Biol2343-lecture-18得克萨斯生态学课件

Today’sFocus: BehaviorandspeciesinteractionsBehaviorandSpeciesInteractions Ch.51Whatisbehavior?(Pg.1122)WhatanorganismdoesandhowitdoesitWhybehavior?(pg.1122)Behaviorisinfluencedbybothgeneticandenvironmentalfactors(behaviorisanexpressionofgeneticandenvironmentalcues)BehaviorContinuum

GeneticEnvironmentalBehaviorisrarelyjustgeneticorenvironmentalEx.PureSpeciesIndividualsHybridIndividualsWhataboutINNATEbehaviors?(Pg.1123-1124)InnatebehaviorsaredevelopmentallyfixedNotcompletelygenetic,asaphysicalenvironmentisnecessaryforthegenetobeexpressedThekeytoinnatebehaviorsisthattheyareexpressedunderawidevarietyofenvironmentalconditionsexFixedactionpattern–asequenceofbehavioralactsthatisessentiallyunchangeableandusuallycarriedtocompletiononcestarted(Pg.1124)

Signstimulus–anexternalsensorystimulus (cantriggeraFAP)3spinesticklebackResponse!Whybehavior?Behaviorisinfluencedbybothgeneticandenvironmentalfactors(behaviorisanexpressionofgeneticandenvironmentalcues)2) BehaviorisessentialtounderstandingananimalsevolutionandecologicalinteractionsBehaviorisessentialtounderstandingananimalsevolutionandecologicalinteractions (Pg.1057)Thisleadsto…BehavioralEcology–thestudyofhowDarwinianfitnessisinfluencedbybehaviorNikoTinbergen’sworkondiggerwasp’snest-locatingbehavior---

Whyimportant?Tenbergen,vonFrisch,andLorenzwonNobelPrizein1973forworktheydidstartinginthe1930’s.Howcanbehaviorinfluencefitness?MatingSuccess -findingamate -Advertisingonceamateafound -attractivenessandquality -Initiatingcopulation -Continuingcopulationtillsuccessfulfertilization -Post-copulationmateguarding

exSongComplexityMatingSuccess?2)ForagingBehavior -searchimage -searchstrategies OptimalForaging -preycapture considersallthese -preyhandling componentsCOST-BENEFITANALYSIS:

**timecosts(energycosts)investedinsearching,capturing,andconsumingpreyversesthebenefitsofeatingtheprey(energybenefits)

Pg.1128Why?Judgebasedon“apparentsize”>>sizeanddistance!HeightofDrop(m) NumberDrops TotalFlightHeight2 55 1103 13 395 x 6 = 307 5 3515 4 60Actualheight=5.23mCrowsandshellsofMollusksOptimalforaginginaction!!Learning(Pg.1128)Learning–themodificationofbehaviorresultingfromspecificexperiences(Pg.1128)DifferentcallsfordifferentdangersLearningvs.Maturation(Pg.1129)Maturation–ongoingdevelopmentalchangesinneuromuscularsystems

=behaviorchangeswithmaturation,andis notconsideredlearning EX.Birds“learningtofly”????Raisedaloneincaptivity!!??Imprinting–learningthatislimitedtoaspecifictimeperiodinananimal’slifeandthatisgenerallyirreversible.(Pg.1129)Criticalperiod(sensitiveperiod)–alimitedphaseinanindividualanimal’sdevelopmentwhenlearningofparticularbehaviorscantakeplace.exTwotypesoflearninginSongBirdsAssociativelearning(associateonestimuluswithanother)Classicalconditioning–associatinganarbitrarystimuluswitharewardorpunishment(Pavlov’sDog)(Pg.1132)Operantconditioning–associatingone’sownbehaviorswitharewardorpunishmentWhattypeofconditioningisthis?WhathastheCoyotelearned?Whyhas“play”evolved?Whyhas“play”evolved?Survivalskills,socialstructure,andexercise(generalhealth)AnimalCognition,Pg.1133Cognition–theabilityofananimal’snervoussystemtoperceive,store,process,anduseinformationgatheredbysensoryreceptors Pg.1133Somescientistsstudyproblemsolving–e.g.,toolmaking!!MechanismsanimalsuseintheirmovementthroughspaceKinesis–changeinactivityorturningrateasaresultofastimulus

Taxis–movementawayfromortowardastimulusUseoflandmarks-Remember!LANDMARKS!!Learninglandmarks!Ages?MechanismsanimalsuseintheirmovementthroughspaceKinesis–changeinactivityorturningrateasaresultofastimulus

Taxis–movementawayfromortowardastimulusUseoflandmarks–Cognitivemaps–aninternalrepresentation,orcode,ofthespatialrelationshipsamongobjectsinananimal’ssurroundings(ex.Jaysandfoodstorage)Migration–regularmovementoverrelativelylongdistances

Ex.SocialBehaviorandSociobiology(Pg.1137)WhatisSocialBehavior?(Pg.1137)Isanykindofinteractionbetweentwoormoreanimals,usuallyofthesamespeciesWhatisSociobiology?(Pg.1137)ThestudyofsocialbehaviorinanevolutionarycontextTypesofSocialBehavior: 1)Agonisticbehavior–thethreateningandsubmissive behavioroforganismsduringcompetitivecontests

DominancehierarchiesTypesofSocialBehavior: 1)Agonisticbehavior–thethreateningandsubmissive behavioroforganismsduringcompetitivecontests 2)Matingbehavior–behaviorusedtoattract,coerce,and copulatewithanotherindividualofthesamespeciesCourtshipbehaviorWillyoumatewithme?MatingSystems:(Pg.1141)

Monogamous–onemalematingwithonefemale

Polygamous–oneindividualofasexmatingwithmany oftheothersex

Polygyny–onemalematingwithmultiplefemales

Polyandry–onefemalematingwithmultiplemales

Promiscuous–malesandfemalesbothmatewithmultiple partners

Socialinteractionsdependoncommunication. Typesofcommunication: 1)Behavioraldisplays 2)Vocalization 3)Chemical Pheromones–withinspecies Allomones