中科院考博英语 培训资料 短文补全课堂讲义.doc

一、 定语从句关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用，例如：1. There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.2. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.3. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 4. Im surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem. as，than，but也可以用作关系代词：The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand.The telephone, as we know, was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell.I never heard such stories as he tells.Her attitude to him was quiet the same as it had always been. You spend more money than was intended to be spent.There are very few but admire his talent. (but = who dont)二、 状语从句方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。1. Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.2. They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.3. He cleared his throat as if to say something.目的状语从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导：1. You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.2. He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.3. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.结果状语从句常由so that 或 suchthat引导:1. The boy is so young that he cant go to school.2. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.条件状语从句的连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等：1Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.让步状语从句的连接词主要有though, although1Although its raining, they are still working in the field.其他注意点：1ever if, even though即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.2whetheror 不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.3no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。对比下面两组句子：No matter what you say is of no use now. (False)Whatever you say is of no use now. Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given. (False)Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given. 三、名词从句名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句，其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that, whether等词引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information等名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.1. 如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.2. 如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加是否的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。例：Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.3. 如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加什么时候、什么地点、什么方式等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。例1：I have no idea when he will be back. 例2：I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.3 从句的核心：例1： Although it is a stable currency, a rise of only 2 percent a year will reduce the purchasing power of the dollar by 45 % in 30 years so that the pension or life insurance of ones youth (青春时代，青少年时期) will have lost nearly half its purchasing power before one has reached the age of retirement.1. The criminal justice system operates by arresting, convicting (判决) and sentencing those members of societies who violate the basic rules of group existence. （主句在前，重心在前）2. In the 200 great families who rules England for many years everyone knew or was related to everyone else. （主句在后，重心在后）4 主从句的述位：例1：1 Tom didnt go to school because he was ill.2 Tom was ill, so he didnt go to school.例2：1. Because it didnt rain this summer, the soil dried out. (the following topic is soil.)2. The soil dried out, because it didnt rain this summer. (the following topic is rain.)被动句与主动句的述位关系：1. The crops were destroyed by the heavy rain. (the following topic is rain.)2. The heavy rain destroyed the crops. (the following topic is crops.)Passage 1: Winning isnt “the only thing.” Such an idea muddles the idea of competition, not simply in sports, but in all aspects of our lives. Weve learned the hard way in this century that the world is a complex place; its certainly not the National Football League. Winning isnt the only thing in love, art, marriage, commerce, or politics; its not even the only thing in sports.In sports, as in so many other areas of our national life, weve always cherished gallant losers.Passage 2：Many companies use animals to make us want to buy their goods. Automobile companies, for example, love to show fast horses when they are trying to sell their cars. They also name their cars for other fast powerful animals.Automobile manufacturers and gasoline companies especially like to use big cats to sell their products. They like lions, tigers and wildcats.When Americans say wildcat, they usually mean a lynx, an ocelot or a bobcat. All these cats attack quickly and fiercely. So wildcats represent something fast and fierce.Passage 3:When the French educator and scholar Baron de Coubertin revived the ancient Greek concept of the Olympic Games and organized the first event in Greece in 1896, he also set out to revive the Olympic ideal of friendly and fair competition between amateurs. Since then, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has had the difficult job of upholding these principles. In 1936, Adolf Hitler had his own ambitions for the Olympics. Arguably, the darkest days in the history of the Olympics were in Munich in 1972, when Palestinian extremists killed two members of the Israeli team, and took nine others hostage. The political tensions of the Cold War also had an impact on the Olympics. In more recent times, the IOC has had to deal with another problem: drugs.病句分析：1. Dogs play an important part in many peoples lives. It is said that dog and wolf have the same ancient. （话题转移）2. Dogs are playing a more and mor