2013年成人英语三级辅导形容词从句的位置.doc

2013年成人英语三级辅导：形容词从句的位置在容易犯错的形容词从句一文里，知道形容词从句总是跟在被修饰的名词（即先行词）后面。例如： Any change which causes the formation of new matters is a chemicalchange.（在主句主语的名词之后） Plastics is an important material which is widelyused in industry.（在主句补足语名词之后） It has certain features that are easilyrecognised.（在主句宾语名词之后）在下列情况下，形容词从句和所修饰的名词隔开：被介词短语隔开，如 Magnets work through lines of force that extend between the two ends ofthe magnet. A molecule may be defined as the smallest particle of matterthat can exist without changing its nature.里的形容词从句和先行词“lines”被介词短语“offorce” 分离。里的却被另一个介词短语“of matter”隔开。被分词短语隔开，如 There is no method known to medical science today that can effectivelycure cancer.里的形容词从句和先行词“method”之间被过去分词短语“ known to medical sciencetoday”隔开。上述两种隔离情况可以理解，也被接受。另外还有一种分隔情况，也偶尔见到，特别在科技英语中，但这种离异法，值得商榷。例如： Several other ideas came along that enabled engineers to design stillsmaller units. Ninety-six substances are known which chemists consider tobe elements.和里的形容词从句和先行词“ideas”及“substances”之间都被主句的谓语动词“came along”和“areknown”分开。这类的分隔情况，多在主句谓语动词是被动语态（the passive voice）时才出现，如例，但谓语动词是主动语态（the activevoice）的话，也可以，如例，只是数量少些。为什么要把形容词从句常见的位置和先行词分开呢？主要原因是：先行词所在的主句较短，而修饰先行词的形容词从句则很长。为了平衡主句和从句，才采用这方法。虽然如此，但它和一般的形容词从句的位置有很多抵触，恐怕引起混乱。为了减少不必要的麻烦，最好改用别的句式。其中一个方法是将形容词从句改为另外一个独立的简单句（如例&）；另一个办法是采用并列句（如例&）： Several other ideas came along. Such ideas /They enabled engineers todesign still small units. Several other ideas came along and these ideasenabled engineers to design still small units. Ninety-six substances areknown. Chemists consider them to be elements. Ninety-six substances areknown and chemists consider them to be elements.2013年成人英语三级辅导：可分开的片语动词在片语动词一文里，提到片语动词可带宾语，但也有些不带宾语，可带宾语的两个动词可分开，不带宾语的不可分开；不带宾语的意思转变时，便可能带宾语，如： The weather turned out（证明是） fine.（不带宾语） That factory turns out（制造）high-precision instruments.（带宾语）有宾语的片语动词等于及物动词（transitive verbs），没宾语的就是不及物动词（intransitive verbs）。接下来，要多举些可分开的片语动词，让大家参考，希望看后遵循着同样的路向，尽量补充这类惯用语，以丰富常用词汇，加强讲写能力。back up：支持“I often back up my friends when they do somethinggood.”count in：包括在内“We will go shopping this Saturday. Shall we count youin？ ”count out：不包括；不考虑“If the oversea tour costs too much， you had bettercount are me out ； I cant afford it.”ferret out：搜出“Two detectives went to the suspects house to ferretout whatever is useful for their investigation.”stamp out：扑灭“The government should do everything possible to stampout social ills.”pick up：学习“It is not difficult to pick up a language if it is useful.”put off：延期“Because of bad weather， the foofball match was put offuntil further notice.”take over：接受“Who will take over the family business at the death ofthe father？”tide over：渡过（难关）“We will lend you some money to tide you over thisperiod of difficulty.”bear out：证明“Who can bear you out if you accuse him of swindling？”beef up：加强；充实“Some countries in this region intend to beef up theirmilitary power.”blow out：夸大“For publicitys sake， some small events have been blownup in the press.”bottle up：压抑情绪“Lets know your bad feelings； dont bottle themup！”break off ：中断“The two countries have broken off their peacenegotiations which are not expected to be resumed in near future.”bring about：带来；产生“Nancys recklessness has brought about her failure.She has only herself to blame.”call off：取消“No one can call off a prearranged meeting at will.”draw up：草拟；制订“Make sure that the agreement you have drawn up is clearand accurate.”let down：令人失望“You must try your best to help David . Dont let himdown. ”rope in：拉人参加“Paul has roped his wife in to organise the seminar.” shake off：避开“It seems difficult for Peggie to shake off some minorailments.”从上面例子可以得到这两个公式：A. 动词副词性虚词名词宾语B. 动词名词宾语副词性虚词代词宾语例：A. Please take off your hat. B. Please take your hat off/Please take it off英语句子千变万化，但都有一定的句法。有些句子，外表相似，但含义不同。有时两个句子中，只有一个字不同，甚至只有一个标点不同，句子的意思也跟着不同。有趣的是，句子越浅白，问题可能越多。现在看看这两个句子：（1） Ken said he had been fairly well treated.（2） Ken said he had been fairly treated.这两个句子都有副词“fairly”，但是在（1）里，它是个程度副词（adverb of degree），意思是“相当地”。在（2）里，它是个状态副词（adverb of manner），意思是“公平地”。第一个“fairly”修饰另一个副词“well”；第二个“fairly”修饰动词“treated”。再看看这两个句子：（3） Jimmy didnt buy the coat because it did not fit him.（4） Jimmy didnt buy the coat because it did not suit him.（3）和（4）的唯一差别是在动词“fit”和“suit”。前者指“尺寸”；后者指“款式”。区区一字之别，意思大不相同。最后，比较下面四组句子，看看它们又如何“形似义异”：（5） Samuel， the manager， told me that he was leaving the job.（6） Samuel， the manager， told me to leave the job.这两句主要的不同根源在“told”这动词的内涵。（5）里的间接引语（indirect speech）是个陈述句（declarative sentence）。（6）里的间接引语是个祈使句（imperative sentence）。这两句的直接引语（direct speech） “I am leaving the job，” said Samuel， the manager. “Leave the job ！” said Samuel， the manager.（7） The tourist spent two days in Singapore.（8） The tourist spent two days on Singapore.这两句的差别仅在介词“in”和“on”。（7）里的意思就是“旅客在新加坡观光两天”。（8）里的目的不是“观光”，而是“研究”。（7）里指的是“spending time sightseeing Singapore”。 （8）里指的是“spending time studying about Singapore”。（9） I had a view of the London Bridge.（10） I had a vi