2012届高考英语语法精讲精练-形容词和副词[学生版].doc

2012届新课标高三第二轮专题讲解形容词和副词是历年英语高考的重点。要复习好这一块知识点，考生不仅要掌握其基础知识，同时要牢记其中的重点和难点，也是高考的热点。1.形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词，其他副词或者句子，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种情况，须牢记：几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语（the/a/an）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（大小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+origin（国籍、来源）+material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+名词；a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella, the mans first tow interesting little red French oil paintings熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：美、小、圆、旧、黄、法国、木、书房。形容词短语作定语，定语后置；a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet highThis is a student worth of praise. They will turn their motherland into a country, beautiful and modern.表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等）作定语，定语后置；a man alive：活着的人有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well, faint, ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语，ill如作定语意为“bad”；形容词作定语修饰由不定代词one, no, any, some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时，通常后置；I have something important to tell you.enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置；else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语；几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间；频度副词如often, always, usually等在be动词后，行为动词前；副词作定语，定语后置；The person there is waiting for you.复合形容词常用作定语。He was a 12-year-old boy.复合形容词的构成：形容词+形容词：red-hot炽热的dark-blue深蓝的形容词+现在分词：good-looking好看的easy-going随和的副词+现在分词：hard-working勤劳的fast-moving快速转动的副词+过去分词：hard-won得来不易的newly-made新建的名词+形容词：life-long终生的world-famous世界闻名的名词+现在分词：peace-loving爱好和平的fun-loving爱开玩笑的名词+过去分词：snow-covered白雪覆盖的hand-made手工的形容词+名词-ed：kind-hearted好心的 white-haired白发的数词+名词 + ed：four-storeyed 4层楼的three-legged 3条腿的数词+名词（名词用单数）：ten-year 10年的two-man两人的2.形容词作伴随状语和原因状语He spent 7days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry.他在风雪中度过了7天，又冷又饿。She stared into the distance, speechless for a long time.她盯着远处看，好长时间不讲话。Afraid of being caught, the thief hid himself under a bed.因为害怕被抓，这个小偷藏在床下面。像get, grow, become, feel, appear, prove, look, keep, smell, taste, sound, go, turn, remain等这些动词既可以用作为实义动词又可以用作连系动词，因而要根据上下文语境判断究竟是什么性质的动动词才能正确解题。玛丽悲伤地看了看父母亲而她的父母亲看上去也很悲伤。Mary looked sadly at her parents while her parents looked sad, too.（第一个“look”为实义动词，第二个 “look” 为连系动词）形容词、副词有三个等级：原级、比较级和最高级，其构成形式如下：规则变化：单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词未尾加-er, -esttalltallertallest以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-stnicenicernicest以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er, -estbigbiggerbiggest以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-estbusybusierbusiest少数以-er, -ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er, -estclevernarrowcleverernarrowercleverestnarrowest其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级importanteasilymore importantmore easilymost importantmost easily不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/illworseworstoldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest注意：many, old和far比较级及最高级用法的区别如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。old有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder，eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。My elder brother is an engineer. Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.far有两种比较级，farther，further.在英语中两者都可指距离。在美语中，father表示距离，further表示进一步 I have nothing further to say.1.原级的用法表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as+原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so(as)+原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数+ as+原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构。Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu. This building looks not so (as)high as that one.Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you .This room is three times as large as that one.2.比较级的用法双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级+than”的结构表示；This picture is more beautiful than that one.注意：比较对象的一致性请看下面这道选择题：The weather in China is different from_ _.A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America 本题意为中国的天气比美国热。比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。要避免将主语包含在比较对象中（错）China is larger than any country in Asia.（因为中国也属于亚洲）（对）China is larger than any other countries in Asia.注意比较对象的省略或隐藏：有时省略或不点明被比较的对象，而是通过语境来暗示被比较的对象。请看下面这两道选择题：If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school.A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time本题将比较的对象隐藏在虚拟条件句中，即：与没有考试的时候相比。本题答案选D。I dont think this film is by far the most boring.I have seen_.A. better B. worse C. the best D. the worst由前文“我认为这部电影不是最没趣的”可知，“我看过(比这部)更差的电影”，省略了than this one。本题答案是B。It takes a long time to go there by train; its _by road. A. quick B. the quickest C. much quick D. quicker由语境可知，句末省略了than by train，用比较级。本题答案是D。表示一方不及另一方时，用“less+原级+than”的结构表示；This room is less beautiful than that one.表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even, a lot, a bit, a little, still, much, far, yet, by far等修饰； He works even harder than before.注意：by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers.表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the +比较级（主语+谓语），the +比较级（主语+谓语）”的结构（意为“越越”）；The harder he works, the happier he feels.不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级+ and+比较级”的结构；The weather is getting colder and colder. The girl becomes more and more beautiful.某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有inferior（劣等的，次的）、superior（较好的，优于）、junior（资历较浅的）、senior（资格较老的）、prior（在之前）等；He is superior to Mr. Zhang in chemistry.在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词；The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk.A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.否定词+比较级该结构用否定形式表示肯定意义。要掌握该结构的用法，须注意以下几点：该结构多为“cant couldnt 比较级”的形式I cant agree with you more.我再同意你的意见不过了。（或：我完全同意你的意见。） The weather couldnt be worse.天气再糟糕不过了。 He couldnt have done better.他做得再好不过了。用于该结构中的否定词除了not之外，还有no，never，nothing等This could give her no greater pleasure.这使她再高兴不过了。Theres nothing cheaper.这东西再便宜不过了。There is no greater love than that of a man who lays down his life for his friends.为朋友而放弃生命的爱是最伟大的爱。当该结构中的比较级为less时，其意义为“一点也不”试比较：He couldnt care more.他非常介意。（或：他最关心不过了。） He couldnt care less.他毫不介意。（或：他最漠不关心了。） 注意：反过来用肯定形式表示否定意义。这种用法主要见于： know better than+不定式。这种结构意为“不至于” You have a better command of French than to make such mistakes.你的法语较好，不至于犯这样的错误。He is more experienced than to do such a thing. 他比较有经验，不至于做这样的事。more thancan。这种句型形式上是肯定，实际上有否定含义The boys in the street have become very insolent and it is more than flesh and blood can bear.街上的男孩变得非常无礼,到了人所不能忍受的地步。The beauty of the place is more than I can describe. 那地方美得无法形容。倍数表达法A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）/这座新楼比那座旧楼大（高）三倍。A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.3.最高级的用法三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the +最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语；Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three. He works(the)hardest in his class.最高级可被序数词以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like等词语所修饰；This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest.表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent、extreme、perfect等，没有最高级，也没有比较级。形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略；He is the tallest(boy)in his class.作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。 Of all the boys he came(the)earliest.4.形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词；形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”；He is a most clever young policeman.(most=very) The film is most interesting.(most=very)as+形容词+a+单数名词； This is as good an example as the other is.表示两者间“较的一个”比较级前加the； Who is the older of the tow boys?在“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”结构中；在same前一般要加the；What +a/an+形容词+单数可数名词=How+形容词+ a/an+单数可数名词What an interesting film it is！=How interesting a film it is!so和such的用法so + 形容词 / 副词 + that so + 形容词 + a（n）+ 单数可数名词 + that so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that 下列词组中为什么只能用so不可用such？so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。因为名词受many, much, little, few等表示“多或少”意义的词修饰。下列这句中such用得对不对？（对）。为什么？ These are such little boys that they cant dress themselves.因为little在这儿表示“小”，而不是表示“少”的意思。下列so的用法是错误的：so difficult problems, so hot weather为什么？因为problems是复数，weather是不可数名词。有些形容词前加the 成为名词。如the poor, the rich 等。5.由as/so组成的形容词或副词短语as much as +不可数名词：多达 Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.as many as +可数名词：多达 I have as a many as sixteen reference books.as early as：早在 As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.as far as：远到；就而知（论）We might go as far as (走到)the church and back. As far as I know（就我所知），he has been there before.may (might, could)as well：不妨、不如 Then you might as well stay with us here.as as can be：到了最的程度，极其 They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。as as one can：尽其所能 He began to run, as fast as he could.as as possible：尽可能 Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.6.more /less than及其相关结构第一类more than具体数字=over：多于、超过He spoke English more than two years.(两年多) more than名词/动词/形容词/副词：不仅仅China Daily is more than a newspaper and it can also help us learn English.not more than：不超过，顶多=at mostThere were not more than 70 women in the store then.（不足70个女性）no more than：仅仅，只不过The theater was no more than a painted barn. 这戏院只不过是漆了油漆的库房而已（没什么大不了的）。less than：少于、不足 Their car broke down where they drove less than five miles.（不到五英里）less than名词/形容词：仅仅 He is less than pleased to have visitors.not less than：以上，至少=at least He has not less than 2oo dollars.（至少200美元）no less than：不会少于，与一样，简直就It is no less than robbery to ask me for so much. 要我这么多钱，简直跟抢劫没有两样。第二类more形容词/副词/名词than：比更 I have found that he is a more efficient worker than any other one.morethan：与其不如He is not more an artist than a philosopher. 与其说他是位艺术家，不如说他是位哲学家。not morethan：不如，不及You are not more careful than he is.你不如他仔细。 She was not more pleased than I was.她不及我开心。no比较级than：仅仅，最多，只不过，和一样不This kind of plant grows no higher than one inch. 这种植物最多长到一英寸。The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。He is no more a good player than I am. 他和我一样都不是好球员（他也好不到哪里去）。less形容词/副词/名than：比更少，不如Jane is less beautiful than Suan. He is less slow than lazy at his work.=He is more lazy than slow at his work.not lessthan：不比少，不亚于She is not less charming than her daughter.她跟她女儿一样有魅力。no lessthan：不会比差，正如一样”A dolphin is no less a clever animal than a dog is.海豚不会比狗笨吧！1.下列单词虽以-ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词deadly, friendly, lovely, likely, lonely, silly, lively, brotherly, weekly等。2.有无ly的副词意义、用法有别意义用法不同Someone followed me close behind me.有人紧跟着我。Everyone felt that his remarks hit close to home.他的话击中了要害。Come close to me and youll listen to me clearly.靠近我，你就会听清楚的。These two topics are closely related.这两个课题紧密相连。（close修饰介词短语、closely修饰动词和过去分词）He hardly worked hard at maths so he could not pass the maths examination.他几乎没有 努力学习数学，结果没有通过这次数学考试。He always works late into the night.他总是工作到深夜。Have you been to the cinema lately?你最近有没有看电影？The meeting proceeded in a most friendly atmosphere.会见在极其友好的气氛中进行。The present world situation is most favorable for the people.当前世界形势对人民非常有利。They are mostly visiting scientists.= Most of them are visiting scientists.具体和抽象的关系They buried the body very deep. 他们把尸体埋得很深。（具体）His words deeply moved me. 他的话深深地打动了我。（抽象）类似的词：high/highly, wide/widely3.形容词和副词相同形式意义不一She said with a half smile to me.她微笑着对我说。 Well begun is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。This kind of material feels very hard.这种材料摸上去很硬。He found modern art very hard to understand.他觉得现代艺术很难理解。He is working hard at maths.他在努力学习数学。 The door was fast shut.门紧闭着。His father was fast asleep.他父亲睡得很香。意义基本相同He got up so early that he caught the early bus.他起得早赶上了早班车。What you need is a sound sleep.你所需要的是好好睡一觉。His father was sound asleep. 他父亲睡得很香。If he were well, he would do the work well. 如果他身体好的话，他会把这项工作干好的。4.搭配特别的形容词和副词英语中有些形容词和副词与名词、动词、或另一形容词等的搭配与汉语不完全一样，在平时学习中通过运用要把它们掌握好。特别注意下列有别于汉语的表达：well worth很值得 wide awake很清醒 fast/sound asleep睡得很香 largely due to主要因为 greatly respected/honored很受尊敬 rain/snow hard/heavily下大雨（大雪） large/small population人口多（少） heavy traffic交通堵塞5.体现两句间逻辑关系的连接性副词解决这类问题，首先要弄清形容词和副词真正含义，在解题时要弄清上下文的逻辑关系。常用的此类词有：besides而且、再说,instead而是，反而,though不过，可是，然而,however不过，仍然，然而,thus/therefore因此，所以,furthermore/moreover此外，而且，再者,otherwise/or否则，不然,anyhow/anyway反正，不管怎样,even so即便如此，即使这样,or rather更确切地说等等。请看下列选择题：Progress so far has been very good. _, we are sure that the project will be completed on time. A. However B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. Besides【解析】“一直进展良好”与“按时完工”是因果关系，用therefore。答案是C。The hurricane damaged many houses and business buildings;_ , it caused 20 deaths.A. or else B. therefore C. after all D. besides【解析】由前后语境不难确定，是要表示“此外，还有，而且”，用besides。其它选项不合语境：or so大约；therefore因此；after all毕竟。答案是D。Much of the power of the trade unions has been lost. _ , their political influence should be very great. A. As a result B. As usual C. Even so D. So far【解析】由前后的语意逻辑可知，所填之词应是表示“即使如此”之意，用even so。句意：工会已经失去很多权力了；即使这样，他们的政治影响还应当还是很大的。答案是C。6.too much和much too的区别too much有下列用法too much的含义是“太多”，充当形容词用时，too是副词，用来修饰much，后接不可数名词。I have too much homework to do.我有太多的家庭作业要做。too much充当副词用时，可用来修饰动词Watching TV too much is bad for your health.看电视看得太多对你的健康有害。too much充当代词用时，后面不接名词，代替上下文提到的事物。You gave me too much.你给我的太多了。much too意为“太”，much(副词)用来修饰too(副词)，以加强语气，只可起副词作用，在句中修饰形容词或副词。Its much too expensive.太贵了。You walk(much)too far yesterday.昨天你散步走得太远了。Its much too cold.7.tooto结构表达的不同意义“too形容词副词动词不定式”结构简称为“too.to”结构。这种结构是英语中常用的一种句型，在大多数情况下表示否定意义，在翻译时，通常可译为“太而不能”、“太无法”。English is too difficult for me to learn well.英语太难，我学不好。The hat is too large to wear.这帽子太大，没法戴。 “too.to”不表示否定意义的情况：too.to结构之前带有but, only, all, never, not时，是强调肯定的表示法，译作”非常、十分、实在、真是太”等；“too.to”结构中带有表示某种心情或描绘性的形容词或副词，如ready, eager, satisfied, kind, willing, easy, anxious等加动词不定式结合成一个不可分割的状态、态度、倾向或心情等。I am but too glad to do so.我非常喜欢这样做。 Comrade Lei Feng was too ready to help others.雷锋同志乐于助人。 We dont care if a hunting dog smells_ ,but we really dont want him to smell_.A. well, well B. bad, bad C. well, badly D. badly, bad【解析】After the long journey, the three of them went back home, _ .A. hungry and tiredly B. hungry and tired C. hungrily and tiredly D. hungrily and tired【解析】Although she did not know Boston well, she made her way _ to the Home Circle Building. A. easy enough B. enough easy C. easily enough D. enough easily【解析】_to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave studentsC. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave【解析】John Smith, a successful businessman, has a _car. A. large German white B. large white German C. white large German D. German large white【解析】_students are required to take part in the boat race. A. Ten strong young Chinese B. Ten Chinese strong youngC. Chinese ten young strong D. Young strong ten Chinese【解析】 He speaks English well indeed, but of course not _a native speaker.A. as fluent as B. more fluent than C. so fluently as D. much fluently than【解析】It is to spend money on preventing illnesses by promoting healthy livingrather than spending it trying to make people after they are ill. A. good; good B. well; better C. better; better D. better; good【解析】Did you take enough money with you?No, I needed I thought I would.A. not so much as B. as much as C. much more than D. much less than【解析】I like this jacket better than that one，but it costs almost three times_ . A. as much B. as many C. so much D. so many【解析】A rough estimate, Nigeria is _ Great Britain.A. three times the size as B. the size three times of C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of 【解析】 It looks like the weather is changing for _ . Shall we stick to our plan? A. the worse B. worse C. the worst D. worst【解析】I dont think this film is by far the most boring. I have seen_.A. better B. worse C. the best D. the worst【解析】 Your story is perfect; Ive never heard before.A. the better one B. the best oneC. a better one D. a good one【解析】Did you enjoy yourself at the party?Yes，Ive never been to one before.A. a more excited B. the most excited C. a more exciting D. the most exciting【解析】David has won the first prize in singing; he is still very excited no