最新初中英语语法梳理和重点句型

1、.名词含义：表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。一、名词的分类类别意义表示具体的人名、 事物、国家、专有名词地名、机构、团体等的专有名名称可个体表示单个人的人或事物数名词名集合表示一群人或一些事物的总普名词称词通不物质表示无法分为个体的物质名名词词可词数抽象名表示抽象概念的词名词词例词jim , china, qingdao, theuk,the great wallgirl,student,factory,desk, cat , country people, police, team, clothes, group, crew water, ice, pork, cheese,

2、 cotton, broccolifun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care注： 1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“ the，”但它不大写。3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且意思上也有了变化。eg： beer -a beer 一杯啤酒work- a work工厂，著作glass-a glass一个玻璃杯room 空间 -a room 一个房间二、名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。可数名词有单、复数两种形式：

3、可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加 “a或 an”；复数形式是在名词后加 “-s 或 -es”。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种1、可数名词的规则变化：当名词为：词尾变化例词一般情况chips,jeeps, pats , clocks加 sboys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers以 s,x,ch,sh 结加 eswatches, boxes, classes, brushes尾的单词以字母 o 结尾加 s 或 eszoos, photos, bamboos,的单词tomatoes, potatoes, heroes,以辅音字母 +y去 y 变 idictionarie

4、s, strawberries,结尾的单词加 es去 f 或 fe以 f 或 fe 结尾变 v加leaves, wives, halves的单词es以 th 结尾的词加 smouths, paths; months, deaths2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母;.eg. man-men, woman women, tooth teeth, foot feet, mouse-mice 复数同形eg. chinese-chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep, 由 man 和 woman 构成的合成 , 每个名 都要 复数eg.

5、 a man doctor men doctors, a woman teacher-women teachers注: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分 , 在使用时只有复数形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数 ( 其后的谓语动词要用单数).eg. maths , physics, politics, news3. 不可数名 ： 表示不能 算数目的人或物， 称 不可数名 。 他 前面不能用 a/an,没有复数形式。物 名 和抽象名 都属于不可数名 。不可数名 一般只有 数形式, 但有

6、其特殊用法 :(1) 同一个 , 成复数形式 , 意 不同。 eg. food 食物 - foods 各种食物， time 时间 - times 代， green 色 -greens 青菜(2) 有些不可数名 用复数代指具体的事物eg. hope -hopes 希望hardship - hardships 苦(3) 物 名 在表示数量 ,常用某个量 +of 来表示eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice 三、名 的所有格名 的所有格是表示名 之 的所有关系 ,有两种表示形式 , 一种是在名 后 +s；另一种是用

7、of, 表示 “的”。1. (1)一般 的所有格 , 直接在 尾加s。 eg. mr. mott s robot, children s clothes(2)以 s 尾的名 所有格只在 尾加。eg. teachers books(3) 两人共有的物体 , 在第二个名 后 + s;如果分 是两人所有 , 在每个名 后面 加 s。 eg. lucy and lilys room指.两(人共住一个房 )mrs green s and mrsbrown s son.指(两人各自的儿子)(4) 表示某具体 所 , 所有格后面的名 可省略eg. the doctor s (office)mr. white

8、s2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短 来表示所属关系。eg. the wall of the classroom ， a picture of the bedroom ，(2) 名 的的定 ,有生命的事物也可用 of 短 表示。 eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man(4)双重所有格 eg. a friend of his,the big nose of toms(5)有些表示 、距离、国家、城市等无生命的 西的名 ，也可以加s来构成所有格。eg. ten minutes walk, today s newspaper例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1

9、.they got much _ from those new books.a. ideasb. photosc. news d. stories解析 : much是用来修 不可数名 的 , a b d三个 均是可是名 的复数形式, c 项为不可数名 ,因此 c.2.i have two _ and three bottles of _ here.a. orange, orangeb. oranges, orangesc. oranges, oranged. orange, oranges;.解析 : orange 有两种含义 , 一种可数名词橘子 , 另一种是不可数名词橘汁 , 此题第一空应

10、填可数名词 , 第二空填不可数名词 , 因此选 c。3. every evening m r. king takes a _ tohis home .a. 25 minutes walkb. 25 minute s walkc. 25 minute walkd. 25 minutes walk解析 : 句中的minute 应该用其复数的所有格形式,只 +,而不能 +s,因此选 a 。4. an old _ wants to see you.a. peopleb. personc. the peopled. the person解析 : person 与 people 都有 ”人 ” 的意思 ,

11、 但用法不同 .“个人一 ”用 “a person ”,“两个人 ” 用 “ two persons ” ; people泛指 “人们 ”是集合名词 ,表示复数 , the people 指 “人民 ” , a people 指 “一个民族 ” .应选 b 。5. help yourself to _.a. chickens and applesb. chickens and applec. chicken and appled. chicken and apples解析 : chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡, 用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉 ;apple 为可数名词 , 故

12、应 +s, 因此选 d。6. oh, dear. i forgot the two _.a. room s numberb. rooms numberc. room numbersd. rooms numbers解析 : room number 房间号码 . room 可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词. 类似的还有myphsics teacher,two bus drivers 等 .应选 c。7. she has been in tianjin for ten years. tianjin has become her second _.a. familyb. housec. homed. ro

13、om解析 : family 指的是家庭或是家庭成员 ; house 指的是房子 (住所 ); room 指的是房间 ;而 home 指的是家 , 因此选 c.8. _ mothers couldn t go to the meeting, because they have gone to shanghai .a. mary and peter sb. mary and peterc. mary s and peterd. mary s and peters解析 : 此句中“mothers是”复数 ,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选d。9. li lei has been to _ many t

14、imes this month.a. her uncleb. her uncle s c. her unclesd. aunt s解析 : 此句意为 “李雷这个去她舅舅家多次 ”.表示具体场所时 , 可省去所有格后面的名词 . 因此选 b。10. he is a success as a leader but he hasn t _ in teaching.a. many experiencesb. much experiencec. an experienced. a lot experience解析 : experience 作 “经验 ” 讲时是不可数名词 , 作 “经历 ”讲时是可数名

15、词 . 本句中应理解为 “经验 ”,因此是不可数名词 ,排除 a c. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句 , 不用于否定句 , 因此选 b 。11. a classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago.a. youb. yourc. your sisterd. your sisters解析 : 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选 d。12. a group of _ are talking with two _.a. frenchmen, germansb. germans ,frenchmansc. frenchman

16、s , germend. germen , frenchmen;.解析 :frenchman 是复合 ,其复数形式 frenchmen; german 的复数 直接在 末尾+s, 应选 a.13.the team _having a meeting .a. isb. arec. amd. be解析 : team 是一个集合名 ,即可表示复数意 (指整个小 ) , 也可指小 中的成 (表示复数), 此 意 后者 , 因此 b。14.“ would you like _?“”, please.”a. drink, three coffeesb. a cup of drink, coffeesc.

17、a drink, a coffeed. a drink, three cups of coffees解析 : drink 和 coffee 是不可数名 , 可以用 of 来表示数量 , eg, three cups of coffee, 当前面加 a 时 , 表示 “一杯 ”因此 c。15. the great wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men.a.earth and stone, millions ofb. earths and stones, millionsc. the earth and

18、 stone, million ofd. the earths and stones, millions解析： earth 是不可数名 ，因此 除b d, 数以百万的 millions of .因此 a 。练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！ 最佳答案：1 last night, there was a food accident. the _ were ill, but no _ were lost.a. child, livesb. children, lifec. children, livesd. child, life2. -this is a photo of _ when they

19、 were young.-ok, how happy they both looked!a. my father and motherb. my mother and fathersc. my mothers and fathersd.my fathers and my mother3. the new student is in _ , grade two.a. class thirdb. third classc. class threed. three classth4. today is september 10 . its _ day. lets go and buy some fl

20、owers for our teachers.a. teachersb. teachersc. the teachersd. teachers5. the market isnt far from here. its only _ bicycle ride.a.half an hoursb. half an hoursc. half an hourd. an hour and a half6. - what would you like to drink, girls?- _, please.a.two cup of coffeeb. two cups of coffec. two cups

21、of coffeed. two cups of coffees7.during christmas, people get together and sing christmas songs for _.a. funb. wishesc. interestd. thanks8.some _ are flying kites near the river.a. childb. boyc. boysd. childs9.after the exam, well have_ holiday.a. two weeksb. two-weeksc. two weeksd. two weeks10. the

22、y are those _ bags.please put them on the bus.a. visitorb. visitorsc. visitorsd. visitors;.11.- how many workers are there in your factory?- there are two _.a. hundredsb. hundredc. hundred ofd. hundreds of12. -what do you think of the _ the moonlight sonata by beethoven?- it sounds really wonderful.

23、a. subjectb. musicc. bookd. animal13. there is not enough _ in the corner for the fridge.a. placeb. roomc. fieldd. ground14. _ comes from sheep and some people like eating ita. woolb. porkc. muttond. milk15. if you dont take more _, youll get fat.a. medicineb. lessonsc. photosd. exercise16. my schoo

24、l is about twenty _ walk from here.a. minuteb. minutesc. minutessd. minutes17. mum, i have _ to tell you!a. a good newsb. some good newsc. some good newesd. much good news18. which is the _ to the post office?a. streetb. wayc. roadd. address19. i stayed at _ last sunday.a. my unclesb. my unclesc. my

25、 unclesd. my uncles family20. maths _ not easy to learn.a. areb. isc. amd. were1-5cbcbb6-10 caccd11-15 abbcd16-20 bbbcb冠词冠词分为不定冠词 (a, an )和定冠词(the)一、不定冠词的用法1) 用与可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类：例如：she is a girl.pass me an apple , please.2) 、指某人或某物 ,但不具体说明何人或何物。例如：a boy is waiting for you we work six days a wee

26、k.3). 表示“一 ”这个数量 ,但数的概念没有one 强烈 .例如 :we are going to have an english lesson tomorrow.i have a mouth , a nose, two eyes and two ears.4). 用于某些固定的词组中.例如 :a few, a little, a lot of注: 用 a 还是 an, 要看后面的词读音以辅音开头还是以元音开头.二、定冠词的用法1) 特指某 (些 )人或某 ( 些)物 .例如 : the photo of the boy2) 指双方都知道的人或物 .例如 :-where are the

27、new books, jim?- they are on the small table.;.3) 指上文提过的人或物 .例如 : today he is making a machine.he wants to ride the machine like a bike and fly it like a plane.4). 用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如 :the sun is bigger than the moon.5). 用在序数词或形容词最高级前.例如 :the first truck is carrying a few baskets.the third one is carry

28、ing the fewest of all.6). 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前 .例如 :the great wallthe north street hospital7). 用在一些习惯用语中.例如 :in the morning (afternoon, evening),on the left(right)at the end of三、不用冠词的情况1）在专有名词前和不可数名词前。例如：china, grade two, bill smith, milk2）名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词。例如：the letter is in

29、 her pocket.i think the shop is closed at this time of day.3）复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如：my father and mother are teachers.i like cakes.4）在星期、月份、季节、节日前。例如：it is sunday (monday, tuesday, etc.)today is mid-autumn day.it is cold in winter.5）在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如：uncle wang likes making things.what colour are mrs green

30、 s shoes?6）在三餐饭和球类运动的名称前。例如：he went to school after breakfast.can you play basketball?注：在某些固定词组中，如：at home, by bus, go to school 等的名词前不用冠词。例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1. _ milk is food. _ milk in this cup has gone bad.2. -do you like playing _ football?-yes. but i have only _ basketball.3. do you know _girl on

31、_another side of _ lake?4.there s _ “ u” and _“ s” in _work“ use ”.5.she says _animals cant s live without _air, either.;.6. his father, who is _honest man, is teaching in _ university.7. which is heavier, _elephant or _ horse?8. _ cold wind was blowing from the north.9. he is always ready to help _

32、 old and _ young.10. _ greens are traveling in _ south china.11. although _ most of us like to drink beer, those who drink _most are _least healthy.12.xiaomei saw _ interesting film last night. _ film was about _ kind doctor.13. you can have _ second try if you fail _ first time.14. tom went to _ sc

33、hool as usual, but he didn knowt his father went to_school for a parent meeting.15. _ knowledge begins with _ practice.解析： /, the (milk 是物质名词，一般不用冠词，但后面加上一个定语in the cup 后，使其成为特指，所以需要用定冠词the.)2. / , the (球类运动前不用the ;指一个物体要用不定冠词a )3. the,/, the ( 特指这个女孩用the;名词前已有定语 another;)4. a, an, the ( “ u”发音以辅音开头

34、所以用a; “ s发”音以元音开头所以用an;特指这个单词用the)5. /,/ ( 泛指动物所以不用任何冠词; air 不可数名词，其前一般不用冠词)6. an, the ( honest 发音以元音开头，故用an, 在大学里为 in the university)7. an, a 或 the ,the ( 不定冠词 a , an 和 定冠词 the 与名词单数连用表示种类)8. a (物质名词 coffee, food, tea, fog, rain, snow, wind 等，在表示“一种 ”或 “一场 ”的意义时，前面要加不定冠词。9. the, the ( 形容词前加定冠词，表示一类

35、人)10. the ,/ ( 姓氏的复数前加定冠词the 表示一家人；在华南是in south china)11. /, the, the ( most 当大多数讲时前面不用the；后两空均为形容词的最高级，前面要加the)12. a, the, a ( 第一空和第三空都指一个事物，第二空是特指前面提到的电影)13. a, the (a second try 指的是第二次 )14./, the (go to school 去上学，go to the school 去那所学校 )15./,/ (具有单纯意义的物质名词或抽象名词前，一般不用冠词)练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！一、在空白处填入a

36、 / an 或 the。1. -mum, what shall we have for _dinner?-dumplings.-oh, what _ wonderful dinner! i enjoy it very much.2. _ pla was founded on _august 1 st,19273. _ kings came to us at _ noon.4. the scientists from _ united states live in _ ninth street.5.the doctor to him,“ take _ medicine twice _dayin.

37、 staybed andyou ll be better soon.”6.september 10th is _ teachers day.;.7. mr black arrived here on _ tuesday morning.8. there are four seasons in _year. _ first season is spring. it is _ best one of _ four.9. some people have been to _moon, in _ spaceship.10. _ china is _ old country with _ long hi

38、story答案1. /, a 2. the, / 3.the , /4. the, the5. the, a, /6. /7. /8. a, the ,the , the 9.the, /10./,an,/ a二、选择填空：a. /b. ac. and. the1. they are living _happy life now.2. _bag on _desk is mine.3. there is _empty box on the table.4.do you like _music of the film“ titanic”?5. on _saturday, i stay in _be

39、d till 12:00.6. _browns have been to china twice.7. don t make any noise in _class.8. this is such _interesting story that you must listen to it.9. next week they will go to australia by _air.10. which is bigger, _sun or _moon?key: 1-5 bdcda6-10 dacad三、在空白处填入a / an 或 the。1. this morning i bought _ n

40、ewspaper and _ magazine. _ newspaper is in my bag but i don t know where i put _ magazine.2. i saw _ accident this morning. _ car crashed into _ tree. _ driver of_ car wasn t hurt but _ car was badly damaged.3. there are two cars parked outside: _ blue one and _ grey one. _ blue one ismy neighbour s

41、; i don t know who _ owner of _ grey one is.4. my friends live in _ old house in _ small village. there is _ beautiful garden behind _ house. i would like to have _ garden like that.1 a ,a, the the2.an, a, a, the ,the, the3. a, a, the the, the4. an, a, a, the, a代词一、代词的分类英语中常把代词分为人称代词、无主代词、 反身代词、 指示代

42、词、 疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词和相互代词。二、代词的用法1 人称代词：人称代词是指人的代词，有性、数、格的区别。表示“我 ” 你“” 他“” 我“们” 你“们 ” 他“们 ”。请看下表：数单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格人 称第一人称wemeweus第二人称youyouyouyou;.hehim第三人称shehertheythemitit(1) 人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如：she is my english teacher.(2) 宾格在句中作宾语。例如： they don t want me to go there alone. don t worry. i can look after

43、her.(3) 宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。例如：- who s that?- it s me.注意：人称代词we, you, they 可以用来表示一般人。例如：you cannot go into the hall with slippers.不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。人称代的主格作表语，一般都在正中的谈话中，表示强调。例如：it was he who took away the necklace.是他拿走了那条项链。人称代词she 可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。例如：the ship is leaving. she s on her first trip to 轮boston船要起

44、.航了。这时她第一次去波士顿。we love our country, we hope she ll be stronger and stronger我们热爱.我们的祖国，我们希望她越来越强大。 it 作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。例如：it is about 10 kilometres from here.离这儿大约有10 公里。 it 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语，来代替由不定式，动词的 -ing, 形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语，以避免句子头重脚轻。例如：it is not easy to learn english well.it is good for you

45、 taking a walk after supper.i found it difficult to sleep.英语里当主语是并列的几个人时，人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同，i 在最后，you 在最前；但是，当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反，i 在最前，you 在最后。例如：you, he and i are all the winners.i, li lei and you are wrong. we should do more for the project.2物主代词：表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。词 义我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他

46、 /她 /类 型它们的形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名 词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs（1）形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语，后面跟名词。例如：to our surprise, he has passed the exam.(2) 名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如：may i use your bike? mine is at school.(作主语 )whose glasses are these? they are hers.( 作表语 )my dic

47、tionary is lost. can i use yours?(作宾语 )(3) 名词性物主代词可以与of 连用，作定语。例如： a friend of ours are waiting for us.3反身带词：用来表示“某人自己 ”的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示：;.词我 (们 )自己你 (们 )自己他/ 她/ 它 自 己 / 他 们 自 己义单 数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复 数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves（ 1）反身代 在句中常用 ,主 或 的同位 。例如：her sister is too young to dress herself. ( 作 )he himself is always making such mistakes. ( 主 同位 )you d better ask your wife herself. 宾( 同位 )(2) 反身代 可与其他 构成固定搭配，例如：make onese