宾补，排除B、C）We should do our homework _.A. careB. carefulC. carefully（其后无名词，谓语动词不是联系动词，也不是能带复合宾语的动词，因此应用副词作状语，排除A、B）附：1、联系动词：初中英语中常见的联系动词有：be、become、look（看起来）、seem（显得）、feel（感到）、sound（听起来）、taste（尝起来）、smell（闻起来）、get（变得 - 常带比较级）、turn（变得 - 常带颜色）、keep（保持）、stay（保持）、go（处于状况）等。以上动词大部分既是联系动词，又是行为动词，因此判定紧跟其后的词用形容词还是副词，需考虑其是否为联系动词，如是则带形容词，如不是，用副词。 e.gThis kind of cloth looks very nice.He looked carefully, but saw nothing.The soup smells wonderful. Do you want some?To keep healthy, he exercises every day.2、初中英语中常见的需带形容词作宾补的动词有：make、keep和think/believe/find（带不定式作宾语）等。 e.gWe should keep the classroom clean.I think it necessary for us to read English every day.I found it difficult for me to work out the math problem alone.二、形容词和副词的比较等级：大多数的形容词和副词都有三个级别：原级：形容词或副词的原形。用于不考虑比较关系时。比较级：原形后加-er或用more表现的形式。用于两个彼此独立的事物进行比较。最高级：原形后加-est或用most表现的形式。用于两者以上的事物进行比较。1、形容词和副词比较等级的表示：1）单音节词和用-y结尾的双音节词（形容词后加上-ly构成的副词例外），在词尾加-er表示比较级，加-est表示最高级。规则如下：（1）一般情况下（非下述情况），直接加-er或-est; e.glong - longer - longestshort - shorter - shortest（2）用-e结尾的词，只加-r或-st； e.gnice - nicer - nicestfine - finer - finest（3）用-y结尾的词，变-y为-i，再加-er或-est； e.gdry - drier - driestheavy - heavier - heaviest（4）以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节（整个单词中只有倒数第二个为元音字母时）；先双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-er或-est； e.gbig - bigger - biggestthin - thinner - thinnest（5）特殊变化形式：good/well - better - bestbad/ill/badly - worth- worstmany/much - more - mostlittle - less - leastold - older - oldest（不用于家庭成员名称前）old - elder - eldest（用于家庭成员名称前）far - farther - farther（一般用于说明具体的距离）far - further - further（主要用于说明抽象距离）2）双音节词和多音节词在词前加more表示比较级，加most表示最高级； e.gslowly - more slowly - most slowlybeautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful3）下列双音节词即可用-er/-est，也可用more/most：common、handsome、polite、quiet、pleasant、stupid、tired以及用-ow、-er、-al结尾的双音节词。 e.gquiet - quieter/more quiet - quietest/most quietclever - cleverer/more clever - cleverest/most clever2、比较级的用法：比较级用于两个彼此独立（注意：并非只有两个）的事物做比较，句中应出现两个做比较的部分（有上下文联系的句子除外），其间用表示比较关系的从属连词（than、as）连接。形容词和副词应根据句式或从属连词的不同，使用适当的形式。1）than句式：使用than连接两个做比较的部分，用以说明“比更”。形容词用比较级；主语做比较时，than之后的人称代词可用宾格。 e.gJim is taller than I/me.I run more quickly than he/him.She is better at English than math.注：做比较的两个事物应该为同种类型的事物，不同类的事物一般不做比较。做比较的两个部分，如一个为“形容词性物主代词 + 名词”，另一个使用人称代词时，应用名词性物主代词。 e.gHis dictionary is more useful than yours.后置定语做比较时，做比较的后置定语前应加上that（代换不可数名词或单数可数名词）或those（代换复数可数名词），以代换其前所提到的名词。 e.gThe weather in Guangzhou is much hotter than that in Beijing in summer. The apples in the box are bigger than those on the table.主语做比较时，如使用同一个动词，than之后的主语后的动词可省略（主语为人称代词时，可用宾格）；如动词不同或时态不同，不能省略（主语为人称代词时，必须用主格）。 e.gHe is much taller than she (is). = He is much taller than her.He is much taller than he was two years ago.2）as句式：使用as连接两个做比较的部分，用以说明“同一样”。形容词或副词用原级，其前需加上程度副词as或so（只用于否定句）。 e.gThis book is as interesting as that one.Jim isnt as/so tall as John.3）of句式：使用of结构说明两个做比较的事物，用以说明“两者中较的一个”。形容词用比较级，其前应加上定冠词the；of结构中应包含表示两者的词语。 e.gLucy is the fatter of the twin sisters.Mike is the older of the two boys.4）说明程度不断加深的方法：使用两个同形的形容词或副词的比较级，用and连接，可表示程度的不断加深。 e.gOur life is getting better and better.She eats too much sugar. And she is getting fatter and fatter.John is running faster and faster.Our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful.5）说明变化是同时发生时的表达方式：在并列句的两个分句前，同时使用定冠词the带形容词或副词的比较级，可表示两个变化是同时发生的。 e.gThe more you exercise, the healthier you will be.The more he learns about Chinese history, the more he enjoys living in China.The louder you shout, the angrier you will be.3、最高级的用法：最高级用于两者以上的事物做比较，做比较的事物包含在比较范围内，说明其中“最的一个（些）”，句中应含有表示比较范围的词语，通常用in或of构成的介词短语说明比较范围（如比较对象与比较范围属于同类，用of，否则用in）。形容词的最高级前应有适当的限定词（如无则加上定冠词the）；副词的最高级前可以加the，也可不加。 e.gJohn is the tallest of the five boys.John is the tallest in his class.The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China.Jim runs (the) fastest in our class.4、修饰比较级的词语：形容词和副词的比较级前可使用适当的修饰词对其进行修饰，这类修饰词有：much、even、still、a lot、a little、a bit等。 e.gJohn runs much faster than Jim.This story is much more interesting than that one.He gets up early. But his mother gets up even earlier.5、比较等级的相互转换方式：1）否定的as句式变为than句式的方法：否定的as句式，如形容词或副词前使用so修饰，可用than句式表示，其方法为：(1)交换做比较的两个事物的位置,去掉so，将形容词或副词变为比较级，用than代换as，句式变为肯定;(2)不交换做比较的两个事物的位置，去掉so，将形容词或副词变为其反义词的比较级，用than代换as，句式变为肯定。 e.gJohn isnt so tall as Jim. = Jim is taller than John. = John is shorter than Jim.Lucy isnt so fat as Lily. = Lily is fatter than Lucy. = Lucy is thinner than Lily.2）最高级变为比较级的方法：使用适当的词语将做比较的事物从比较范围内提出，使做比较的事物同比较范围内的其它事物形成两个彼此独立的部分，可以将最高级的句子变为比较级。 e.gLinda is the best student in her class.Linda is better than any other student in her class.Linda is better than any of the other students in her class.Linda is better than the others in her class. Linda is better than any others in her class.Linda is better than all her classmates in her class.（上句中，我们主要使用了other，将Linda同班上的其他学生分成了两个彼此独立的部分）The Changjiang River is the longest river in China.The Changjiang River is longer than any other river in China.The Changjiang River is longer than any of the other rivers in China.6、形容词和副词比较等级的判定方法： 1）使用原级的情况：adj/adv受very; quite; rather; pretty; too; enough; so; as修饰时； e.g This math problem is too difficult for me to work out.Her voice is very beautiful. She sings quite well.句意不含比较关系时。 e.gNancy gets up early every morning.2）使用比较级的情况：句中含比较连词than时； e.gLucy is better at English than her sister.adj/adv受much; even; far; a lot; (a little; a bit)修饰时； e.gThis pen is expensive. But that one is much cheaper.The thing is getting even worse用of说明比较范围的短语中含表示两者的词语时； e.gThis film is the more exciting of the two.两个相同的adj/adv用and连接时； e.gIt is raining harder and harder.Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.并列句的两个分句前同时使用adj/adv表示变化是同时发生时； e.gThe harder you study, the better grades you will get.The more trees we plant, the less pollution there will be.wh-词引导的选择问句，作选择的部分只包含两个人或事物时； e.gWhich do you like better, tea or coffee?Who is better at math, Jim or Tom?句意自身含有比较关系时。 e.gYou are late again. You should come earlier next time. （3）使用最高级的情况：句中包含有超出“二”的比较范围时； e.gThis film is the best of the three.Nancy is the best at Chinese history in our class.one of 或序数词后的形容词； e.gThe Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world.The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.wh-词引导的选择问句，作选择的部分超出“二”时； e.gWhich do you like best, juice, tea or coffee?Who is the best at math, Jim, Tom or Tim?受完成时态定语从句修饰的先行词前的形容词。 e.gThis is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.Whats the best gift you have ever received?三、-ed分词和-ing分词作形容词使用时的用法区别：动词的过去分词（-ed分词）和现在分词（-ing分词）可用作形容词，其区别如下：-ed分词：用以说明感受（主要同表人的词语连用）。-ing分词：用以说明性质（一般同表物的词语连用）。 e.gHe is _ in that _ book.A. interesting; interestingB. interested; interestedC. interesting; interestedD. interested; interesting（句中的参照词为he和book，一个表人，一个表物，因此答案为D）Dont you think Pan Changjiang is very _.A. interestB. interestingC. interested（very后带形容词或副词，排除A；此句说明潘长江自身拥有的性质，而不是说明感受，排除C） e.gThe movie is very exciting. All of us are very excited. 四、程度副词的用法区别：程度副词是指用于修饰形容词、副词或整个句子，说明其程度关系的词语。使用时，应注意以下几点：1、程度副词是否含有结果意义：能够说明结果意义的程度副词只有too、enough和so，其余程度副词都不含结果。too：含有一个否定的结构意义，用不定式说明否定结果（不定式不能用否定式）；enough（放在形容词或副词后）：含有一个肯定的结果意义，用不定式说明肯定结果；so：含肯定或否定结果，用that引导的结果从句说明肯定或否定结果。 e.gThis box is too heavy for me to move.She is old enough to dress herself.He is so clever that he can do the work alone.We are never too old to learn things.2、程度副词修饰定语形容词时的位置关系：大多数的程度副词在修饰定语形容词时，都直接放在定语形容词前（限定词后）。 e.gThis is a very interesting book.He is a really clever boy.但部分程度副词在修饰定语形容词时，位置较特殊： e.gShe is a rather nice girl. = She is rather a nice girl.（rather修饰定语形容词时，可位于形容词前，也可位于不定冠词前）This is quite an interesting film.（quite修饰定语形容词时，必须位于不定冠词前）He is so clever a boy.This is too difficult a math problem for us.How difficult a math problem it is!（so、too、how修饰定语形容词时，形容词应提前到不定冠词前） 五、前置定语形容词的位置关系：几个形容词位于名词前同时修饰该名词时，应注意其排列顺序。一般情况下，同名词关系越密切的形容词，越靠近名词。 e.gThere is a _ bridge over the river.A. new stone longB. long new stoneC. new long stoneD. stone new long（形容词作前置定语时，制造材料stone应靠近名词，排除A、D；表示大小、长短、高低的形容词应放在表年代或新旧的形容词new之前，排除C）Linda has _ hair.A. long curly brownB. curly long brownC. brown curly longD. long brown curly（长短long应放在形状curly前，形状应放在颜色前，排除B、C、D）那么，形容词作前置定语时，到底应怎样考虑其位置关系呢？我们用一个词组来说明：a nice small round old brown French wooden writing desk（限定词 + 一般描述性形容词 +大小、长短、高低 + 形状 + 年代、新旧 + 颜色 + 出产地 + 制造材料 + 用途 + 名词）注：形容词作前置定语时，如其间使用连词连接时，可不考虑位置关系。 e.gYesterday he bought a big fat hen.（不能说a fat big hen）Yesterday he bought a fat and big hen.六、感叹词的选用：感叹词的选用与被感叹部分的词性有关。how：被感叹部分为形容词或副词（不含名词）。 e.gHow interesting the story is!How slowly the boy runs!what：被感叹部分为名词（名词前有形容词），名词为单数可数名词时，应加上不定冠词。 e.gWhat an interesting story it is!What useful information weve got!What clever students they are.how：用以对定语形容词进行感叹，名词为单数可数名词，定语形容词应提到不定冠词前。 e.gHow interesting a story it is!、常见形容词和副词的用法区别：1、说明“也”的副词的用法区别：考虑说明肯定还是否定以及放置的位置及句式。1）说明肯定时，可用too、also、so表示：too：一般要求放在句尾，用逗号同句子隔开，也可位于句中，前后都加逗号。also：要求位于句中（特殊动词后，谓语动词前）。so：用于倒装句式（只保留特殊动词和主语）。 e.gHe went to the movie last night. I went to the movie, too.He went to the movie last night. I, too, went to the movie.He went to the movie last night. I also went to the movie.He went to the movie last night. And so did I.She is going shopping this afternoon. And so am I.2）说明否定时，可用either、neither、nor表示。either：一般要求放在句尾，用逗号同句子隔开。neither：用于倒装句式（只保留特殊动词和主语，不再使用否定）。nor：用于倒装句式（只保留特殊动词和主语，不再使用否定）。 e.gHe didnt go to the movie last night. I didnt go to the movie, either.He didnt go to the movie last night. And neither did I.He didnt go to the movie last night. And nor did I.3）同me连用做简略回答时，肯定用too，否定用neither。 e.g“I will visit the Summer Palace tomorrow.” “Me, too.”“I have never been to the Summer Palace.” “Me, neither.”2、good和well：good：形容词，在句中作定语或补语；不能用来说明人的身体状况。well：副词，在句中作状语；可用作形容词，说明人的身体状况。 e.gI am good at English. And she does well in math.I dont feel well today.Linda is a good student. She learns every subject well.3、how long、how soon、how oftenhow long：用以询问动作或状况持续了“多久”，要求谓语动词为延续性动词，不用于进行时态，答语通常为for或since引导的时间。how soon：用以询问动作过“多久”才发生，只用于将来时态，谓语动词为瞬间动词，答语为in带一段时间。how often：用以询问动作隔“多久”发生一次，只用于一般时态，谓语动词应为动态动词，答语为表示频率的词语。 e.g“How long have you been in the League?” “For about two years.”“How soon will your father come back?” “In half an hour.”“How often do you write to your parent?” “Twice a month.”4、much too、too much、too manymuch too：之后带形容词或副词的原形。too much：之后带不可数名词。too many：之后带复数可数名词。 e.gHe eats too much junk food and he is much too unhealthy.There are too many people on the beach on weekends.5、dead、dying、deathdead：形容词，已经死亡（没有了生命）。dying：形容词，濒临死亡（还没有死）。death：名词。e.gHis father has been dead for about five years.The doctors are trying their best to save the dying boy.She has to make a live by selling flowers because of his fathers death.6、alone、lonelyAlone：形容词或副词，意为“独自一人”，用以强调数量（=all by oneself）。Lonely：形容词，意为“孤独的”，用以说明情感。 e.gThe old woman doesnt feel lonely thought she lives alone in the village.形 容 词 和 副 词Exercise 1( )1. You should do your homework as _ as you can.A. carefulB. carefullyC. more carefulD. more carefully( )2. You dont look very _. Whats wrong with you?A. goodB. wellC. betterD. best( )3. The movie was very _ and all of us were _.A. exciting; excitingB. excited; excitedC. exciting; excitedD. excited; exciting( )4. There is _ bridge over the river.A. new long stoneB. long stone newC. long new stoneD. stone long new( )5. Tom is _ of the two boys.A. tallerB. tallestC. the tallerD. the tallest( )6. Thanks to the Party, our life is getting _.A. good and betterB. better and better C. better and bestD. best and best( )7. This is _ book that I have ever read.A. interestingB. most interestingC. more interestingD. the most interesting( )8. John is cleverer than _ in his class.A. any studentB. any other studentC. any other studentsD. all the students( )9. Shanghai is larger than _ in Japan.A. any cityB. any other cityC. any other citiesD. all the city( )10. We hope to hear from you as _ as possible.A. quicklyB. soonC. fastD. quick( )11. _ do you get a letter from your parents?A. How oftenB. How longC. How soonD. How far( )12. The doctor saved a _ boy this morning.A. deadB. dyingC. diedD. death( )13. The Yellow River is the second _ river in China.A. longB. longerC. longestD. the longest( )14. John is from Australia. He is one of my _ friends.A. goodB. wellC. betterD. best( )15. I cant afford the bike. The price is a bit too _.A. lowB. highC. cheapD. expensive( )16. Kate is really _. Shes never angry with others.A. tallB. friendlyC. luckD. clever( )17. The _ you learn, the _ you will be.A. much; happyB. more; happierC. more; happyD. much; happier( )18. They dont want to go to the movie. And _ do I.A. alsoB. soC. eitherD. neither( )19. We are all _ with what he has done.A. pleasedB. pleasantC. pleasureD. mad( )20. “Why is there _ noise outside?” “The workers are pulling down the old house.”A. much tooB. more muchC. so muchD. very muchExercise 8( )1. The old _ happy in new China.A. isB. areC. wasD. will are( )2. Gina does her homework _ in her class.A. most carefullyB. more carefullyC. more carefulD. the most careful( )3. He is _ about the pictures. He thinks they are really _.A. exciting; excitingC. excited; excitedC. excited; excitingD. exciting; excited( )4. The harder you work, _ you will learn.A. moreB. mostC. the moreD. the most( )5. Mary studies _ her classmates.A. so hard asB. as hard asC. so harder asD. as harder as( )6. He studies _ to catch up with his classmates.A. too carefulB. so carefullyC. enough carefullyD. carefully enough( )7. The bag is _ heavy that he cant move it alone.A. tooB. veryC. soD. enough( )8. _ good news it is!A. HowB. WhatC. How aD. What a( )9. That much too expensive! Have you got anything _?A. cheaperB. cheapC. newerD. more expensive( )10. Now the air in our town is _ than it used to be. Something must be done to it.A. very goodB. much betterC. rather badD. even worse( )11. Now the air in our town is _ than it used to be. Something has been done to it.A. very goodB. much betterC. rather badD. even worse( )12. No one has _ been able to discovered the author of the book.A. yetB. alreadyC. stillD. ever( )13. I feel _ better than yesterday.A. muchB. soC. veryD. more( )14. Write _ and try not to make any mistakes.A. as careful as possibleB. as carefully as you canC. more carefulD. the most careful( )15. The price of this computer is the _ of the three.A. most expensiveB. cheapestC. highestD. lower( )16. “ I have never been to Disneyland.” “ _.”A. Me, tooB. Me, neitherC. Me, eitherD. Me, never( )17. The food smells _ but tastes _.A. good; terribleB. well; terriblyC. good; terriblyD. well; terrible( )18. “You dont look _. Whats the matter with you” “Im feeling sick.”A. wellB. goodC. tiredD. ill( )19. How _ the children are playing over there!A. happyB. happierC. happilyD. more happily( )20. This park is not _ that one. Do you think so?A. more beautiful asB. so beautiful asC. so beautiful thanD. most beautiful than初 中 英 语 语 法 知 识 汇 编数 词数词：用以说明数量或顺序的词。考点要求一、各类数词的基本写法：1、基数词的基本写法：1）119和整十的词语为固定的单词。One two three thirteen fourteen twenty eighty ninety2）20以上，百以内，非整十的数的写法：“整十的数 + 连字符（-）+ 个位数” e.g25 twenty-five37 thirty-seven99 ninety-nine3）百以上，千以内的数的写法：“百位数（1-9）+ hundred + and + 1）或2）”（注意：