呼吸系统(PPT课件)

1,呼 吸 系 统 The Respiratory System,李佳楣人体解剖学教研室,2,3,一、组成呼吸道 respiratory tract：传送气体肺 lung：气体交换,鼻nose咽pharynx 喉larynx 气管trachea支气管bronchi,概 述,上呼吸道,下呼吸道,4,概 述,二、功能 气体交换与嗅觉和发音功能有关,5,外鼻external nose鼻腔nasal cavity 鼻旁窦paranasal sinus,第一节 呼吸道,呼吸道起始部嗅觉和发音的器官,鼻nose,6,外鼻external nose鼻根root鼻背back鼻尖apex of nose鼻翼alae nasi,7,被鼻中隔分为左、右鼻腔 每侧鼻腔开口：鼻孔、鼻后孔,鼻腔nasal cavity,鼻孔Naris,鼻后孔Choana,鼻前庭nasal vestibule,鼻中隔nasal septum,8,鼻腔内侧壁：鼻中隔nasal septum,筛骨ethmoid bone,犁骨vomer,鼻中隔nasal septum,9,鼻腔外侧壁 上/中/下鼻甲superior / middle / inferior nasal concha 上/中/下鼻道superior / middle / inferior nasal meatus 蝶筛隐窝sphenoethmoidal recess,10,鼻腔外侧壁,半月裂孔semilunar hiatus,筛漏斗ethmoidal infundibulum,筛泡ethmoidal bulb,11,鼻粘膜nasal mucous membrane,嗅区olfactory region呼吸区respiratory region,位于固有鼻腔上部富含嗅细胞嗅觉功能,位于固有鼻腔其余部位富含腺体和血管对空气加温加湿,12,鼻旁窦paranasal sinuses鼻腔周围颅骨内的开口于鼻腔的含气空腔左右成对分布：额窦、筛窦、蝶窦、上颌窦功能：减轻颅骨重量、发音共鸣、对空气加温加湿,13,筛窦Ethmoidal sinus:前、中组开口于中鼻道后组开口于上鼻道,上颌窦Maxillary sinus：开口于中鼻道半月裂孔,额窦Frontal sinus ：开口于中鼻道筛漏斗,14,筛窦Ethmoidal sinus:前、中组开口于中鼻道后组开口于上鼻道,筛窦Ethmoidal sinus:前、中组开口于中鼻道后组开口于上鼻道,蝶窦Sphenoidal sinus:开口于蝶筛隐窝,额窦Frontal sinus:开口于中鼻道筛漏斗,上颌窦Maxillary sinus：开口于中鼻道半月裂孔,15,呼吸系统和消化系统的共用通道,咽Pharynx,16,位于颈部，喉咽前方连通喉咽与气管功能：呼吸、发音,喉Larynx,喉软骨喉的连结喉肌喉腔,17,18,喉软骨laryngeal cartilages,甲状软骨thyroid cartilage,会厌软骨epiglottic cartilage,杓状软骨arytenoid cartilage,环状软骨cricoid cartilage,19,上角 superior cornu上切迹superior notch喉结laryngeal prominence前角anterior horn 下角Inferior cornu,甲状软骨thyroid cartilage,20,会厌软骨epiglottic cartilage 会厌epiglottis (防止食物落入喉腔),21,杓状软骨Arytenoid cartilage 声带突 vocal process 肌突muscular process环状软骨Cricoid cartilage 环状软骨板lamina of cricoid cartilage 环状软骨弓arch of cricoid cartilage 平第 6 颈椎,22,声门glottis,环杓关节cricoarytenoid joint:使声门开大或缩小,喉的关节,23,环甲关节cricothyroid joint：使声带紧张或松弛,喉的关节,24,喉的韧带和结缔组织膜弹性圆锥conus elasticus方形膜quadrangular membrane甲状舌骨膜thyrohyoid membrane环状软骨气管韧带cricotracheal ligament,25,弹性圆锥conus elasticus上缘游离，形成声韧带前部增厚，形成环甲正中韧带,26,方形膜quadrangular membrane下缘游离，形成前庭韧带,27,甲状舌骨膜Thyrohyoid membrane,环状软骨气管韧带cricotracheal ligament,28,喉肌 Muscles of larynx环甲肌Cricothyroid muscle 紧张声带甲杓肌Thyroarytenoid muscle 松弛声带环杓侧肌Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle 关闭声门环杓后肌Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle 开大声门、紧张声带,29,喉腔 laryngeal cavity,内面贴附喉粘膜，与咽和气管 的粘膜相连续喉口由会厌上缘、杓会厌襞 和杓间切迹围成,喉口 inlet of larynx,30,前庭襞 vestibular fold前庭裂 rima vestibuli声襞 vocal fold 声门裂 fissure of glottis (喉腔中最狭窄的部位),声带vocal cord：声襞+声韧带+声带肌,声门裂,31,32,声门 glottis,33,喉前庭laryngeal vestibule喉中间腔intermedial cavity of larynx声门下腔infraglottic cavity,喉腔的分部,喉室ventricles of larynx,34,气管trachea,前后略扁的圆筒形管道由16-20个“C”形气管软骨环构成位于食管前方起于环状软骨下缘，至胸骨角平面分部：颈部和胸部,35,36,气管隆嵴carina of trachea,左主支气管,右主支气管,气管杈bifurcation of trachea,37,膜壁membranous wall,38,右主支气管right principal bronchus 粗短走向垂直,支气管Bronchi,左主支气管 left principal bronchus 细 长 走向水平,39,40,41,第二节 肺,位置胸腔内膈上方纵隔两侧毗邻心脏和肝脏,42,形态:一尖、一底、二面、三缘肺尖apex of lung 高出锁骨内侧1/3上方2.5cm肺底base of lung(膈面diaphragmatic surface) 肋面costal surface,43,内侧面medial surface(纵隔面mediastinal surface)肺门hilum of lung肺根root of lung,肺纵隔面中部的椭圆形凹陷肺动脉、肺静脉、支气管、 神经和淋巴管进出肺的部位,进出肺门的结构被结缔组织 包绕成束,44,三缘前缘anterior border 心切迹cardiac notch of left lung 左肺小舌lingula of left lung下缘inferior border后缘posterior border分叶左肺分上、下二叶 superior and inferior lobes 右肺分上、中、下三叶 superior，middle，inferior lobes,斜裂oblique fissure,水平裂horizontal fissure,45,46,第三节 胸膜pleura透明的浆膜复盖在肺表面、胸壁内面、纵隔侧面和膈肌上面 脏胸膜(肺胸膜)胸膜的分部 壁胸膜,Visceral pleura,Parietal pleura,47,脏胸膜(肺胸膜),壁胸膜,48,壁胸膜,壁胸膜,膈胸膜diaphragmatic pleura肋胸膜costal pleura纵隔胸膜mediastinal pleura胸膜顶cupula of pleura,49,胸膜腔pleural cavity 脏