句子的成分与种类(完整课件).ppt

1、句子的成分与种类,句子的种类（一）,句子按结构分可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）。例如： He likes swimming and often swims in the river. 并列句由并列连词把两个或两个以上简单句连在一起构成。例如： I learn English and he learns French. 复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。例如： It was raining hard when I got home yesterday.,句子按功能分可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 陈述句用来说明一件事实或表

2、达一种看法； 疑问句用来提出问题； 祈使句用来发出请求或命令； 感叹句用来表达强烈的感情。,句子的种类（二）,句子的成分 句子一般可以分为几个部分，每一个部分在句子中具有一定的功能，称为句子的成分。句子的成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补语、定语和状语。 1主语是一个句子的中心，主语的位置一般在句首。 2谓语动词说明主语的动作与状态，一般在主语之后。 3表语位置在连系动词之后，说明主语的身份、特征和状态。 4宾语表示动作的对象，即动作的承受者，一般放在及物动词后。 5补语补充说明宾语或主语的特征或状态. 6定语修饰名词、代词 7状语修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句。,主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动

3、词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。 完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。,基本句子成分,附属成分,附属成分是基本成分的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。,简单句的五种基本句型,1.主语 不及物动词 （ S + Vi ） 2.主语 及物动词 宾语 ( S + Vt + O) 3.主语 系动词 表 (S + LV + predicative) 4.主语双宾动词+间宾+直宾 (S +Vt +O.i+O. d) 5.主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 (S + Vt. + O +

4、 O. c),基本句型 一 +（主谓） 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,基本句型 二 + +（主系表） 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, feel,smell,taste,sound等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn,go等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表的作用。其它系动词仍保持其

5、部分词义.,基本句型 三 + +（主谓宾） 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,基本句型 四 + +OI +d（主谓间宾直宾） 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。,基本句型 五 + + +O（主谓宾宾补） 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表

6、达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。,简单句的基本词序,主语 动词部分 宾语 状语 （谓语） （方式地点时间） I bought a hat yesterday. The children ran home. The taxi driver shouted at me angrily. We ate our meal in silence. The car stopped suddenly. A young girl walked confidently in the room. They drove him away in a police car.,附属成分,定

7、语 1.Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby 2.She likes oranges imported from the USA. 3.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations 4.Have you seen the book on the desk? 5.The boy playing over there is my brother. 6.People there like sports.,附属成分,状 语,1.John often came to chat with

8、 me 2.John likes oranges very much 3.Whenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry 4.Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 5.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday. 6.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. 7.My father worked in this school ten years ago.,祈使句 表示请求、命令、禁止、劝告或建议的句子

9、叫祈使句。祈使句的主语往往省略。其常见的句式结构可归纳为四种基本形式： （1）肯定祈使句； （2）否定祈使句； （3）以Lets开头的祈使句； （4）以助动词do开头的祈使句。,1肯定祈使句。如： Stop talking! Come here in time! 2否定祈使句，即以Dont或Never开头的句子。如： Dont talk in class. Never leave todays work for tomorrow. 3以Lets 或let开头的句子。如： Lets go together. Let him go first. 4以助动词do开头的祈使句，在句中起加强语气的作用，

10、译成“一定，务必”。如： Do come to see me if you have time.,感叹句 含有表示情绪色彩的句子叫感叹句。感叹句的结构通常有三种形式： （1）what引导的感叹句，强调句中的名词； （2）how引导的感叹句，强调句中的形容词或副词； （3）由感情色彩的单词或词组构成的感叹句。,1What引导的感叹句。What+a/an+adj.+n.+主谓结构！（有时主谓结构可省略）。如： What a hot day （it is）! What good advice the teacher gave us! What high buildings （they are）! 2

11、How引导的感叹句。How+adj./adv.+主谓结构！如： How interesting the book is! How hard they are working!,1 .Her doctor said: “_ work so hard” A Stop B Dont C Cant D No 2. Sindy, _ to be here at 8 oclock. A is sure B is sure that C will be sure D be sure 3._ when you cross the road. A Do care B Care C Do be careful D

12、 To be careful 4. _him the secret, will you? A Dont tell B Not to tell C Not telling D No telling 5. _ in bed. Its bad for your eyes. A Not to read B Dont read C Dont to read D Not read,B,D,C,A,B,B,C,B,D,B,6. _ your child. Well look after him. A Not to worry about B Dont worry about C Not worry for

13、D Dont worry with 7.They are very tired. Why _ have a rest? A not they B do not they C dont they D not to 8 -You look rather tired. _ stopping to have a rest? - All right. A Why not B How about C Why not to Dwhy dont 9 _ tell a lie. A Hardly B Not C No D Never 10.Please _ look outside. Look at the b

14、lackboard. A not B dont C arent D cant,11.! You should take this chance to attend it. A.How important conference is it B.How an important conference it is C.What an important conference is it D.What an important conference it is 12. What sport do you like best? Springboard diving(跳板跳水). to dive into

15、 water from high board! A.What a fun is it B.How fun it is C.How a fun is it D.What fun it is 13.for us to surf(冲浪) on the sea in summer! A.What exciting is it B.How exciting is it C.What exciting it is D.How exciting it is,D,D,D,14.he gave that we should take more exercise in our spare time! A.What a good advice B.How a good advice C.What good advice D.How good advice 15.We havent seen each other for many months.! A.What I missed you B.What did I miss you C.How I missed