2010春季六级写作

2010 年 6 月 19 日大学英语新六级写作讲义 丁雪明 一、来自教育部的声音 第一部分为 30 分钟的短文写作，分数占总分的 15%。在新六级考试中，短文写作和 过去相比改动不大，出题风格和过去的六级考试作文基本相同。热点问题、图表或漫画、 正反论证以及针对某种现象产生的原因与对策等方面的题目最有可能出现。多读各个类型 的范文，模仿并背诵其中的精华部分有助于提高写作水平。写作时一定要字迹清楚整齐， 紧扣题目，注意语法的正确使用，最好能够准确多变地运用词汇。 二、大学英语新六级写作基本要求 写作能力测试部分比例为 15%，体裁包括议论文、说明文、应用文等。 六级作文范文档的要求是：切题；表达思想清楚、文字通顺，连贯性较好；基本无语 言错误，仅有个别小错。 该要求蕴涵着大学英语写作的四个基本考点： 1、 切题所谓切题是指在形式上诸如段落、字数、文体、格式等方面满足题目要 求，并在内容上没有偏差。 2、 表达清楚、条理清晰本要求考查学生对文章结构的掌握，要求文章主题观点 明确，有头有尾，论证说明安排有主次，有轻重。 3、 文字通顺，连贯性较好本要求考查学生对过渡句和连接词或词组的掌握和运 用，要求文章句子内部与句子之间通顺连贯，不突兀。 4、 基本无语言错误本要求考查学生语言基本功的掌握，包括语法与拼写两部分。 三、历史的声音 我们对真题写作的抽样分析表明，考生的写作成绩并不理想。要想写出一篇高分作文 必须具备两个条件： 一是扎实的英语语言基础，二是掌握一定的写作技巧。 温馨提示：帮你对自己有个最初的评价 一篇好的作文应基本达到： 有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句恰当，文章结构完整，内容符合要求； 语法基本正确； 句法基本准确，句子与句子，段落与段落之间过渡连贯； 有一定词汇量，字数符合要求； 说理清楚，内容充实。 一篇较差的作文表现为： 文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题； 出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误； 词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力； 不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。 综上所述，考生一定要洞悉考研英语大纲对写作部分的高分标准涉及以下六个方面： 1、内容切题。审题准、不跑题。文不对题会严重影响成绩，导致写作失败。 2、表达清楚。语言要简洁、准确，条理清楚；主题明确。 3、意义连贯。遣词造句得当，表达连贯平稳。论点论据展开合理（以因果，对比，分类， 定义，列举，概括，详情，时间，空间，过程或综合等方法展开） 。 4、句式有变化。采用适当的句式来表达相应的内容。常用句式包括简单句；并列句；复合 句；主被动句；长句；短句；否定句；双重否定句；疑问句；反问句；倒装句；强调句； 插入句；独立主格成分等。 5、用词有变化。避免重复使用同一词汇，可适当使用代词；同义词；近义词；关联词；使 表达富有动感。同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的 一个尺度。 6、语言规范。符合英语的表达习惯，语法错误少，写出的英语不是中式英语。 四、考研英语文章的段落写作和常规整体构建模式 （一）文章的段落的写作 一篇文章可由几个自然段组成。文章中的句子和段落均为文章的中心思想服务，形成 一个有机的整体。好的段落必须是意思完整，语义连贯，完全体现文章主旨中心，同时又 是层次分明，结构严谨，逻辑关系应用合理的。 1、段落的组成 一个段落由三部分组成： （1）主题句（Topic Sentence ）: 点出段落的主题（文章谈论的是什么） 。 （2）扩展句（Developing Sentence）: 说明和支持主题。 （3）结尾句（Concluding Sentence）:得出结论。 2、段落的主题 一篇文章有中心意思，也就是题目。而每个段落有段落主题，段落主题是为文章中心 思想服务的。 每个段落只能有一个主题（central idea） ，它用一个句子加以表达，所以称为主题句。 主题提出后需要很多结构严谨的句子来支持和说明，称为扩展句。最后得出一个结论，并 用一个结尾句表达。参看下面段落： 主题句 扩展句 1 扩展句 2 扩展句 3 结尾句 This is supposed to be an enlightened age, but you wouldnt think so if you could hear what the average man thinks of the average women. Women won their independence years ago. After a long, bitter struggle, they now enjoy the same educational opportunities as men in most parts of the world. They have proved repeatedly that they are equal and often superior to men in almost every field. The hard-fought battle for recognition has been won, but it is by no means over. It is men, not women who still carry on the sex war because their attitude remains basically hostile. Even in the most progressive societies, women continue to be regarded as second-rate citizens. To hear some men talk, youd think that women belonged to a different species! 3、写好主题句 定义：主题句为一个完整的句子，用以概括、叙述和说明该段的主题。 位置：主题句一般位于段首，也可置于段尾或段中，考生最好放在段首，这样较易掌 握和构思。 例如： 位于段首：在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主题句。开门见山地提出问题，后面 的扩展句围绕主题句加以说明、支持、补充和解释。 An important part of police strategy, rapid police response is seen by police officers and the public alike as offering tremendous benefits. The more obvious the abilities of police to apply first aid life saving techniques quickly are, the greater likelihood of arresting people who may have participated in a crime. It aids in identifying those who witnessed an emergency or crime as well as in collecting evidence. The overall reputation of a police department too is enhanced if rapid response is consistent and this in itself promotes the prevention of crime. Needless to say rapid response offers the public some degree of satisfaction in its police force. 温馨提示： 写好主题句的方法： 1）主题句要概括一定内容，不要空泛，否则扩展句将难以说明和支持它，例如： 空泛：English language is very important. 概括：English language is very important in our daily life. 空泛：The Olympic Games are exciting. 概括：In the Olympic Games the football teams from many countries compete intensely. 2）尽量使用简单句或简洁明了的句子，例如： 简洁：Collecting stamps is her hobby. 复杂: She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby. 简洁: I enjoyed watching Gone with the wind very much. 复杂：Gone with the wind was a good film which I enjoyed watching very much. 3）主题句应该做到句子完整和表达的主题思想完整，：例如： 不完整：How to write a composition. 完整：How to write a composition is not an easy thing to talk about. 不完整：If the weather had been fine. 完整：If it had been fine, we would have had a good time. 4）关键词是直接表达主题的词汇，它决定段落的内容和展开的方法，引导整个段落的发展， 例如： There are several ways to boil the water. The task can be finished in three steps. There is a new method to reduce the cost. 4、写好扩展句和段落 围绕主题句展开，支持、说明和阐述主题句的句子便是扩展句。扩展句紧扣主题句中 的关键词而展开，句子与句子之间逻辑清楚，上下转承结合得当，简明扼要，重点突出。 一般来说，每个自然段除了主题句与结尾句之外，还包含了 36 个扩展句。所以，写好了 扩展句便基本上完成一个自然段落。 做题时，一旦定下了主题和关键词，作者便按照自己的思路来组织段落中的句子，句 子之间要具有连贯性，就必须由一系列的逻辑关系构成，例如：并列关系，因果关系，递 进关系，转折关系，解释关系，概括关系，顺序关系，让步关系，对照、比较关系，转换 关系等等，这些逻辑关系可由一系列的过渡词（transitional words）来完成。过渡词在句子 与句子之间、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯， 逻辑合理，结构严谨，因此极为重要。 常用的几种扩展句和段落写作模式关联表达方法： 表示因果关系常用的表达方法有： because, since, as, seeing that, the reason why, because of, on account of , due to, so, thus, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, so that, as a result of, in consequence of, result in, result from, lead to, soas to, owing to, to have an effect on, for the reason, in this way 等。 表示列举或例证法常用的表达方法有： for example, for instance, for one thing, for another, to illustrate, one example is, to begin with, first, second, furthermore, besides, in addition, moreover, finally, in conclusion, in summary, also, a case in point, as an illustration, incidentally, namely, that is 等。 表示比较对比关系常用的表达方法有： similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless 表示分类法常用的表达方法有： to divideinto, to classifyinto, groupinto, to fall into classes, there arekinds(types, groups, classes, categories, sorts ) of, according to, in terms of, depending on, at the level of 等。 表示定义常用的表达方法有： what is ？, to be defined as, to refer to, the definition of is, to be used to describe, in a very real sense, this is, this means, be explained, it states that, in other words, namely 等。 表示总结关系常用的表达方法有： generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude. 表示强调关系常用的表达方法有： anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, indeed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt 表示空间顺序常用的表达方法有： beyond, above, under, nearby, outside, in here, across, close to, on(to, at)the left(right), ahead of, in front of, above, from, adjacent to, against, around, at the bottom, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, close at hand, close to down, far, farther, in the center of, in the distance, in the middle of, nearby, near to, next to, on the opposite side, opposite to, on top of , over, under, up 等。 （二）文章的常规整体构建模式 对于考生来说，了解一点作文考试常用的文体知识很有必要。文章文体一般分为叙述 文（Narration） 、议论文（Argumentation） 、说明文（Exposition）和描写文（Description） 。 在实际写作中，这几种文体常常交叉使用，相辅相成，但主体仍以一种为主，其他为辅。 从考研作文试题情况来看，主要为议论文，出题形式常常是针对某一事物或现象让考生提 出自己的看法。 议论文（Argumentation） 作者对某一问题或事件直接或间接地进行分析评论，表明自己的立场、观点、态度、 主张，这就是议论。它常常用于学术论文，各种评论、短文、杂文、辩论等方面，应用广 泛。 议论文的写作要注意三个要素：1.提出论点；2.组织论据，进行论证；3.得出结论。 常用的论证方法包括夹叙夹议法、例举法、比较对照法、因果法、逻辑推理法（包括 归纳法和演绎法） 。可以从正面论证，也可以从反面进行反驳。 常规整体构建模式 在一篇文章中，各自然段，各句子都为文章的中心思想服务，各段落之间，句子与句 子之间存在着某种逻辑关系。文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称 为启、承、转、合。 “启”就是开头， “承”是承接， “转”是转折， “合”是综合或总结， 一篇文章与一段文章一样都有“启、承、转、合”关系。例如： Chinas entry into WTO （启） Nowadays there has been a widespread concern among the general public over Chinas entry into WTO, which is widely seen to bring us a blessing and promising future. It seems to be so at first sight. However, on reflection, were convinced that its just another double-edged sword. （承）On one hand, China is to enjoy the benefits that the organization provides us. Lower tariffs and tax rates and fewer trade barriers will facilitate our swift and efficient imports and exports and other trade activities. According to the trade clauses of the WTO, the European Union shall cut down the tax rates it imposes on our exported textile products, thus availing the arts-and- crafts companies in our country to extract more profits from the business. In a sense, the WTO means opportunity, and it sets the stage for our business to cut a brilliant figure in the international economic circles. （转） On the other hand, the entry will impose some negative effects on China. Chinas national economy is set to be faced with fierce competition from the outside world. WTO pursues a relatively equal and free business environment for all its members, which poses a major challenge for our economy. Such monopolized business sectors used to enjoy protections from governments of all levels as telecommunications and banking will find themselves no longer in a “safe box”. They have to adjust or replace their current operative and marketing strategies to cope with the “outdoors” shrewd and talented competitors, or they will suffer big losses and tough time is awaiting them. （合）Whatever the reason, the early entry into WTO is beneficial to our country and our life. We should make good use of the chances and meanwhile suitably deal with the outside competition. All our efforts are to upgrade our business scales and get more integrated into the international business community. 常规段落构建模式 考研英语写作的文章一般包括一个开头段、若干扩展段和一个结尾段。开头段和结尾 段一般比扩展段短。各种段落的作用，特点和写作方法如下所示。 1、开头段 开头段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体 的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。一般在开头段写四或五句即可。 开头段的使用方法： 使用引语 （use a quotation） 使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语，习语，以确定文章的写作和方向，例： “Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 使用具体详实的数字或数据 （use figures or statistics ） 引用一些具体详实的数字或数据，然后做出概括性分析，指明问题的症结所在，例： In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent. 提出问题 (ask a question) 提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论，例： What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things. 给出背景 (offer relevant background) 描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等，例： Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern. 定义法 (give definition) 针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨，例： Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms（情况，式样） change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it. 主题句法 （use of topic sentence） 文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展，例： Now, people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for a persons career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language. 议论文段首句式 1.Nowadays, a heated debate/discussion about. is under way in China. Some people believe that. whereas others argue that. 2.In recent years/In the past few years, there has been a growing (widespread/general) realization( awareness/feeling towards) that. 3.Nowadays people in a significant/increasing number are beginning (getting/coming) to realize/believe that 4.Although everyone believes that., I doubt/wonder whether the argument bears much analysis. 5.This is a very conventional issue, but we can approach it from a new angle/a new point of view. 6.This problem is a much-debated one in that it affects everybody in their daily lives. People may prefer one to another, although some have no opinion about it. But if I am concerned, I can only disagree with the title statement and the reasons are given below. 7.There is a general discussion today on the issue of. Those who criticize. argue that. They believe that. but people who advocate.claim that They hold the opinion that 8.In a modern society, people have the freedom to choose. or. Although they normally coexist peacefully, they deserve some close examination. If the third criteria were taken into account, by comparison, people would prefer. 9.When we talk about., we usually mean that., or even that. The true. is not., but that. 10.Contrary to widely held ideas, I believe that. 2. 中间段 中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论 证。 中间段的一般特征： 篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长。 每段有相应的主题句。 包含定义、解释，描写，说明主题思想的扩展句可以采用实例，数据或个人经历等写 作手段。 不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段。 中间段展开的基本方法： 列举法 There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example, if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instruction，we will certainly be in good health. 比较对比法 The older form of communication is speech. In the beginning of human history, people could only use direct verbal speech to communicate. But it had many shortcomings. For instance, we could not speak to a person far away when we needed. So distance was a problem. And the spoken word could not be kept secret easily. So people wanted to invent a new method of communication. The next big step forward in communication was the invention of writing. Writing is one of human beings most important inventions. It solved the problem of distance and keeping secrets, but it too had disadvantages. The written word could not be passed on quickly, so people tried to find a new quicker method of communication. The most recent development had been electronic means of communication, including the wireless telegraph, radio, telephone and television. The invention and use of electronic means has solved all the problems mentioned above. They are the most effective methods of communication. People will certainly try their best to invent even more modem and useful methods. 因果法 The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble dinners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular?First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger. You can also add some grilled bacon for an interesting flavour contrast. In addition, you can garnish the hamburger with other things such as lettuce, tomato, onion, mushrooms, avocado, pickles, hot pepper, ketchup, relish, mayonnaise, mustard or whatever you wish! 例证法 The saying “No pains, no gains” is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral it teaches: if one wants to achieve something, he may seek it. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner, few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood, even life over years before the arrival of that exciting moment. 发展过程法 To build your own sunscope, get a carton and cut a hole in one side, big enough to poke your head through. Paste white paper on the inside surface that you will be facing. Then punch a pinhole into the opposite side high enough so that the little shaft of light will miss your head. For a sharper image you can make a better pinhole by cutting a one-inch square hole in the carton, taping a piece of aluminium foil over this hole, and then making the pin-hole in the foil. Finally, tape the box shut and cover all light leaks with black tape. 定义法 Diligence is the key to success. It means persistent work and does not mean that we are to exert ourselves all day and night without rest, without food and without sleep. The true meaning of diligence is the careful use of time for the purpose of improvement, or to work persistently without any waste of time. 分类法 Nowadays the news media mainly consist of radio, television and newspapers. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages. Newspapers are the oldest form for communicating the news. Today many people still begin their day by reading the morning paper while having breakfast, and end their day by reading the evening paper while having dinner. The invention of the radio has had a tremendous influence on the world. It is able to bring up- to-minute news to distant places in a matter of seconds. Thus the development of the radio has made the world a