《标准英语写作》PPT课件.ppt

1、第六章标准英语写作 提要：本章主要是帮助学生了解英汉的差异，明白自己在写英文时受到汉语哪些干扰，从提高单句的写作能力着手，消灭各种类型的基本错误，从而提高整体的写作能力。 1. 标点错误 2. 用词混淆 3. 搭配问题 4. 漏词 5. 累赘 6. 不一致 7. 不平衡 8. 错位 9. 垂悬 10. 应用定语从句时易犯的错误,虽然通过中学或大学的英语训练，但是许多人写出的文章错误百出，其中包括基本的拼写、用词、时态、句子结构等方面的错误。这些错误的产生主要是因为受到母语的干扰。许多学生不知道英文和中文究竟有什么差别，所以写出来的英文往往是中文式的。本章主要是帮助学生了解英汉的差异，明白自己在

2、写英文时受到汉语哪些干扰，从而消灭各种类型的基本错误。 实践表明，多数学生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。文章无论长短，都是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此，句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚，将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。要提高写作的能力，必须从提高单句的写作能力着手。,6.1 标点错误 英语属印欧语系，汉语属汉藏语系 英语结构紧凑，汉语结构松散。语言学家以“竹节句法”来比喻英语句子，即英语句子是由必不可少的各种连接词衔接而成，宛如节节相连的竹子；而汉语句子则被比喻为“流水句法”，所谓的流水指少用乃至不用连接词仍行文流畅。 英语是形合的，而汉

3、语是意合的，这是中文和英文的最大区别。英语句子中如果少了连接词，如or，but，if，so，because，when，although，in order that，so that等等，所要表达的意思就会支离破碎，而汉语有时即便没有连接词，只从句子本身的意思也可以把概念或关系表达清楚。,例如，中文可以说“一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行”。 而英文要说“An English man who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China” 又比如：“他笑了，我哭了”。英文不能说“He laughed, I cried.” 而要说“

4、He laughed, but I cried.” 这个例子是典型的标点错误，英语语法家称之为comma splices(接合)，翻译成中文就是“串句”。下面我们通过一些练习来提高英文标点符号的使用能力。,（1）采用多种方法，例如增加and或but，使用主从句、分词短语、不定式等改正下面的串句。 a.考试推迟了，上课取消了。 误：The exam was postponed, the class was cancelled. 正：The exam was postponed, and the class was cancelled. As the exam was postponed, the

5、 class was cancelled. b.雨下了整整一夜，天花板开始漏水。 误：It rained all night, the ceiling began to leak. 正：It rained all night, and the ceiling began to leak. The ceiling began to leak because it had rained all night. The night-long rain caused the ceiling to leak.,c.他举起一块石头，石头砸在他的脚上。 误：He lifted a rock, it fell

6、on his feet. 正：He lifted a rock, but it fell on his feet. He lifted a rock only to drop it on his feet. d.售票处排起了长队，所有票子都已售完。 误：Many people lined up at the ticket booth, all the tickets had been sold out. 正：Many people lined up at the ticket booth, but all the tickets had been sold out. Many people l

7、ined up at the ticket booth, though all the tickets had been sold out. Many people lined up at the ticket booth, despite the fact that all the tickets had been sold out.,（2）同样一句话，用了逗号，或者多用了一个逗号，或者逗号的位置不同，意思会完全改变。 a.作者原来的意思是：There were ten chairs in the room. Three of them were broken. The others wer

8、e fine. 下面哪一句最符合原意： (i) The chairs, which were in bad condition, were sent out to be repaired. (ii) The chairs which were in bad condition were sent out to be repaired. (iii) The chairs, which were in bad condition were sent out to be repaired. (iv) The chairs which were in bad condition, were sent

9、out to be repaired. 正确选择应为(ii)。如果选(i)，则意味着所有椅子都坏了。(iii)和(iv)在语法上都不成立。,b. 请指出下面两个句子的意思有什么不同。 (i) Although all their furniture was destroyed when their house burned down, most of Peters records, lectures, and speeches, were saved. 尽管他们的房子被烧毁时，所有的家具都毁坏了，但是彼得大部分的唱片、讲稿和演说稿被保存下来。 (ii) Although all their f

10、urniture was destroyed when their house burned down, most of Peters records, lectures and speeches, were saved. 尽管他们的房子被烧毁时，所有的家具都毁坏了，但是彼得大部分的资料，即讲稿和演说稿被保存下来。,（3）去掉多余的逗号。 a. 误：The rise in crime is attributed to drug abuse, and organized robbery. 正：The rise in crime is attributed to drug abuse and or

11、ganized robbery. b.误：He told me that he hoped to buy a new car, and to sell his old one. 正：He told me that he hoped to buy a new car and to sell his old one. c. 误：His students, listened eagerly, busily taking down his words. 正：His students listened eagerly, busily taking down his words. d. 误：A lette

12、r, that is written in pencil, is difficult to read. 正：A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.,e. 误： Indeed, overpopulation(人口过剩), a problem, most people have only recently begun to recognize, is the main source of the majority of our other ecological(生态学) difficulties. 正：Indeed, ove

13、rpopulation, a problem most people have only recently begun to recognize, is the main source of the majority of our other ecological difficulties. f. 误： Americans, who go to other countries, expecting the same air conditioning, ice water, and private baths, found in hotels in the United States, are

14、often very poor ambassadors. 正：Americans who go to other countries expecting the same air conditioning, ice water, and private baths found in hotels in the United States are often very poor ambassadors.,（4）增添必要的逗号，使句子变得完整。 误：Robert entered the inn and ordered half a loaf of new bread some local butt

15、er some cheese a large onion and a pint of beer. 正：Robert entered the inn and ordered half a loaf of new bread, some local butter, some cheese, a large onion, and a pint of beer. b. 误：He should or rather must attend better to his studies. 正：He should, or rather must, attend better to his studies.,c.

16、 误：The lady was dressed in gray the color of a pigeons feathers. 正：The lady was dressed in gray, the color of a pigeons feathers. d. 误：“I do not know when he will come how he will come with whom he will come or whether he will come at all.” 正：“I do not know when he will come, how he will come, with

17、whom he will come, or whether he will come at all.” e. 误：We do not have tell you the true a very good opinion of him. 正：We do not have, tell you the true, a very good opinion of him.,（5）分号常用在两个或两个以上关系比较密切的分句之间。我们常常可以通过使用分号来代替串句中的逗号，就可以改正串句的错误。 a.误：One moment he was friendly the next he was indiffere

18、nt(漠不关心). 正：One moment he was friendly; the next he was indifferent. b.误：He knew what he wanted however he did not know how to get it. 正：He knew what he wanted; however he did not know how to get it.,c. 误：You must work hard otherwise you will not pass the examination. 正：You must work hard; otherwise

19、 you will not pass the examination. d. 误：There seemed no chance of coming to an agreement therefore it was decided to break off negotiations. 正：There seemed no chance of coming to an agreement; therefore it was decided to break off negotiations.,（6）引号主要用于直接引语，但也可用于书名或用于要引起人们注意的单词或短语上。引号还分双引号和单引号，美国英

20、文一般用双引号。请给序列句子添上引号，同时注意标上其他必要的符号，如逗号、句号、冒号、问号、惊叹号等。 a.误：How do you spell the word Renaissance(复兴) 正：How do you spell the word “Renaissance” ? b. 误：I know he said but I cant wait 正：“I know, ” he said, “but I cant wait. ”,c.误：After the lecture he had but one comment Useless 正：After the lecture he had

21、but one comment: “Useless. ” d. 误：Then addressing(招呼) me she said with enforced calmness My son is ill 正：Then addressing me, she said, with enforced calmness: “My son is ill. ”,（7）请给下列句子添上撇号（省字号）。 a.Too many ands suggest immaturity of style. Too many ands suggest immaturity of style. b.How many As h

22、ave you got in the terminal exams? How many As have you got in the terminal exams? c.Do you see Mr. Jones car over there? Do you see Mr. Jones car over there? d.Congreve seldom crossed his ts, his 7s looked like 9s, and his ands were usually s. Congreve seldom crossed his ts, his 7s looked like 9s,

23、and his ands were usually s.,6.2 用词混淆 英文一些单词极易混淆。有的发音相似，甚至相同，但意义却完全不同；有的拼写大同小异，意思却大相径庭；有的貌似反义词，却是同义词。 （1）英文里有3对词（只有3对），表面上看绝对是反义词，意义上却是同义词。你能从下面6对词中找出这3对词吗？ flammable / inflammable易燃的(同义词) hinge / unhinge 装上铰链 / 取下铰链(反义词) valuable / invaluable 宝贵的(同义词) integrate / disintegrate 集成 / 分解(反义词) furl / un

24、furl 卷起 / 铺开(反义词) ravel / unravel 解开(同义词),（2）下面是一些中国学生经常混淆的单词。请你指出下列各对单词在词义或用法上的差别。 the diseased / the deceased 病人 / 死人 illusion / delusion 幻想 / 错觉 attribute / contribute (把某结果)归因于 / 是(某结果的)部分原因 complement / compliment 补充 / 恭维 council / counsel 委员会 / 忠告 credible / credulous 可信的 / 轻信的,human / humane人

25、的 / 人道的 moral / morale 道德 / 士气 proceed / precede着手；继续进行 / 领先于 principle / principal原则；原理 / 校长；主要的 incident / incidence事件 / 死亡率；影响范围 capital / capitol 首都；资金 / 国会大厦 model / module 模型；模特儿 / 模块；登月舱 drive / driver 驱动(动词)；驱动器 / 驱动器；驱动程序 assemble / assembly 组装；汇编(动词) / 组件；汇编(名词),（3）下面每个句子中都有一个词用错了，请加以纠正 U.

26、 S. laws concerning the sell (sale) and consumption of alcohol may seem very liberal or very constraining to you, depending on your nationality. In the United States, it is illegible (illegal) to purchase alcoholic drinks, including beer and wine, until you reach the age of 21. Laws governing alcoho

27、l can variable (vary) from state to state. For example, it is illegal in some states to walk along the street with an open contain (container) of beer. In some states, alcoholic beverages can be purchased only in special, state-runned (run) stores. Colleges and universities often have policies that

28、refrain (restrict) the consumption of alcoholic beverages on campus.,6.3 搭配问题 英文中有许多动词需要与介词或副词搭配使用，例如come，break，give，take，put等等，如果要列出它们所有的搭配情况，那么可以构成一本厚厚的字典。这里，我们只是希望通过一些练习，引起学生对这种搭配问题的重视。 当我们强调注意动词与介词或副词搭配使用的时候，不要错误地认为所有动词都必须与介词或副词搭配使用。请做下面练习，每句话里都有4个动词，指出哪些动词不需要与介词或副词搭配，哪些动词需要搭配，并把介词或副词写出来。,a. Man

29、y passengers ( criticize; condemn; complain about; find fault with ) the irregular bus services in the city. b.Our teacher ( apologized for; referred to; regretted; explained ) his absence yesterday. c.Nobody is (objecting to; opposing; resisting; interfering with ) the scheme to close down the fact

30、ory. d.The man next door is ( paying for; purchasing; disposing of ; saving up for ) a second-hand car.,e. My room-mate ( insists on; enjoys; persists in; hates ) getting up early. f.His collection of records ( includes; consists of; comprises; covers ) jazz, blues, and raps. g. The opposition inten

31、ds to ( accept; agree to; dissent from; modify ) the new proposal. h. Marys aunt was ( warned about; punished for; advised against; caught ) exceeding the speed limit. i.The man ( depended on; confessed to; considered; specialized in ) stealing for a living.,6.4 漏词 该搭配使用的动词没有使用介词或副词，可以看作是一种漏词现象。除此之外

32、，还表现在许多地方。有的学生写的英文句子，甚至连主语都没有。例如，“讲座后开了个讨论会”被翻译成“After the lecture held a discussion.”正确的说法应该是“After the lecture a discussion was held.” 下面的句子都有漏词现象，请你加以改正。 It is said that a persons childhood years are the most important years in a persons life. I dare say most people agree with the above statement

33、.,In my opinion the most important years in a persons life are those of early adulthood. In this period, a person experiences the most important stages in his life: higher education, love, and marriage. Many things will depend on his education background - what occupation he can take up, how much mo

34、ney he can earn, what kind of life he will lead and so on. Only when they come of age(成年) will they understand the true meaning of life, experience real joys and sorrows, and begin to assume their responsibilities in family and society. Modern science has made it possible for babies to grow healthil

35、y and for people to live longer.,6.5累赘 中文有时为了表达强调或情感等意思，常常将一些句子或字加以重复，或者稍作改变。而英文则比较简洁。请将下面的中英文句子作一个对比： 中文：年轻人应该向老年人学习，老年人也应该向年轻人学习。 英文：The young should learn from the old and vice versa. 中文：我们要学习，学习，再学习。 英文：We must keep studying. 或 We must study persistently. 下面划线的部分表示用词重复，请改进这些句子，使它们变得简洁明了。,a. 原句：T

36、he speaker was the chairman of the Department of Physics of Tulane University. 改为：The speaker was the chairman of Tulane Universitys Department of Physics. b.原句：I offered the tickets to the concert to the students to use on Saturday. 改为：I offered the students tickets to Saturdays concert. c. 原句：Spee

37、ch is silver, and silence is gold. 改为：Speech is silver and silence gold. d.原句：Her hair is light brown, and her eyes are bluish green. 改为：Her hair is light brown and her eyes bluish green.,e.原句：Some lawyers are arrogant(傲慢的), and some lawyers are simply reserved(沉默寡言的). 改为：Some lawyers are arrogant a

38、nd others simply reserved. 原句：For some students beer drinking has become a way of life, and other students drink beer in order to escape. 改为： For some students beer drinking has become a way of life, and for others a means of escape. g. 原句：Go ahead if you think the job suits you and dont go ahead if

39、 you dont think the job suits you. 改为：Go ahead if you think the job suits you and dont if not. h. 原句：Dogs often chase(追赶) cats and cats not usually chase dogs. 改为：Dogs often chase cats and not usually vice versa.,原句： The machine is working when the red light is on and the machine is not working when

40、 the red light is off. 改为：The machine is working when the red light is on and not otherwise. j. 原句：For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. 改为：The diligent and kind people use money only to buy what they need. k. 原句：In spite of the fact

41、 that he is lazy, I like him. 改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him.,6.6 不一致 英文句子的前后呼应是一个重要的问题，表现在主语和谓语、主格和宾格、单数和复数、时态一致等方面。如果出了差错，不仅仅是语法问题，而且很容易造成意思上的误解。例如，people后面跟have是指“人民”，后面跟has，则指的是“民族”。“Each people have its own culture.”由于不注意这个问题，这个句子就让人无法理解。 下面的句子都是用词前后不一致的病句，请加以改正。 a.Once one have (has)

42、money, he can do what he want (wants) (to do). b.Riding the horse was (were) the two girls, Valerie and Therese.,c.She took advantage of anyone or anything who or which (that) could further her career. d. Deciding that they could reach no decision that night, the jury retired to its (their) rooms to

43、 get some sleep. e.The foreman(工头) shouted at both of us, Peter and I (me), before we had a chance to explain. f. It took them one and a half day (days) to complete the work. g.He hurried because he knew his family was (were) waiting for him anxiously.,h. The United States Department of Agriculture

44、supervise (supervises) the quality, cleanness, and purity of meat. i.The term “technology” refers to the discoveries and inventions that help people improve its (their) way of life. j.The ability to retain a mental record of earlier experiences are (is) referred to as memory. k.Every year Colorado i

45、s visited by millions of tourists who come for a variety of reason (reasons).,l.Countries tend to specialize in the production and export of those goods and services that it (they) can produce relatively cheaply. m.Turkey and dressing are (is) a popular dish at Thanks-giving. n.In the new building t

46、here are (is) a library, which has no books, and a music practice room, which has no musical instruments. o.Roy is the only one of our athletes who have (has) won a gold medal. p.This habit, which in itself are (is) harmless, are (is) likely to lead to others that is (are) decidedly harmful.,6.7 不平衡

47、 如果在英文句子中有两个或两个以上的平行成分，那么这些成分应该保持平衡。例如，你想表达下述意思：“她既漂亮，又温柔，还勤俭持家。”在中文中“漂亮”和“温柔”是形容词，而“勤俭持家”却是动词短语。写成英文，最好使用三个平行的形容词：She is pretty, tender, and thrifty(节约的)，而不要像中文那样写成：She is pretty, tender, and manages the household thriftily。,请修改下面的句子，使它们的结构保持平衡。 a. 原句：To swim in a pool is not as much fun as swimmin

48、g in a river. 改为：Swimming in a pool is not as much fun as (swimming) in a river. b. 原句：Knowing how to study and learn to budget time are important to college students. 改为：Knowing how to study and learning how to budget time are important to college students c. 原句：Dentists advise brushing your teeth

49、after every meal and to avoid sugar in your diet. 改为：Dentists advise brushing your teeth after every meal and avoiding sugar in your diet.,d. 原句：My orders said that I was assigned to Alaska and I should leave within two weeks. 改为：My orders said that I was assigned to Alaska and that I should leave w

50、ithin two weeks. e. 原句：We met a Frenchman who had lived in Brazil, but he knew very little about his own country. 改为：We met a Frenchman who had lived in Brazil but who knew very little about his own country. f. 原句：Our instructor suggested several books for supplementary reading and that we should do

51、 research on the subject. 改为：Our instructor suggested that we read several supplementary books and that we should do research on the subject.,6.8 错位 英文句子的每个成分，如主语、谓语、宾语、定语合状语，应在句子中占有正确的位置。如果放错了位置，那么这个句子不仅是个病句，而且很可能造成意思上的误解。中文则不同，词序有较大的灵活性。例如，我不吃羊肉/羊肉我不吃/我羊肉不吃，在中文里面都是正确的，大家都能理解。但是，用英文表达，恐怕只能说 I dont

52、eat mutton，绝对不能说 I mutton dont eat。 a. 误：Ralph Nader has throughout our country become a well known name. 正：Ralph Nader has become a well known name throughout our country.,b. 误：He is prone(倾向于) to whenever he senses a danger to the public speak out(大胆地说) on consumer goods. 正：He is prone to speak ou

53、t on consumer goods whenever he senses a danger to the public. c. 误：Nader thinks that the automobile is both unsafe to the occupants of the car and to the general public. 正：Nader thinks that the automobile is unsafe both to the occupants of the car and to the general public. d. 误：Partly through his

54、efforts safety devices ware installed in cars such as seat belts. 正：Partly through his efforts safety devices such as seat belts ware installed in cars.,e. 误：Naders concern has been the automobile as a major air polluter lately. 正：Naders concern has lately been the automobile as a major air polluter

55、. 或者 Naders recent concern has been the automobile as a major air polluter. f. 误：According to Nader, the technology is available for the production of automobiles that are both efficient and pollution-free now. 正：According to Nader, the technology is available now for the production of automobiles t

56、hat are both efficient and pollution-free.,g. 误：Nader claims that facts are being suppressed about the technology available for improving automobiles by the industry and by the government. 正：Nader claims that facts are being suppressed by the industry and by the government about the technology avail

57、able for improving automobiles. h. 误：Nader says that todays gasoline produce five major pollutants which are labeled “clean”. 正：Nader says that todays gasolines which are labeled “clean” produce five major pollutants. i. 误：I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campu

58、s. 正：I believe I can do it well and I will know the world outside the campus better.,6.9 垂悬 中国人可以这样说：“打了一小时篮球，胳膊都酸了。”英文却不能说：Having played basketball for an hour, my arms began to ache，因为按照英文语法，这个句子会被误解为打篮球的是胳膊，而不是你这个人。这种错误称为悬垂，它是指句首的分词短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清，找不到行为者，只好“晃来晃去”。 请改正下列句子的垂悬错误。 a. 误：At the age o

59、f six months, her father taught her to swim. 正：When she was six months old, her father taught her to swim. b. 误：Going through the red light, the traffic police on duty stopped him. 正：Going through the red light, he was stopped by the traffic police on duty.,c. 误：After three hours of practice, a drink was what the thirsty dancers wanted. 正：Having practiced for three hours, the thirsty dancers wanted a drink. d. 误：Once out of the practice room, the piping music no longer gave him a headache. 正：Once he got out of the practic