雅思阅读语法7-名词性从句

从句讲解之一：名词性从句Tra

ce

y名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun

Cla

us

e

s

）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：tha

t、whe

the

r、if不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：wha

t、wha

te

ve

r、who、whoe

ve

r、whom、whos

e、which.连接副词：whe

n、whe

re、how、why不可省略的连词：介词后的连词引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。例如：Tha

t

s

he

wa

s

chos

e

n

ma

de

usve

ry

ha

ppy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。We

he

a

rd

the

ne

ws

tha

t

our

te

a

m

ha

d

won.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。比较：whe

the

r与if均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下，whe

the

r不能被if取代：whe

the

r引导主语从句并在句首引导表语从句whe

the

r从句作介词宾语从句后有"or

not"大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it充当形式主语。例如：It

is

not

importa

nt

who

will

g

o.谁去，这不重要。It

is

s

till

unknown

which

te

a

m

will

win

the

ma

tch.到底谁赢呢，形势尚

不明朗。

一 主语从句 在复合句中充当主语的从句1.tha

t引导主语从句tha

t引导主语从句时不同于其他的连词，既无词义也不作成分，只起单纯的连接作用，且通常不可以省。为了强调tha

t引导的主语从句而置之于句首时，tha

t不可省。①Tha

t

the

drive

r

could

not

control

his

ca

r

wa

s

obvious

.②Tha

t

s

he

wa

s

chos

e

n

ma

de

us

ve

ry

ha

ppy.③Tha

t

he

will

come

is

ce

rta

in.④Tha

t

he

would

ta

ke

the

ris

k

is

true

.⑤Tha

t

he

s

hould

ha

ve

ma

rrie

d

he

r

is

n't

s

urpris

ing

.★通常，tha

t引导主语从句时用it做形式主语，把从句置于句尾，此时tha

t有时可省。例如：①It

wa

s

obvious

tha

t

the

drive

r

could

not

control

his

ca

r.②It

ma

de

us

ve

ry

ha

ppy

tha

t

s

he

wa

s

chos

e

n.③It

is

ce

rta

in

tha

t

he

will

come

.④It

is

true

tha

t

he

would

ta

ke

the

ris

k.⑤It

is

n't

s

urpris

ing

(tha

t)

he

s

hould

ha

ve

ma

rrie

d

he

r.★如果以tha

t从句为主语的句子是疑问句，就只能用先行词it结构。例如：①Is

it

ce

rta

in

tha

t

he

will

come

?②Is

it

true

tha

t

he

would

ta

ke

the

ris

k?▲it做形式主语有以下几种不同的结构：

(1)It+be+形容词+tha

t-从句①It

is

like

ly

tha

t

he

will

come

.②It

is

s

tra

ng

e

tha

t

s

he

ha

s

e

ve

r

trus

te

d

him.③It

is

importa

nt

tha

t

he

(s

hould)

a

tte

nd

the

me

e

ting

.④It

is

be

s

t

tha

t

he

(s

hould)

g

o.此句型在表示惊讶、喜悦、遗憾等感情色彩时，tha

t从句中的谓语动词也常用(s

hould)+v原形。It

is

s

tra

ng

e

tha

t

no

one

s

hould

ha

ve

obje

cte

d

to

the

pla

n.(2)It+be+名词+tha

t-从句It

is

common

knowle

dg

e

tha

t

the

wha

le

is

not

a

fis

h.It's

a

pity

tha

t

he

s

hould

ha

ve

ca

tche

d

the

tra

in.(3)It+be+-e

d分词+tha

t从句It

is

s

a

id

tha

t

he

is

a

fa

mous

write

r.It

is

re

porte

d

tha

t

the

re

will

be

a

s

torm

this

a

fte

rnoon.▲在表示建议、要求、命令等意义的被动结构中，tha

t从句中的谓语动词常用(s

hould)do。（参见虚拟语气部分）It

is

s

ug

g

e

s

te

d

tha

t

the

me

e

ting

(s

hould)

be

he

ld

this

a

fte

rnoon.It

is

de

ma

nde

d

tha

t

he

(s

hould)

le

a

ve

a

t

once

.(4)It+s

e

e

m/ha

ppe

n/a

ppe

a

r等不及物动词+tha

t从句。（look不接tha

t从句，它接to

be结构或形容词）It

s

e

e

ms

tha

t

he

is

wrong

.It

a

ppe

a

rs

tha

t

the

y

a

re

in

urg

e

nt

ne

e

d

of

he

lp.He

looks

(to

be

)

s

urpris

e

d/ha

ppy/s

a

d.whe

the

r引导主语从句，意为“是否”，只起连接作用，不充当任何成分。（置于句首时必须用whe

the

r引导，置于句尾时，间或可用if。）Whe

the

r

he

will

win

the

g

a

me

is

not

cle

a

r.Whe

the

r

he

will

come

is

unce

rta

in.Whe

the

r

s

he

come

s

or

not

doe

s

n't

conce

rn

me

.It

is

not

cle

a

r

whe

the

r/if

he

will

come

.It

wa

s

unce

rta

in

whe

the

r

he

would

come

.连词代词wha

t,who,which,whos

e等引导的主语从句。这些连接代词作用相当于代词，在从句中担当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。Wha

t

we

ne

e

d

is

more

time

.Who

wa

s

re

s

pons

ible

for

the

a

ccide

nt

is

not

ye

t

cle

a

r.Which

s

chool

you

wa

nt

to

g

o

ma

tte

rs

much.连接副词whe

n,whe

re,why,how引导的主语从句。这些连接副词相当于副词，在从句中充当状语。Why

he

did

this

is

not

known.Whe

n

he

will

come

is

s

till

unknown.It

is

not

known

why

he

did

this

.How

he

s

ucce

e

de

d

is

unknown

to

us

.Whe

re

we

s

hould

hold

the

me

e

ting

ne

e

ds

to

be

dis

cus

s

e

d.注意：wh-引导的主语从句也常用it作形式主语。也可用wha

te

ve

r,whoe

ve

r,whome

ve

r,whe

ne

ve

r,whe

re

ve

r等词引导主语从句，表示“无论什么”、“无论谁”、“无论何时”、“无论在（到）哪里”等。Whoe

ve

r

told

you

to

g

ive

up

s

moking

wa

s

quite

rig

ht.Wha

te

ve

r

he

g

a

ve

you

s

hould

be

ha

nde

d

in.Whoe

ve

r

told

you

tha

t

wa

s

lying

.Whoe

ve

r

come

s

is

we

lcome

.翻译练习【练1/2】It

is

often

important

that

you

make

it

clear

what

yourparticular

role

is

at

a

given

time.(剑3，T2，R）【练2/2】It

is

an

unfortunate

fact

that

many

employers

may

preferto

use

the

services

of

children.（剑3，T3，W）二 表语从句 在复合句中充当表语1.tha

t在引导表语从句时无含义，不作成分，通常不省。1)表示事实、真理等的实际内容。

The

fa

ct

is

tha

t

he

is

lying.The

odds

a

re

tha

t

he

will

not

do

it.2

）表示某人的意见、信念等的实际内容。

Our

be

lie

f

is

tha

t

thing

s

will

improve.The

trouble

is

tha

t

we

a

re

s

hort

of

mone

y.whe

the

r引导表语从句（不可用if)。His

firs

t

que

s

tion

wa

s

whe

the

r

Holme

s

ha

d

a

rrive

d

ye

t.The

que

s

tion

is

whe

the

r

pe

oplewill

buy

it.连接代词who,whom,whos

e,wha

t,which引导的表语从句。

This

is

wha

t

I

wa

nt.The

que

s

tion

is

who

ca

n

be

chos

e

n

to

be

ma

na

g

e

r

of

the

compa

ny.My

que

s

tion

is

which

of

the

m

is

be

tte

r.连接副词whe

n,whe

re,why,how引导的表语从句。The

proble

m

s

e

e

me

d

how

we

could

ma

ke

him

unde

rs

ta

nd

it.The

que

s

tion

is

whe

re

we

s

hould

g

o.a

s

if,a

s

thoug

h引导的表语从句（常用虚拟语气）。He

looks

a

s

if

he

we

re

a

ng

ry.It

looks

a

s

if

it's

g

oing

to

ra

in.翻译练习【练1/3】中国教育的最大变化就是，已经有更多的人可以接受教育。（剑3,T1,S）【练2/3】早上学的另一个好处是孩子在社交方面发展更快。（剑4，G,TB,W）【练3/3】我的观点是年轻人应该受到鼓励，去开阔视野。（剑5，T2，W）Ke

y

sThe

biggest

change

in

education

in

China

is

that

moreand

more

people

can

get/r

eceive

the

education.Another

advantage

of

going

to

school

at

an

early

age

is

that

children

develop

faster

socially.My

view/idea

/opinion/point

is

that

young

people

shouldbe

encouraged

to

broaden

their

horizons.三 宾语从句 在复合句中充当宾语1.tha

t引导宾语从句时无含义，不充当成分，常省略。★tha

t不引导介词的宾语从句，至于e

xce

pt

tha

t,in

tha

t,s

a

ve

tha

t,but

tha

t等是复合从属连词。I

know

(tha

t)

you

ha

ve

me

t

him.Le

t's

s

uppos

e

tha

t

one

da

y

this

ha

ppe

ns

to

you.★在及物动词和宾语从句之间常有间接宾语（指人）。例如：

I

told

him(tha

t)he

wa

s

wrong.★在少数动词如：think,be

lie

ve,s

uppos

e,e

xpe

ct,ima

g

ine,ca

lcula

te,fa

ncy,re

ckon,be

s

uppos

e

d,s

e

e

m,a

ppe

a

r,fe

e

l

a

s

if,look

a

s

if,look

like等后面的从句中的否定词经常转移到主句谓语动词上，这叫否定前置/否定转移(hope“希望”,g

ue

s

s“认为”后的宾语从句否定不前置。Ihopenot.“我希望不是那样的”，是I

hope

s

o.的否定式。I

don't

hope

s

o.是对hope的否定：“我不希望如此”。）如：I

don't

think

it

will

be

ve

ry

cold

toda

y.I

don't

think

you

a

re

rig

ht.I

don't

be

lie

ve

he

ha

s

finis

he

d

his

work.注意：①非必须否定转移。若需要强调从句的否定时就不作转移。②不可把所有可否定转移动词的否定句都理解为否定宾语从句，要根据句意或语境而定。I

don't

think

diploma

cy

is

a

fie

ld

for

priva

te

e

nte

rpris

e

.We

didn't

think

we

'd

be

this

la

te

.③当think用在疑问句中，或主句中的谓语动词与状语连用，或主句中的谓语动词被do强调时，不能否定转移。Why

do

you

think

we

ca

n't

cha

ng

e

your

note

?I

do

be

lie

ve

Tom

ne

ve

r

te

lls

a

lie

.The

y

s

till

didn't

be

lie

ve

tha

t

the

food

would

come

.I

ca

n't

be

lie

ve

tha

t

the

y

a

re

ma

rrie

d.④否定转移多用在主句动词为一般现在时的情况。主句动词为一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时，或主句动词与情态动词连用，就不能否定转移。此时若主句动词为否定，应考虑是否是对主句动词的否定。I

ha

d

thoug

ht

tha

t

he

would

not

come.我已经想到了他不能来了。⑤当宾语从句中有no,ne

ve

r,ha

rdly,not

a

t

a

ll,not

a

bit,not...e

noug

h,ca

n'the

lp

doing等时不能否定转移。I

think

I

ca

n't

he

lp

la

ug

hing

if

I

s

e

e

it.I

be

lie

ve

he

ne

ve

r

te

lls

a

lie

.▲许多带宾语补足语的句子要用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于句尾。We

think

it

wrongtha

t

he

told

a

lie

to

e

ve

ryone

.We

thoug

ht

it

a

pity

tha

t

s

he

s

hould

ha

ve

mis

s

e

d

the

cha

nce

.2.whe

the

r,if引导宾语从句：表示“是否”可互换，口语中常用if。He

a

s

ke

d

if

s

he

would

come

.注意下列情况下whe

the

r不可用if换：引导主语从句置于句首时。whe

the

r后没有单词间隔而直接跟or

not时。

I

don't

know

whe

the

r

or

not

he

will

come.whe

the

r从句作介词宾语时。The

y

a

re

ta

lking

a

bout

whe

the

r

he

will

win

the

g

a

me

.Eve

rything

de

pe

nds

on

whe

the

r

you

a

g

re

e

with

us

.whe

the

r后接不定式时。I

don't

know

whe

the

r

to

a

tte

nd

the

me

e

ting

.动词dis

cus

s,de

cide的宾语从句时。3.连接代词wha

t,who,whos

e等引导的宾语从句。

Te

ll

me

wha

t

you

wa

nt.Do

you

know

who

will

come

a

t

the

me

e

ting

?注意：who,whom按照传统语法，从句中who所取代的名词如果是宾语应用宾格whom，但在口语中常用who，如：Do

you

know

whom

(who)

he

will

invite

?①whos

e,which,wha

t三个词都带有形容词性质。whos

e表示所有，意为“谁的”；which意为“哪一个”，wha

t意为“什么”。如：Whos

e

book

it

is

not

importa

nt.P

le

a

s

e

te

ll

me

which

s

chool

you

wa

nt

to

g

o.He

didn't

know

wha

t

time

it

wa

s

.②一般说来，which指的是在一个具体的、较明确的、有限的、较小范围；而

wha

t则指较广的或不明确的范围。如：which

food，说话人一般指眼前的或明确范围的几种food；wha

t

food则指许多food，而且说话人心中没有数。I

don't

know

which

/

wha

t

food

you

wa

nt.如果范围较大或者没有什么范围，最好用wha

t

food。连接副词whe

n,whe

re,why,how引导的宾语从句。

I

don't

know

whe

n

the

me

e

ting

will

be

he

ld.P

le

a

s

e

te

ll

me

whe

re

I

ca

n

find

Tom.He

e

xpla

ine

d

to

me

why

he

wa

s

a

bs

e

nt

from

the

me

e

ting

.Ca

n

you

te

ll

me

how

I

ca

n

g

e

t

to

the

pos

t

office

?可用wha

te

ve

r,whoe

ve

r,whome

ve

r,whe

ne

ve

r,whe

re

ve

r等引导宾语从句。P

le

a

s

e

write

down

wha

te

ve

r

he

is

s

a

ying

.I

don't

know

whoe

ve

r

will

come

.I'll

do

wha

te

ve

r

you

a

s

k

me

to.6.表示爱憎情感的动词，如：e

njoy,ha

te,love,like,dis

like,don't

mind,re

s

e

nt,a

ppre

cia

te

（感激）等以及某些介词结尾的短语动词如：count

on,de

pe

nd

on,re

ly

on,s

e

e

to,look

forwa

rd

to,be

fond

of,fe

e

l

like,s

e

e

to等后，即使没有宾补也要先接形式宾语it，再接宾语从句。I

like

it

whe

n

s

he

s

mile

s

a

t

me

.I

love

it

whe

n

you

s

ing

.I

ha

te

it

if

I

a

m

s

poke

n

to

loudly

in

public.★除了but,be

s

ide

s,e

xce

pt,in,s

a

ve,be

yond六个介词后跟tha

t引导的宾语从句外，其他介词都不能。in

tha

t是“因为”的意思，其余五个与tha

t搭配都是

“除了⋯⋯”。翻译练习【练1/4】该表清楚地表明了欧洲国家之间存在显著的消费习惯差异。（剑3,T

2,W）【练2/4】该数据显示发展中国家和发达国家之间在教育和科技上存在着极大地差别。（剑3,T3，W）【练3/4】我同意在医疗卫生，教育和贸易等方面的改善对较贫困国家的发展来说是必不可少的。（剑3，T4，W）【练4/4】T

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e

m

e

n

t.Ke

y

sThis

chart

clearly

indicates

that

there

are

some

significantdifferences

in

spending

habits

within

European

countr

ies.This

data

shows

that

there

are

very

large

inconsistencies

ineducation

and

science

between

developing

and

developed

countr

ies.I

agree

that

improvements

in

health,

education

and

tr

ade

areessential

for

the

development

of

poorer

nations.那些反对男女同校的人认为这样会导致早恋，对他们的学习有害四 同位语从句

在复合句中充当同位语1.tha

t引导同位语从句。在下列名词后可用tha

t引导同位语从句a

ns

we

r,be

lie

f,doubt,fa

ct,hope,ide

a,

informa

tion,knowle

dg

e,la

w,ne

ws,opinion,pla

n,s

ug

g

e

s

tion,thoug

ht,truth等。

I

ha

d

no

ide

a

tha

t

you

we

re

he

re.The

s

tory

g

oe

s

tha

t

Willia

m

kille

d

his

wife

.He

a

lwa

ys

works

ha

rd

in

s

pite

of

the

fa

ct

tha

t

he

is

not

in

g

ood

he

a

lth.S

udde

nly

the

thoug

ht

ca

me

to

me

tha

t

he

would

g

o

blind.注意：①位语从句引导词tha

t无含义，不充当成分，不可省略。②同位语从句与其说明的名词或代词为同一内容，故可以用is把前边的中心词和从句连接成一个句子。③同位语从句前一般没有逗号。tha

t引导同位语从句与引导定语从句的区别：tha

t引导同位语从句时只起连接作用，不充当任何成分；tha

t引导定语从句时，在从句中要作成分，如主语、宾语等。①He

told

me

the

ne

ws

tha

t

our

te

a

m

won.（tha

t引导同位语从句）②The

ne

ws

tha

t/which

he

told

me

wa

s

ve

ry

e

xciting.（tha

t引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语）在no

ide

a,que

s

tion,proble

m等后可用wh-疑问词引导同位语从句，if不引导同位语从句。I

ha

ve

no

ide

a

whe

re

he

ha

s

g

one

.I

ha

ve

no

ide

a

wha

t

he

s

a

id.辨析：引导名词性从句时wha

t与wha

te

ve

r,who与whoe

ve

r的区别：wha

t与wha

te

ve

r：Wha

t

you

wa

nt

ha

s

be

e

n

s

e

nt

he

re.（wha

t=the

thing(s)tha

t/a

lltha

t/a

nything

tha

t特指）Wha

te

ve

r

you

wa

nt

ma

ke

s

no

diffe

re

nce

to

me.（wha

te

ve

r=a

nything

tha

t泛指）Wha

t

ca

us

e

d

the

a

ccide

nt

wa

s

a

broke

n

bottle.（特指）Wha

te

ve

r

ca

us

e

d

the

a

ccide

nt

ha

s

not

ye

t

be

e

n

found.（泛指）who与whoe

ve

r：Who

will

g

o

to

Be

ijing

on

bus

ine

s

s

ha

s

not

be

e

n

de

cide

d.（who表疑问，表示“谁”，“哪一个”）Whoe

ve

r

bre

a

ks

the

la

w

s

hould

be

punis

he

d.（whoe

ve

r=a

nyone

who，表示“无论哪个人”）4.同位语从句注意与定语从句区别，同位语从句对前一名词做补充说明，在从句中无语法位置，而定语从句所修饰词在从句中占一语法位置如：The

ide

a

tha

t

oneca

n

do

the

work

without

thinkingis

wrong.（同位ide

a在从句中无位置，而从句只是具体说明ide

a的内容）The

ide

a

tha

t

you

put

forwa

rd

a

t

the

me

e

ting

is

wrong.（定语从句，ide

a做put

forwa

rd的宾语）翻译练习【练1/3】我同意合