高级英语EverydayUse背景资料

1、1,BackgroundofEveryday Use,英语1091 姚莉 胡慧,2,The short story, Black Power Movement,Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968), African Americans, Other movements, American Civil War(1861-1865), origin, slavery, Terms,Story Background,The short story “Everyday Use”, from the collection In Love and Trouble publis

2、hed in 1973, was written during the heyday of the Black Power movement, when African-Americans were trying to gain racial equality and called for self-determination and racial dignity. African-American short stories of this period often dealt with problematic issues like separation, integration and

3、redefinition of the African American past. Blacks were seeking their cultural roots in Africa, the slogan “Black is beautiful” and the Afro hair style arose. Everyday Use is Alice Walkers answer to the social discourse of that time, especially concerning the African American concept of heritage and

4、identity.,3,1.Written in 1973 and included in the Norton Anthology of Short Fiction（诺顿短篇小说集）. 2.One of the best-written short stories by Alice Walker, describing three women. 3.The mother is a working woman without much education, but not without intelligence or perception. The two daughters from a

5、sharp contrast in every conceivable way: appearance, character, personal experience, etc.,About,the,Story,4,Everyday use, a story addresses itself to the dilemma of African Americans who, in striving to escape prejudice and poverty, risk a terrible deracination（隔离）, a sundering from all that has sus

6、tained and defined them.,About the story,5,Through the title of her short story, Alice Walker conceptually expresses her wariness of the Black Power Movement. During the mid-1960s, young black African Americans proclaimed they would no longer be oppressed by their current lifestyle and began to cele

7、brate African culture by exploiting it for exotic names and ethnic appeal.,About the story,6,7,African-American history starts in the 16th century, with African slaves who quickly rose up against theSpanish explorerLucas Vsquez de Ayllnand progresses to the present day, whenBarack Obamahas been elec

8、ted as the 44thand currentPresident of the United States. African Americansin the United States faced discrimination, segregation, and stereotyping, especially in the Southern and Midwestern United states for decades after theAmerican Civil War.,8,African Americans (also referred to asBlack American

9、sorAfro-Americans, and formerly asAmerican Negros) are citizens or residents of theUnited Statewho have at least partial ancestry from any of the native populations ofSub-Saharan Africaand are the direct descendants ofenslaved Africanswithin the boundaries of the present United States. Most African

10、Americans are ofWest Africandescent. However, some immigrantsfrom African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations or their descendants, may also self-identify with the term. African Americans make up the single largestracial minority in the United States.,9,African Americans,The major

11、ity of African Americans descended from slaves, most of whom were sold into slavery as prisoners of war by African states or kidnapped by African, European or American slave traders. The existing market for slaves in Africa was exploited and expanded by European powers in need of labor for New World

12、 plantations.,10,African slaves,The first African slaves were brought to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. The English settlers treated these captives as indentured servants (契约仆人) and released them after a number of years. This practice was gradually replaced by the system of race-based slavery used in

13、the Caribbean. As servants were freed, they became competition for resources. Additionally, released servants had to be replaced. This, combined with the still ambiguous nature of the social status of Blacks and the difficulty in using any other group of people as forced servants, led to the relegat

14、ion of Blacks into slavery. Massachusetts（马赛诸塞州） was the first colony to legalize slavery in 1641. Other colonies followed suit by passing laws that passed slavery on to the children of slaves and making non-Christian imported servants slaves for life.,11,African slaves,A former slave displays the t

15、elltale criss-cross, keloid（疤肿） scars from being bullwhipped（牛鞭抽打）.,12,南北美洲黑人贩卖情况,13,With the political consciousness that emerged from the political and social ferment of the late 1960s and early 1970s, blacks no longer approved of the term Negro. They believed it had suggestions of a moderate, acc

16、ommodationism (迁就主义), even “Uncle Tom“(逆来顺受的美国黑人) connotation. In this period, a growing number of blacks in the United States, particularly African American youth, celebrated their blackness and their historical and cultural ties with the African continent.,Negro,14,The Black Power Movement defiant

17、ly embracedBlackas a group identifier. It was a term social leaders themselves had repudiated only two decades earlier, but they proclaimed, Black is beautiful. In this same period, a smaller number of people favoredAfro-American, a common shortening (as is Anglo-American). However, after the declin

18、e in popularity of the Afro hairstyle in the late 1970s, the term fell out of use.,Black and Afro-American,15,这是2004年7月2日，一名无家可归的男子躺在纽约街头。,16,这是一名黑人妇女在华盛顿职业介绍会上收集工作介绍材料,17,这是2005年6月10日，一名无家可归的黑人男子在美国东南部的迈阿密南 海滩钻进塑料袋里躲避飓风袭击,这是2005年10月8日，在美国路易斯安那州新奥尔良市波旁大街的一家酒吧外，几名白人警察正在殴打一名老年黑人男子。,18,这是2005年1月28日，一群来

19、自亚洲的青年在美国纽约参加反对当地电台播放“海啸之歌”的抗议活动。当天，数百名亚裔人士、部分纽约州议员、纽 约市议员聚集在位于纽约曼哈顿的“狂热97”广播电台所在地，强烈抗议该台在前一周连续4天播放侮辱海啸灾难遇难者并带有种族歧视内容的“海啸之歌”，要求结束“早晨的琼斯小姐”广播节目并呼吁联邦政府对该电台进行制裁。,19,二战后初期美国南方社会生活,Colored waiting rooms(有色人种候车室) White only-ladies room(仅供白人女洗手间),20,Afro hair style,21,American Civil War,The American Civil

20、War (18611865), known as the war between the States and several other states, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their Secession（脱离联邦） from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy（南方联盟）). It was Led by Jefferson Davis

21、, they fought against the U.S. federal government (the Union), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states.,22,American Civil War,The American Civil War was the deadliest war in American history, causing 620,000 soldier deaths, and an undetermined number of civilian c

22、asualties, ending slavery in the United States, restoring the Union, and strengthening the role of the federal government. The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877, and continue into the 21st century.,23,The Emancipatio

23、n Proclamation（解放奴隶宣言）,Abraham Lincoln,24,The Emancipation Proclamation,TheEmancipation Proclamationis anexecutive orderissued by United States PresidentAbraham Lincolnon January 1, 1863, during theAmerican Civil Warusing his war powers. It proclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nations 4 mill

24、ion slaves, and immediately freed 50,000 of them, with nearly all the rest freed asUnionarmies advanced. The Proclamation did not compensate the owners; it did not make the ex-slaves, called Freedmen, citizens.,25,民权运动（Matin Luther King）,“自由乘车运动”,穷人运动,公共汽车抵制运动,南方基督教领袖会议建立,奥尔巴尼运动,发表了“我有一个梦想”著名演讲,1955

25、年 1957年 1961年,1962年 1963年 1967年,26,The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring voting rights in Southern states. In the last decade of the nineteenth century in th

26、e United States, racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans and other minority groups began to mushroom (增长). This period is sometimes referred to as the nadir of American race relations. Elected, appointed, or hired government authorities began to require or permit

27、discrimination.,Civil Rights Movement,27,Civil Rights Movement,Movement for racial equality in the U.S. that through nonviolent protest, broke the pattern of racial segregation（种族隔离） in the South and achieved equal rights legislation for blacks. Following the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v.

28、Board of Education of Topeka （布朗案）(1954), African American and white supporters attempted to end the entrenched segregationist practices. Using the nonviolent methods of Mohandas K. Gandhi（甘地）, the movement spread, forcing the desegregation of many public facilities.,28,The movement for Black Power

29、in the U.S. came during the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. This was a time when African-Americans were struggling to define their personal identities in cultural terms. African Americans were trying to gain racial equality and called for self-determination and racial dignity.,Black Power Moveme

30、nt,29,Black Power,Not all blacks had been equally impressed with the civil rights movement.MALCOLM X（马尔科姆 艾克斯（美国黑人领袖） ） and the Nation of Islam, for example, felt that racial self-determination was a critical and neglected element of true equality. By the mid-1960s, dissatisfaction with the pace of

31、change was growing among blacks. The term “black power” had been around since the 1950s, but it wasSTOKELY CARMICHAEL, head of theSTUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE(SNCC)（学生非暴力行动协会委员会）, who popularized the term in 1966.,30,Black Power Movement,The Black Power movement did not succeed in getti

32、ng blacks to break away from white society and create a separate society. Nor did it help end discrimination or racism. It did, however, help provide some of the elements that were ultimately necessary for blacks and whites to gain a fuller understanding of each other. The movement generated a number of positive developments. Probably the most noteworthy of these was its influence on black culture. For the first time, blacks in the United States were encouraged to acknowledge their African heritage.,31,Black Power Movement,COLLE