机械类毕业设计英文翻译

1、襄樊学院毕业设计(论文)英文翻译题 目超声波简介及其应用专 业机械设计制造及其自动化班 级机制0712姓 名刘康学 号07116201指导教师职 称李梅副教授2011年5月25日Introduction and application of ultrasonicUltrasonic is a mechanical waves which frequency above 20,000 Hz. Ultrasonic inspection commonly used in the frequency of 0. 55 MHz. The mechanical waves in the material

2、 spread in a certain speed and directions, acoustic impedance different heterogeneous interfaces such as defect is encountered or the bottom surface of the object being tested, will reflections. This reflection phenomenon can be used to ultrasonic testing , most common is pulse echo testing method t

3、esting , pulse oscillator issued of voltage plus in probe with pressure electric ceramic or quartz chip made of detection components , probe issued of ultrasonic pulse by sound coupled media such as oil or water , entered material and in which spread , encountered defects , part reflection energy al

4、ong original way returns probe , probe will change it in electric pulse , by instrument zoom and display in oscilloscope tubes of screen . Depending on where the flaw echo on the screen and amplitude of reflection wave with artificial defects in a reference block rate compared to defect location and

5、 approximate dimensions. Apart from Echo method, and use another probe to the other side of the workpiece to accept signal penetration method. When use ultrasonic detection the physical properties of materials, also often take advantage of ultrasonic in sound velocity, attenuation and resonance char

6、acteristics of workpiece.Ultrasonic characteristics: 1, ultrasonic beam to focus on a specific direction, along the straight lines in the media, has a good point. 2, ultrasonic wave propagation in the media, attenuation and scattering occurs. 3, ultrasonic wave on the interface of heterogeneous medi

7、a will make reflection, refraction and mode conversion. Using these features, you can get the defective interface from reflected reflection, so as to achieve the purpose of detecting defects. 4, ultrasonic energy is power than sonic. 5, the ultrasonic loss is very small in solid transmission , probe

8、 depth, as occurs in the hetero - interface by ultrasonic phenomena such as reflection, refraction, especially not by gas - solid interface. If the metal air holes, flaws and layer defects such as defects in a gas or a mixture, when defects at the interface of ultrasonic propagation to the metal and

9、 on all or part of the reflection. Reflected ultrasonic probe received, handled through circuits inside the instrument, on the screen of the instrument will show a different height and have a certain pitch waveform.Based on waveform characteristics of determine defect depth, location, and shape of t

10、he workpiece.Non - destructive testing is not damaged parts or raw materials subject to the status of the work, a means of detection of surface and internal quality checks, Nondestructive Testing abbreviations short for NDT. Ultrasonic testing is also called ultrasonic, ultrasonic flaw detector, is

11、a type of non - destructive testing. UT is on industrial ultrasonic testing non - destructive testing methods. Ultrasonic enters objects when a defect is encountered, some sound waves produce reflection, transmit and receive an analysis of the reflected wave, exception can accurately gauge the flaws

12、. And is able to display the location and size of internal defects, determination of material thickness.Advantages of ultrasonic inspection is to detect thickness, high sensitivity, high speed, low cost, is harmless to human body, can be positioned and quantitative defects. Display of ultrasonic det

13、ection on defects are not intuitive, testing of technical difficulty, vulnerable to subjective and objective factors, and inspection results are not easy to hold, ultrasonic testing requirements on the work surface smooth, requiring experienced inspectors to identify defects types, suitable for the

14、part of considerable thickness inspection, ultrasonic inspection has its limitations.Variety of ultrasonic flaw detector, but most widely application of pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector. In general, in uniform material, presence of defect will create material discontinuity, this often acoustic

15、impedance of the discontinuity is inconsistent , by the reflection theorem we know that, in two different acoustic impedance by ultrasonic reflection on the interface of media occurs. Size and interface on both sides of the reflected energy media differences in acoustic impedance and orientation, re

16、lative to the size of the interface. Pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector is designed according to this principle. Most of pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector is a scan, the so-called A-scan display is the way the display of ultrasonic detection in materials is the horizontal coordinate of transm

17、ission time or distance, the ordinate is the amplitude of ultrasonic reflected wave. Such as , in a workpiece in the exists a defects , because defects of exists , between defects and material formed a different media junction surface, interface of sound impedance different , when launch of ultrason

18、ic encountered this interface will occurs reflection , reflection back of energy and probe received it, in monitor screen in the horizontal of must of location on will display out a reflection wave of waveform , horizontal of this location is defects wave in was detection material in the of depth .

19、The reflected wave height and shape of different because of different defects, reflecting the nature of the defectNow is usually on the measured object, human launch industrial materials such as ultrasound, and then use its reflection, Doppler effect, transmission to get the formation of internal in

20、formation and processing of measured object image. Ultrasonic flaw detector which more general Doppler effect method is using ultrasonic in encountered movement of object Shi occurs of more general Doppler frequency moved effect to came the object of movement direction and speed , characteristics ;

21、transmission rule is by analysis ultrasonic penetrating had was measuring object of changes and came object of internal characteristics of , its application currently also is development stage ; ultrasonic flaw detector here main describes of is currently application up to of by reflection method to

22、 gets object internal characteristics information of method. Reflection method is based on ultrasonic in by different sound impedance organization interface will occurs strong reflection of principle work of , as we all know , When sonic from a media spread to another media in the interface will occ

23、urs reflection , and media of differences more large reflection will more large , so we can launch out penetrating force strong , and to line spread of ultrasonic to a object , and on reflection back of ultrasonic for received and under these reflection back of ultrasonic , and range , situation on

24、can judgment out this organization in the contains of various media of size , and distribution situation and various media of comparison differences degree , information which reflection back of ultrasonic of has can reflect out reflection interface away from detection surface of distance , range ca

25、n reflect out media of size , and comparison differences degree , characteristics , ultrasonic flaw detector to judgment out the was measuring object is has exception . In this process involves many aspects of content, including produce, receive, ultrasonic signal conversion and processing. One meth

26、od is through the circuit of ultrasonic excitation signals to crystals such as quartz, lithium sulfate, with the piezoelectric effect, making it resulting in ultrasonic vibration ; receives the reflected ultrasonic waves when the piezoelectric crystals, there will be pressure from the reflected soun

27、d waves and electrical signals and transferred to the signal processing circuit for a series of processing, observation of ultrasonic flaw detector resulting images for people to judge.Types of image processing can be divided into A type display display, M and B type show, C-type display, such as F-

28、type display. Which A type display is will received to of ultrasonic signal processing into waveform image , under waveform of shape can see was measuring object inside is has exception and defects in there , and has more large , ultrasonic flaw detector main for industrial detection ; M type displa

29、y is will a section after fai of processing of detection information by time order expand formation a dimension of space more points movement timing figure , for observation internal is movement state of object , ultrasonic flaw detector as movement of organ , and artery vascular; B type display is

30、will side - by - side many section after fai of processing of detection information group synthesis of second dimension of , and reflect out was measuring object internal fault section of Anatomy image hospital in using of B Super is with this principle do out of , ultrasonic flaw detector for obser

31、vation internal is static of object ; and c type display , and F type display now with was comparison less . Detection of ultrasonic flaw detector can be very accurate, and more convenient, fast compared to other testing methods, nor harmful to detect objects and actions, so welcomed by the people m

32、ore and more popular, has a very broad prospects for development. With the further development of electronic technology and software technology, digital ultrasonic flaw detector there are broad development prospects. Believe in the near future, more advanced new generation of digital intelligent ult

33、rasonic flaw detector will gradually replace traditional analog detector, mainly for image display detector will be widely used in industrial inspection.Ultrasonic characterization of defects is always a difficult problem, still mainly relies on experience and analysis of inspection personnel, and p

34、oor accuracy. Development of the modern discipline of artificial intelligence for the realization of instrument automatic defect characterization offers the potential. Application of pattern recognition technology and expert systems, various characteristics of a large number of known defects input s

35、ample library, to accept the equipment people experience, and after studying with automatic defect characterization capabilities.超声波简介及其应用超声波是频率高于20千赫的机械波。在超声探伤中常用的频率为0.55兆赫。这种机械波在材料中能以一定的速度和方向传播，遇到声阻抗不同的异质界面（如缺陷或被测物件的底面等）就会产生反射。这种反射现象可被用来进行超声波探伤，最常用的是脉冲回波探伤法探伤，脉冲振荡器发出的电压加在探头上（用压电陶瓷或石英晶片制成的探测元件），探头发

36、出的超声波脉冲通过声耦合介质（如机油或水等）进入材料并在其中传播，遇到缺陷后，部分反射能量沿原途径返回探头，探头又将其转变为电脉冲，经仪器放大而显示在示波管的荧光屏上。根据缺陷反射波在荧光屏上的位置和幅度（与参考块中人工缺陷的反射波幅度作比较），即可测定缺陷的位置和大致尺寸。除回波法外，还有用另一探头在工件另一侧接受信号的穿透法。利用超声法检测材料的物理特性时，还经常利用超声波在工件中的声速、衰减和共振等特性。超声波的特点：1、超声波声束能集中在特定的方向上，在介质中沿直线传播，具有良好的指向性。2、超声波在介质中传播过程中，会发生衰减和散射。3、超声波在异种介质的界面上将产生反射、折射和波型

37、转换。利用这些特性，可以获得从缺陷界面反射回来的反射波，从而达到探测缺陷的目的。4、超声波的能量比声波大得多。5、超声波在固体中的传输损失很小，探测深度大，由于超声波在异质界面上会发生反射、折射等现象，尤其是不能通过气体固体界面。如果金属中有气孔、裂纹、分层等缺陷（缺陷中有气体）或夹杂，超声波传播到金属与缺陷的界面处时，就会全部或部分反射。反射回来的超声波被探头接收，通过仪器内部的电路处理，在仪器的荧光屏上就会显示出不同高度和有一定间距的波形。可以根据波形的变化特征判断缺陷在工件中的深度、位置和形状。无损检测是在不损坏工件或原材料工作状态的前提下，对被检验工件的表面和内部质量进行检查的一种检测

38、手段，Nondestructive Testing（缩写NDT）。超声波检测也叫超声检测、超声波探伤，是无损检测的一种。 超声检测(UT）是工业上无损检测的方法之一。超声波进入物体遇到缺陷时，一部分声波会产生反射，发射和接收器可对反射波进行分析，就能异常精确地测出缺陷来并且能显示内部缺陷的位置和大小，测定材料厚度等. 超声波探伤优点是检测厚度大、灵敏度高、速度快、成本低、对人体无害，能对缺陷进行定位和定量。超声波探伤对缺陷的显示不直观，探伤技术难度大，容易受到主客观因素影响，以及探伤结果不便于保存，超声波检测对工作表面要求平滑，要求富有经验的检验人员才能辨别缺陷种类、适合于厚度较大的零件检验，

39、使超声波探伤也具有其局限性。 超声波探伤仪的种类繁多，但脉冲反射式超声波探伤仪应用最广。一般在均匀材料中，缺陷的存在将造成材料不连续，这种不连续往往造成声阻抗的不一致，由反射定理我们知道，超声波在两种不同声阻抗的介质的界面上会发生反射。反射回来的能量的大小与交界面两边介质声阻抗的差异和交界面的取向、大小有关。脉冲反射式超声波探伤仪就是根据这个原理设计的。 脉冲反射式超声波探伤仪大部分都是A扫描式的，所谓A扫描显示方式即显示器的横坐标是超声波在被检测材料中的传播时间或者传播距离，纵坐标是超声波反射波的幅值。譬如，在一个工件中存在一个缺陷，由于缺陷的存在，造成了缺陷和材料之间形成了一个不同介质之间的交界面，交界面之间的声阻抗不同，当发射的超声波遇到这个界面之后就会发生反射，反射回来的能量又被探头接收到，在显示器屏幕中横坐标的一定的位置就会显示出来一个反射波的波形，横坐标的这个位置就是缺陷波在被检测材料中的深度。这个反射波的高度和形状因