形容词和副词优品课件

形容词和副词,1.河南专升本考试仍会以形容词、副词的辨析为热点；2.仍会以形容词、副词的比较等级为重点。3.在“注重基础”的大环境下，对于形容词、副词的基础知识，如多个形容词，副词的顺序，enough的位置以及一些特别重要的固定句型结构（如表示“倍数”的句型）进行考查。,考点分析：,形容词,形容词作定语形容词作表语形容词作宾补形容词的特殊用法,（一）形容词作定语1前置定语（1）形容词作定语一般需放在它所修饰的名词之前并尽量靠近被修饰的词。在这种位置上的定语叫前置定语。语序一般为“冠词（或其他限定词）+形容词+名词”。 He is an honest boy.,（2）若有多个形容修饰名词，它们的位置要由它们与被修饰词的密切程度来决定。其排列顺序通常是：（县官行令杀国材）限定词描绘性形容词颜色国籍、地区用途、类别名：县，即“限”，指限定词，如：the; a/an; this; two; your; my; 官，即“观”，指观点或评价性词，如：lovely; interesting; cute行，即“形”，指形状大小，如：large; big; small; little; round; (大小，长短，高低，形状）令，即“龄”，指年龄及新旧，如：new; old; ancient; old杀，即“色”，指颜色，如：red; green; orange; brown国，指国家或出处，如：Chinese; Japanese; home-made材，指材料，也就是用什么做的。如：glass; stone; wood,1.Chinese, glass, a, beautiful, table a beautiful Chinese glass table2.wonderful, my, garden, new, large my wonderful large new garden3. a, round, table, small a small round table4. a, old, dirty, brown shirt a dirty old brown shirt,3.英语中一些形容词既可以做前置定语也可做后置定语，但意义不同。,present（现在的/在场的）responsible（可依赖的/应负责的）concerned（忧心忡忡的/有关的）proper（适当的/正经的，正式的）involved（复杂难懂的/相关的）absent（心不在焉的/缺席的） the responsible man 可依赖的人 the man responsible 应负责的人,the present members现在的成员the members present 在场的成员the absent students心不在焉的学生the students absent 缺席的学生the concerned teachers忧心忡忡的老师们the teachers concerned(与事情)有关的老师们,【例】 One day they crossed the _bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old 答案A. 年龄+国家+材料。,2后置定语（1）作不定代词的定语修饰someone, something, anyone, anything, nobody everyone, nothing, no one, 等不定代词时，要后置。 There is nothing new. She must have met something dangerous.（2）前缀以a-构成的形容词作定语时要求后置。 常见的有afraid, alive, alike, asleep, awake等 The man awake at that time was Mr. Smith.,（3）形容词短语作定语时要后置。这些形容词短语多是由 “形容词+介词短语/不定式短语”构成。 It is a problem difficult to solve.（4）形容词成对使用时，由and/or连接的并列形容词成对使用时后置。 Everyone, young or old, will do it.（5） 表示方位、时间和数量等习语、词组连用时后置 This is a river two hundred miles long. It is a bridge eight metres wide.,(6)以-able或-ble结尾的形容词可置于前有最高级形容词或only 等词修饰的名词后面。That is the best book available.That is the only solution possible.,（二）形容词做表语1在连系动词后要用形容词作表语：常见的连系动词有:be，look，feel，smell，taste，sound，get/become/grow，remain, 而行为动词则要用副词修饰。 The cake tastes delicious. He looks very tired.,2.有些形容词是以-ly结尾的，我们容易把它们误认为是副词，如lovely，friendly，orderly，motherly, lonely，likely，lively，ugly （错） He spoke to me very friendly. （对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 但有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等： The Times is a weekly paper. The Times is published weekly.,（三）. 形容词做宾补,Running in the morning makes him strong.We think the film really interesting.Who has left the door open?I found her asleep on the grass.,形容词作宾补指的是形容词修饰补充说明宾语.,形容词作宾补主语+谓语+宾语+形容词(作宾补),请保持教室清洁.我觉得这个故事很有趣.他说的话让我很高兴.,Please keep the classroom clean.,I found the story interesting.,His words make me happy.What he said makes me happy.,（四）用形容词表示类别和整体（1）某些形容词前加上the变成名词化的形容词，相当于名词，表示一类人，在句子中做主、宾等。 the dead, the living, the rich, the poor, the blind The young should respect the old.（2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如the British，the English，the French，the Chinese等： The English have wonderful sense of humor.,（四）、enough的用法,1.enough修饰名词时，既可放在名词前，也可放在名词后；做副词用来修饰形容词、副词时要放在所修饰词的后面。如：There is enough food for everybody.这里有足够的食物给每个人。 If I had a long enough holiday, Id visit Europe, stopping at all the small interesting places.,2. cannot与enough连用，表示“再也不为过”。,You cannot be careful enough.你再仔细也不为过。还可用：cannottoo/cannotover/can nevertoo-Mary, look, what did I find?-Oh, my lost key? I cant thank you too much.（太感谢你了）-I was riding along the street and all of a sudden, a car cut in and knocked me down.-You can never be too careful in the street.,五、注意下列几句有关形容词、副词的固定搭配。,Hes dead/blind drunk.(=very drunk)Hes wide awake.Its raining/snowing heavily.Hes sound/fast asleep.The traffic is heavy.,(1) whole与all： the whole + 名词； all (of) the + 名词。 He was busy the whole morning. He can remember all the words he learns.(2) real与true：real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”；true则指事情或消息的可靠性,译为“真实的”： This is a real diamond。 -Is that true? - Yes. I heard it with my own ears.,六、有关形容词的用法辨析,(3) tall与high： tall 指身高的高度，用于人和动物, 反义词为short He is very short/tall. high 指物体的高度，另可形容价格,质量等, 反义词为low The kite is flying very high. Tall和high都可用来指tree, building, tower等，但mountain只能用high形容。,(4) too much与much too：too much表示“太多的”,修饰事物数量；much too表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词： I am full because I have had too much rice. That coat is much too expensive.(5) lonely与alone：lonely是表示心理活动的形容词,“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语；alone “独自的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)： He lives alone but he doesnt feel lonely.,Alone和lonely,He came _ because his brother was ill.With all his friends away from him, he feels very _.Leave me _.Was there someone else on this _island?I dont like going out _ after dark.,alone,lonely,alone,lonely,alone,副词,副词就是修饰或限制动词或形容词作用、表程度或范围的词 1、副词作状语：（1）程度副词：much, little, very, rather, so, too, still, quite, enough, almost, hardly.程度副词一般放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词的前面。 I can hardly believe what he said. I am very happy to be with you.,副词及其基本用法,too(that, this, as, so, how, however)+形容词+a/an+名词 Ive never seen that big an apple. This is too difficult a question. 副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可： If I had a long enough holiday Id visit Europe. There is enough food for everyone to eat. = There is food enough for everyone to eat.,（2）频度副词: often, sometimes, seldom, never, constantly, frequently, occasionally, usually等。通常在不需要强调时放在行为动词前，放在to be或第一个助动词和情态动词之后。常用的这类词： I often saw her walk in the park. He is always talking in the class.,3方式副词carefully, properly, suddenly, normally, fast, well, politely, warmly, 方式副词一般放在动词后 The girl danced beautifully. She speaks English very well.被动语态中,方式副词一般放在be与谓语动词之间： The runner was badly hurt. English is widely spoken in the world today.,4时间副词，finally, yet, still, now, soon, lately, shortly, then, recently, already, before, early, late, today等。时间副词, 尤其是表示具体时间的副词，一般放在句首或句尾 He will be back tomorrow. They have already been to the UK twice.,5地点副词， away, abroad, everywhere, outside, around, here, anywhere, somewhere, near, far, up, down等。通常置于句尾，有时置于句首，一般不置于句中, 常用的副词： The boys are playing outside. There you can see thousands of bikes flying.,(2) 副词作表语：地点副词一般可以作表语,放在be等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位置： Im very sorry he isnt in at the moment. I have been away for nearly 20 years.,(4)副词作宾语补足语： 地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语： Put your dirty socks away, Jim! 注意 “动词+副词”的宾语如果是代词,则该副词应该放在代词之后： He wrote down the word. He wrote it down.,(1) close与closely close意思是“近”；closely 意思是“仔细地”。例如： He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely. (2) late 与lately late意思是“晚”；lately 意思是“最近”。例如： You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?,兼有两种形式的副词,3） wide与widely wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”： He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world. 4） free与freely free的意思是“免费”；freely 的意思是“无限制地”。 He gives out free candies in the park. You may speak freely; say what you like.,有关形容词的用法辨析,5） ago、before的用法：“时间段+later/ago” “(多久)以后/以前”, 用于过去时“after/before+某个时刻” 表示“在某时刻之后/之前”,此时两个词是介词。 He had an accident a week ago. Some years later, the boy became a singer.ago与before：ago只能用于过去时,before用于完成时： Have you been there before? She told me that she had left for BJ 2 days ago.,6） too、also、either、nor的用法：too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开；also(“也”)用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前, be动词之后；either(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开；nor(“也不”)用于倒装句句首： Are you American, too? I am also a student. He is not happy and I am not happy, either. He didnt watch the football game. Nor did I.,7） sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法：sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、 sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、 some times(数次)表示次数、some time(一些时间)表示一段时间 Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains. I will meet your father sometime. I will stay here some time. I have been to HK some times.,8） already、yet的用法：在完成时中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句： I have already done it. I have not had my breakfast yet.9） hard与hardly的用法：hard作为副词意思是：“努力地,猛烈地”, hardly是否定词,意思是：“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用： They study English very hard. You can hardly see a person in the street.,10）“quite/what+a+形容词+名词”的用法：quite/such/what.+a+形容词+名词;so/too/how+形容词+a+名词;rather+a+形容词+名词 = a+ rather+形容词+名词 I have never seen such a strange guy It is quite a nice day for a walk.,11） rather与quite的用法区别：同very一样,两个词都表示形容词或副词的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比预料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含义,含有令人惊讶的意思。见下图对“nice”程度的描绘： Its quite a nice film (可能意味着不是一部最好的电影) Its rather a nice film (意味着比大多数电影都好),12） farther与further的用法区别：表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义,意思为“更远、较远” further还表示“更多、进一步、额外”等意思,此时不能换为farther They decided to go farther/further the next day. This problem will be further discussed. Every one of them had their further studies abroad.,13） most、mostly的区别：most作为形容词和名词时意思是“大多数的、大部分的”,作为副词时意思为“最,十分、很”；mostly仅为副词,意为“主要地、多半地、大部分”地： I was at home most of the time when I was free. Most children are naughty. She is mostly out on Sundays.,14）(be) worth、(be) worthy of的区别：worth一般被看作是介词,后面接名词或者动名词,用主动表示被动含义,还可以用副词well修饰；worthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟动名词的被动形式 The car is worth ￥3,000 This book is well worth reading several times. It is a thing worthy of being seen.,15） almost、nearly的区别：两个词意思相近,都表示“几乎、将近”,大多数情况下可以互换,与否定词连用时用almost不用nearly. almost no 相当于hardly any(几乎没有)。 We are almost/nearly there. He had done almost nothing today.,16） a bit与a little的区别：这两个名词短语经常当作副词使用,修饰形容词或副词的原级或比较级,可以互换,语气比rather弱。 This digital camera is a bit (a little) expensive. It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday. 另外,a little可以直接加不可数名词,a bit 则采用“a bit + of +名词(不可数或可数名词复数)”的形式 I have got a bit of water. Go and get a little water for me, please注意 not a bit(=not at all)意为“根本不”,而 not a little则意为“非常,不是一点”。,形容词、副词的比较等级,大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。,形容词和副词比较级最高级的规则变化,形容词和副词比较级最高级的不规则变化,有些形容词由于其本身涵义一般不用来比较。如：表示“完全、特别”意义的形容词 final, hopeless, complete, excellent, perfect, total, whole, full, empty, impossible等表示“极限、主次”意义的形容词 chief, extreme, main, major, basic, first, most, wonderful表示“处所、方位、时间”的形容词 ahead, daily, weekly, here, now, present, then, outside, future, once等,没有比较级和最高级的形容词、副词,表示“状态和强调”的形容词 asleep, ashamed, awake, aware, blind, deaf, dead, favorite, hardly, own, simple, very表示“国籍、性质、材料”的形容词 American, economic, scientific, true, false, illegal, 表示“独一无二”的形容词 only, single,1） a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。 3）以上词（除by far），必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。 - Are you feeling _? - Yes，Im fine now. A. any wellB. any better C. quite goodD. quite better 答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better.,可修饰比较级的词,2）The experiment was_ easier than we had expected. A.more B.much more C.much D.more much 答案：C.much可修饰比较级，B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more 3）If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school. A. the happiest timeB. a more happier time C. much happiest time D.a much happier time答案：D,(1) 表示两者之间没有差别时,使用句型： He is as excited as his younger sister. They picked as many apples as the farmers. so用以替代第一个as时，只能用于否定句 He is not so excited as his younger sister. They didnt pick as many apples as the farmers.,原级、比较级和最高级的用法,主语1 + 谓动 + as + 形/副原级 + as + 主语2 +.,主语1 + 谓动 (否) + as / so + 形/副原级 + as + 主语2+,(2)讲述两者有差异, 使用比较级： A modern train is much faster than a car. I think English is more difficult than math.(3) 讲述某人/物是最突出的一个时,用最高级:注意： 形容词最高级前一般需加定冠词the；副词最高级前用或不用定冠词the都可。 The Changjiang River is the longest in China. He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys).,主语1+谓动+形/副比较级+than+主语2,主语(sb./sth) + 谓动 +(the) +形/副最高级 +in / of .,比较级+and+比较级常用“比较级+and+比较级”来表达“越来越 His voice got weaker and weaker. Take some medicine and youll get better and better.“the+比较级, the+比较级”来表达“越，（就）越” The more clothes you wear, the warmer you will feel.,“the +比较级+of the two”来表示“两个中最”表示两者中较突出者，且比较级后又有名词， 这时的比较级前一定要加定冠词the: Joan is the taller of the two girls.7“more A than B”表示“与其说是B，不如说是A” He is more diligent than clever.,“not+比较级+than”结构，意为“前者不如后者”，表示两者都具有该形容词的属性，但前者不如后者而“no+比较级+than”结构意为“ 和一样不 ”表示两个人都含有与该形容词相反的属性His English is not better than mine. 他的英语不如我的英语好。His English is no better than mine. 他的英语同我的英语一样不好。(即一样差)You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细。You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细。(即一样粗心),(1) 比较的对象必须是属于同一性质(范畴)内的人或物: 误The weather of Shanghai is finer than Beijing. 这句表达的是上海的天气与北京相比，比较对象不一致。应改为： The weather of Shanghai is finer than that of Beijing.,使用比较级要注意的几点,(2) 要避免比较级中自身与自身比较。如: 误Joan studies harder than any student in her class. Joan属于any student中的一位，没有排除自身比较。应改为: Joan studies harder than any other student in her class. Joan studies harder than any of the other students in her class. Joan studies harder than anyone else in her class.上述三个正确的句子可分别用下列结构表示: any other+单数可数名词 比较级 + than + any of the other+复数可数名词 anyone else,使用比较级要注意的几点,但是，不同范围的同类人或物进行比较时，则than引导的从句中不用other。 如:China is larger than any country in Europe.China is larger than any other country in Asia.(3) 要避免重复比较。如: 误 Mary runs more faster than Lucy.more是many/ much的比较级，它只能构成比较级而不能修饰比较级, 应改为: Mary runs faster than Lucy.,使用比较级要注意的几点,The weather in China is different from_. A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America 答案：D. 本题意为中国的天气比美国热。比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。,使用比较级要注意的几点,(1) 倍数+形容词 (或副词)的比较级+than This rope is twice longer than that one. 这根绳子比那根长两倍 这根绳子的长度是那根绳子的三倍(2) 倍数+as+形容词(或much)或副词原级+as This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.(3) 倍数+the size(length, width, height)of This street is four times the length of that one. (4) 主+谓+ junior (senior)+ to He is five years senior to his younger brother.,倍数的表达方式,熟 读 深 思,4比较句型 完成句子(1) Tom works _as_hard_as_(一样努力) Mary. (2) He doesnt read _as/so_clearly_(一样清楚) as she. (3) Bob has read _as_many_books_as_(一样多的书) Mary. (4) Bread is _as_important_food_as_(一样重要的食物) rice. (5) Mary works harder than John(does)(比John勤奋).,熟 读 深 思,(6)She sings far/much_better(好得多) than the others. (7)Toms bike is more_expensive_than_Jims(比Jim的昂贵)(Jims bike). (8)The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai(比上海的气候)(9)He is the_taller(较高的) of the two. (10)There is no_greater_love(最伟大的爱) than that given by parents in the world. (11)Shanghai is one of the biggest cities(最大的城市) in the world.,熟 读 深 思,(12) He is a brightest student(非常聪明的学生). (13) He is the_second_tallest_boy(第二高的男孩) in our class.(14) 我们的新房子是旧房子的3倍大。 Our new house was three_times_as_large_as the old one. Our new house was twice_larger_than the old one. Our new house was three_times_the_size_of the old one.,熟 读 深 思,(15)The_higher the temperature (is), the_greater is the pressure(the greater the pressure is). (温度越高，压力越大。)(16)Our life is getting better_and_better(越来越好). (17)The average cost of one day in a hospital in that country can run as_high_as(高达)$400.,熟 读 深 思,(18)Air is to man what water is to fish.(空气与人的关系如同水和鱼的关系。)(19)Mr. Li is more_than our English teacher. (李先生不只是我们的英语老师。)(20)That little girl is more_tired_than_hungry. 那个小女孩是累了而不是饿了。(与其说那小女孩饿了，还不如说她累了。)(21)You can never_be_careful enough. You can never be too careful.,归 纳 总 结,规则1：(1)原级句型：A与B 相同/不同：as as，the same as, such as，not as (so)as如：(1)、(2)。 “asas”可用almost, quite, just, about, nearly, twice, by no means(根本不)修饰，置于“asas”之前。(2) so用以替代第一个as时，只能用于否定句。(3) as much不可数名词as，而as many可数名词复数as，如：(3)。(4) as adj. 不定冠词可数名词单数as，as adj.不可数名词as，如：(4)。,归 纳 总 结,(3)常见的比喻结构有：as free as a bird，as hungry as a wolf，as strong as a horse，as clever as a fox，as busy as a bee等等。(4)as long as 只要；有之久as far as 到(地点)；就而言as high as 高达(程度)as well as 既又as good as 和一样好，几乎，如：(17)。(5)A is to B what C is to D. A 和B 的关系就像C和D的关系，如：(18)。,归 纳 总 结,【注意】(1)more than可译为“不只是，不仅仅是”；more than 意为“是而不是